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Lou X, Li Y, Lei H, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Shi E, Zhu H. Robust and Efficient Out-of-Plane Exciton Transport in Two-Dimensional Perovskites via Ultrafast Förster Energy Transfer. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39041395 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, comprising inorganic semiconductor layers separated by organic spacers, hold promise for light harvesting and optoelectronic applications. Exciton transport in these materials is pivotal for device performance, often necessitating deliberate alignment of the inorganic layers with respect to the contacting layers to facilitate exciton transport. While much attention has focused on in-plane exciton transport, little has been paid to out-of-plane interlayer transport, which presumably is sluggish and unfavorable. Herein, by time-resolved photoluminescence, we unveil surprisingly efficient out-of-plane exciton transport in 2D perovskites, with diffusion coefficients (up to ∼0.1 cm2 s-1) and lengths (∼100 nm) merely a few times smaller or comparable to their in-plane counterparts. We unambiguously confirm that the out-of-plane exciton diffusion coefficient corresponds to a subpicosecond interlayer exciton transfer, governed by the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. Intriguingly, in contrast to temperature-sensitive intralayer band-like transport, the interlayer exciton transport exhibits negligible temperature dependence, implying a lowest-lying bright exciton state in 2D perovskites, irrespective of spacer molecules. The robust and ultrafast interlayer exciton transport alleviates the constraints on crystal orientation that are crucial for the design of 2D perovskite-based light harvesting and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Haixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Enzheng Shi
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
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2
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Karmakar A, Al-Mahboob A, Petoukhoff CE, Kravchyna O, Chan NS, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Dani KM. Dominating Interlayer Resonant Energy Transfer in Type-II 2D Heterostructure. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3861-3869. [PMID: 35262327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Type-II heterostructures (HSs) are essential components of modern electronic and optoelectronic devices. Earlier studies have found that in type-II transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) HSs, the dominating carrier relaxation pathway is the interlayer charge transfer (CT) mechanism. Here, this report shows that, in a type-II HS formed between monolayers of MoSe2 and ReS2, nonradiative energy transfer (ET) from higher to lower work function material (ReS2 to MoSe2) dominates over the traditional CT process with and without a charge-blocking interlayer. Without a charge-blocking interlayer, the HS area shows 3.6 times MoSe2 photoluminescence (PL) enhancement as compared to the MoSe2 area alone. In a completely encapsulated sample, the HS PL emission further increases by a factor of 6.4. After completely blocking the CT process, more than 1 order of magnitude higher MoSe2 PL emission was achieved from the HS area. This work reveals that the nature of this ET is truly a resonant effect by showing that in a similar type-II HS formed by ReS2 and WSe2, CT dominates over ET, resulting in a severely quenched WSe2 PL. This study not only provides significant insight into the competing interlayer processes but also shows an innovative way to increase the PL emission intensity of the desired TMD material using the ET process by carefully choosing the right material combination for HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Karmakar
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Abdullah Al-Mahboob
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Christopher E Petoukhoff
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Oksana Kravchyna
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Nicholas S Chan
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Keshav M Dani
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Zhang Q, Linardy E, Wang X, Eda G. Excitonic Energy Transfer in Heterostructures of Quasi-2D Perovskite and Monolayer WS 2. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11482-11489. [PMID: 32790345 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite is a re-emerging material with strongly excitonic absorption and emission properties that are attractive for photonics and optoelectronics. Here we report the experimental observation of excitonic energy transfer (ET) in van der Waals heterostructures consisting of quasi-2D hybrid perovskite (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4 (PEPI) and monolayer WS2. Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy reveals a distinct ground exciton resonance feature of perovskite, evidencing ET from perovskite to WS2. We find unexpectedly high photoluminescence enhancement factors of up to ∼8, which cannot be explained by single-interface ET. Our analysis reveals that interlayer ET across the bulk of the layered perovskite also contributes to the large enhancement factor. Further, from the weak temperature dependence of the lower-limit ET rate, which we found to be ∼3 ns-1, we conclude that the Förster-type mechanism is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
| | - Eric Linardy
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546
| | - Xinyun Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546
| | - Goki Eda
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Zhou N, Ouyang Z, Hu J, Williams OF, Yan L, You W, Moran AM. Distinguishing Energy- and Charge-Transfer Processes in Layered Perovskite Quantum Wells with Two-Dimensional Action Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4570-4577. [PMID: 32428411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in photovoltaic devices based on layered perovskites is motivated by their tunable optoelectronic properties and stabilities in humid conditions. In these systems, quantum wells with different sizes are organized to direct energy and charge transport between electrodes; however, these relaxation mechanisms are difficult to distinguish based on conventional transient absorption techniques. Here, two-dimensional "action spectroscopies" are employed to separately target processes that lead to the production of photocurrent and energy loss due to fluorescence emission. These measurements show that energy transfer between quantum wells dominates the subnanosecond time scale, whereas electron transfer occurs at later times. Overall, this study suggests that while the intense exciton transitions promote light harvesting, much of the absorbed energy is lost by way of spontaneous emission. This limitation may be overcome with alternate layered perovskite systems that combine smaller exciton binding energies with large absorbance cross sections in the visible spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Olivia F Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Williams OF, Zhou N, Hu J, Ouyang Z, Kumbhar A, You W, Moran AM. Imaging Excited State Dynamics in Layered 2D Perovskites with Transient Absorption Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:11012-11021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wu L, Chen Y, Zhou H, Zhu H. Ultrafast Energy Transfer of Both Bright and Dark Excitons in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures Beyond Dipolar Coupling. