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Chen X, Lai J, Shen Y, Chen Q, Chen L. Functional Scanning Force Microscopy for Energy Nanodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802490. [PMID: 30133000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy nanodevices, including energy conversion and energy storage devices, have become a major cross-disciplinary field in recent years. These devices feature long-range electron and ion transport coupled with chemical transformation, which call for novel characterization tools to understand device operation mechanisms. In this context, recent developments in functional scanning force microscopy techniques and their application in thin-film photovoltaic devices and lithium batteries are reviewed. The advantages of scanning force microscopy, such as high spatial resolution, multimodal imaging, and the possibility of in situ and in operando imaging, are emphasized. The survey indicates that functional scanning force microscopy is making significant contributions in understanding materials and interfaces in energy nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Lai
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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Dagdeviren OE, Götzen J, Hölscher H, Altman EI, Schwarz UD. Robust high-resolution imaging and quantitative force measurement with tuned-oscillator atomic force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:065703. [PMID: 26754332 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/6/065703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopy are based on locally detecting the interactions between a surface and a sharp probe tip. For highest resolution imaging, noncontact modes that avoid tip-sample contact are used; control of the tip's vertical position is accomplished by oscillating the tip and detecting perturbations induced by its interaction with the surface potential. Due to this potential's nonlinear nature, however, achieving reliable control of the tip-sample distance is challenging, so much so that despite its power vacuum-based noncontact AFM has remained a niche technique. Here we introduce a new pathway to distance control that prevents instabilities by externally tuning the oscillator's response characteristics. A major advantage of this operational scheme is that it delivers robust position control in both the attractive and repulsive regimes with only one feedback loop, thereby providing an easy-to-implement route to atomic resolution imaging and quantitative tip-sample interaction force measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omur E Dagdeviren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Welker J, Weymouth AJ, Giessibl FJ. The influence of chemical bonding configuration on atomic identification by force spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7377-7382. [PMID: 23841516 DOI: 10.1021/nn403106v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The force between two atoms depends not only on their chemical species and distance, but also on the configuration of their chemical bonds to other atoms. This strongly affects atomic force spectroscopy, in which the force between the tip of an atomic force microscope and a sample is measured as a function of distance. We show that the short-range forces between tip and sample atoms depend strongly on the configuration of the tip, to the point of preventing atom identification with a poorly defined tip. Our solution is to control the tip apex before using it for spectroscopy. We demonstrate a method by which a CO molecule on Cu can be used to characterize the tip. In combination with gentle pokes, this can be used to engineer a specific tip apex. This CO Front atom Identification (COFI) method allows us to use a well-defined tip to conduct force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Welker
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Experimental Nanoscience, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Melcher J, Martínez-Martín D, Jaafar M, Gómez-Herrero J, Raman A. High-resolution dynamic atomic force microscopy in liquids with different feedback architectures. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 4:153-63. [PMID: 23503468 PMCID: PMC3596120 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent achievement of atomic resolution with dynamic atomic force microscopy (dAFM) [Fukuma et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 034101], where quality factors of the oscillating probe are inherently low, challenges some accepted beliefs concerning sensitivity and resolution in dAFM imaging modes. Through analysis and experiment we study the performance metrics for high-resolution imaging with dAFM in liquid media with amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM) and drive-amplitude modulation (DAM) imaging modes. We find that while the quality factors of dAFM probes may deviate by several orders of magnitude between vacuum and liquid media, their sensitivity to tip-sample forces can be remarkable similar. Furthermore, the reduction in noncontact forces and quality factors in liquids diminishes the role of feedback control in achieving high-resolution images. The theoretical findings are supported by atomic-resolution images of mica in water acquired with AM, FM and DAM under similar operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Melcher
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - David Martínez-Martín
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Jaafar
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada C-III, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Gómez-Herrero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada C-III, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Nasrallah H, Mazeran PE, Noël O. Circular mode: a new scanning probe microscopy method for investigating surface properties at constant and continuous scanning velocities. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:113703. [PMID: 22128980 DOI: 10.1063/1.3658049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a novel scanning probe microscopy mode, called the circular mode, which offers expanded capabilities for surface investigations especially for measuring physical properties that require high scanning velocities and/or continuous displacement with no rest periods. To achieve these specific conditions, we have implemented a circular horizontal displacement of the probe relative to the sample plane. Thus the relative probe displacement follows a circular path rather than the conventional back and forth linear one. The circular mode offers advantages such as high and constant scanning velocities, the possibility to be combined with other classical operating modes, and a simpler calibration method of the actuators generating the relative displacement. As application examples of this mode, we report its ability to (1) investigate the influence of scanning velocity on adhesion forces, (2) measure easily and instantly the friction coefficient, and (3) generate wear tracks very rapidly for tribological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Nasrallah