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2341-2348. [PMID: 30715845 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have shown great potential in ultrathin and flexible optoelectronic and photonics devices. Besides emissive bright excitons, they also possess rich non-emissive dark excitons including momentum-forbidden indirect excitons and spin-forbidden triplet-like excitons, which could be dominant species under optical or electrical excitation in 2D optoelectronic and photonic devices. Efficient harvesting of both bright and dark excitons from TMDs and understanding the exciton-transfer mechanism consequently are not only of fundamental interest but also a technological challenge. Here, by combining steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy and ultrafast transient reflectance spectroscopy, we show efficient exciton harvesting by ultrafast energy transfer in WSe2/MoTe2 van der Waals heterostructures, leading to the photoluminescence enhancement of MoTe2. The energy transfer occurs with near-unity yield and in an ultrafast (∼200 fs) manner for both bright and dark excitons, suggesting a dominant Dexter-type energy-transfer process consisting of simultaneous transfer of both electron and hole in van der Waals coupled 2D layers at ultimate proximity. This result is beyond the conventional dipole-dipole coupling mechanism typically assumed at 2D interfaces and offers a path to high speed and enhanced light harvesting and emission applications based on 2D heterostructures.
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Proppe AH, Elkins MH, Voznyy O, Pensack RD, Zapata F, Besteiro LV, Quan LN, Quintero-Bermudez R, Todorovic P, Kelley SO, Govorov AO, Gray SK, Infante I, Sargent EH, Scholes GD. Spectrally Resolved Ultrafast Exciton Transfer in Mixed Perovskite Quantum Wells. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:419-426. [PMID: 30630317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed perovskite quantum wells have been used to fabricate increasingly efficient and stable optoelectronic devices. Little is known about the dynamics of photogenerated excitons in perovskite quantum wells within the first few hundred femtoseconds-a crucial time scale on which energy and charge transfer processes may compete. Here we use ultrafast transient absorption and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to clarify the movement of excitons and charges in reduced-dimensional perovskite solids. We report excitonic funneling from strongly to weakly confined perovskite quantum wells within 150 fs, facilitated by strong spectral overlap and orientational alignment among neighboring wells. This energy transfer happens on time scales orders of magnitude faster than charge transfer, which we find to occur instead over 10s to 100s of picoseconds. Simulations of both Förster-type interwell exciton transfer and free carrier charge transfer are in agreement with these experimental findings, with theoretical exciton transfer calculated to occur in 100s of femtoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Madeline H Elkins
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Ryan D Pensack
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Felipe Zapata
- Netherlands eScience Center , Science Park 140 , 1098 XG Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Lucas V Besteiro
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Li Na Quan
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Rafael Quintero-Bermudez
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Petar Todorovic
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Alexander O Govorov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Stephen K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Ivan Infante
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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Kozawa D, Carvalho A, Verzhbitskiy I, Giustiniano F, Miyauchi Y, Mouri S, Castro Neto AH, Matsuda K, Eda G. Evidence for Fast Interlayer Energy Transfer in MoSe2/WS2 Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4087-93. [PMID: 27324060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Strongly bound excitons confined in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are dipoles with a perfect in-plane orientation. In a vertical stack of semiconducting 2D crystals, such in-plane excitonic dipoles are expected to efficiently couple across van der Waals gap due to strong interlayer Coulomb interaction and exchange their energy. However, previous studies on heterobilayers of group 6 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) found that the exciton decay dynamics is dominated by interlayer charge transfer (CT) processes. Here, we report an experimental observation of fast interlayer energy transfer (ET) in MoSe2/WS2 heterostructures using photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the transfer rates suggests that the ET is Förster-type involving excitons in the WS2 layer resonantly exciting higher-order excitons in the MoSe2 layer. The estimated ET time of the order of 1 ps is among the fastest compared to those reported for other nanostructure hybrid systems such as carbon nanotube bundles. Efficient ET in these systems offers prospects for optical amplification and energy harvesting through intelligent layer engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kozawa
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University , 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, 117546, Singapore
| | - Ivan Verzhbitskiy
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, 117546, Singapore
| | - Francesco Giustiniano
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, 117546, Singapore
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Mouri
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - A H Castro Neto
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, 117546, Singapore
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Goki Eda
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
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Kim DS, Ko HS, Kim YM, Rhee SJ, Hohng SC, Yee YH, Kim WS, Woo JC, Choi HJ, Ihm J, Woo DH, Kang KN. Percolation of carriers through low potential channels in thick AlxGa1-xAs (x<0.35) barriers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:14580-14588. [PMID: 9985465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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