- Molecular Landscapes and Biophotonic Skyline Group, Laboratoire de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, CNRS-UMR 6087, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
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Basso M, Paoletti P, Tiribilli B, Vassalli M. Modelling and analysis of autonomous micro-cantilever oscillations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:475501. [PMID: 21836272 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/47/475501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tapping mode atomic force microscopy provides good resolution in imaging applications, but it still requires a time-consuming initial configuration and features quite low scanning velocity. In this paper we present a new dynamic mode in which the cantilever gets excited by a feedback loop containing a saturation function. The proposed scheme is then analysed in the frequency domain and simulated against the standard set-up, showing good performance and elimination of some of the known drawbacks. Preliminary results in experiments confirm the effectiveness of this operating mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basso
- Dipartimento di Sistemi e Informatica, Università di Firenze, via Santa Marta 3, I-50139, Firenze, Italy. CSDC, Via Sansone 1, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Dieska P, Stich I, Pérez R. Covalent and reversible short-range electrostatic imaging in noncontact atomic force microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:216401. [PMID: 14683321 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.216401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a computational study of atomic-scale image formation in noncontact atomic force microscopy on metallic surfaces. We find two imaging scenarios: (1). atomic resolution arising due to very strong covalent tip-sample interaction exhibiting striking similarity with the imaging mechanism found on semiconductor surfaces, and (2). a completely new mechanism, reversible short-range electrostatic imaging, arising due to subtle charge-transfer interactions. Contrary to the strong covalent-bond imaging, the newly identified mechanism causes only negligible surface perturbation and can account for results recently observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dieska
- Center for Computational Materials Science (CCMS), Slovak University of Technology (FEI STU), Ilkovicova 3, SK-812 19, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Luna M, de Pablo PJ, Colchero J, Gomez-Herrero J, Baro AM, Tokumoto H, Jarvis SP. Interaction forces and conduction properties between multi wall carbon nanotube tips and Au(111). Ultramicroscopy 2003; 96:83-92. [PMID: 12623173 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3991(02)00401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the interaction forces and electrical conduction properties arising between multiwall carbon nanotube tips and the Au(111) surface in air, by means of amplitude modulation scanning force microscopy, also called intermittent contact. We have centered our work on tips with metallic electronic structure and for the specific parameters used we have found a preliminary interaction range where there is no contact between tip and surface. Stable imaging in this non-contact range is possible with multiwall carbon nanotube tips. These tips have also been used to obtain simultaneous topographic and current maps of the surface. They show excellent properties as tips due to their high aspect ratio and durability, as a result of their elastic and non-reactive properties. Correspondingly, multiwall carbon nanotube tips allow high resolution local analysis of electrical conductivity on a nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luna
- Lab. Nuevas Microscopi;as, Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, C-III, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Lantz MA, Hug HJ, Hoffmann R, van Schendel PJ, Kappenberger P, Martin S, Baratoff A, Güntherodt HJ. Quantitative measurement of short-range chemical bonding forces. Science 2001; 291:2580-3. [PMID: 11283365 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report direct force measurements of the formation of a chemical bond. The experiments were performed using a low-temperature atomic force microscope, a silicon tip, and a silicon (111) 7x7 surface. The measured site-dependent attractive short-range force, which attains a maximum value of 2.1 nanonewtons, is in good agreement with first-principles calculations of an incipient covalent bond in an analogous model system. The resolution was sufficient to distinguish differences in the interaction potential between inequivalent adatoms, demonstrating the ability of atomic force microscopy to provide quantitative, atomic-scale information on surface chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lantz
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Lantz MA, Hug HJ, Hoffmann R, Martin S, Baratoff A, Abdurixit A, Guntherodt H, Gerber C. Low temperature scanning force microscopy of the Si(111)-(7x7) surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:2642-2645. [PMID: 11017289 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A low temperature scanning force microscope (SFM) operating in a dynamic mode in ultrahigh vacuum was used to study the Si(111)- (7x7) surface at 7.2 K. Not only the twelve adatoms but also the six rest atoms of the unit cell are clearly resolved for the first time with SFM. In addition, the first measurements of the short range chemical bonding forces above specific atomic sites are presented. The data are in good agreement with first principles computations and indicate that the nearest atoms in the tip and sample relax significantly when the tip is within a few A of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Lantz
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Sugawara Y, Minobe T, Orisaka S, Uchihashi T, Tsukamoto T, Morita S. Non-contact AFM images measured on Si(111)√3×√3-Ag and Ag(111) surfaces. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199905/06)27:5/6<456::aid-sia536>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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