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Chen Y, Li X, Lian J, Fu K, Zhao Z, He Y, Tan P. In Situ Visualization of Ion Transport Processes in Aqueous Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:42321-42331. [PMID: 39088694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous rechargeable batteries are regarded as one of the most reliable solutions for electrochemical energy storage, and ion (e.g., H+ or OH-) transport is essential for their electrochemical performance. However, modeling and numerical simulations often fall short of depicting the actual ion transport characteristics due to deviations in model assumptions from reality. Experimental methods, including laser interferometry, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, are limited by the complexity of the system and the restricted detection of ions, making it difficult to detect specific ions such as H+ and OH-. Herein, in situ visualization of ion transport is achieved by innovatively introducing laser scanning confocal microscopy. Taking neutral Zn-air batteries as an example and using a pH-sensitive probe, real-time dynamic pH changes associated with ion transport processes are observed during battery operation. The results show that after immersion in the zinc sulfate electrolyte, the pH near the Zn electrode changes significantly and pulsation occurs, which demonstrates the intense self-corrosion hydrogen evolution reaction and the periodic change in the reaction intensity. In contrast, the change in the pH of the galvanized electrode plate is weak, proving its significant corrosion inhibition effect. For the air electrode, the heterogeneity of ion transport during the discharging and charging process is presented. With an increase of the current density, the ion transport characteristics gradually evolve from diffusion dominance to convection-diffusion codominance, revealing the importance of convection in the ion transport process inside batteries. This method opens up a new approach of studying ion transport inside batteries, guiding the design for performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtang Chen
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Junshuo Lian
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Kang Fu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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2
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Su Y, Chen B, Sun Y, Xue Z, Zou Y, Yang D, Sun L, Yang X, Li C, Yang Y, Song X, Guo W, Dou S, Chao D, Liu Z, Sun J. Rationalized Electroepitaxy toward Scalable Single-Crystal Zn Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2301410. [PMID: 37022924 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electroepitaxy is recognized as an effective approach to prepare metal electrodes with nearly complete reversibility. Nevertheless, large-scale manipulation is still not attainable owing to complicated interfacial chemistry. Here, the feasibility of extending Zn electroepitaxy toward the bulk phase over a mass-produced mono-oriented Cu(111) foil is demonstrated. Interfacial Cu-Zn alloy and turbulent electroosmosis are circumvented by adopting a potentiostatic electrodeposition protocol. The as-prepared Zn single-crystalline anode enables stable cycling of symmetric cells at a stringent current density of 50.0 mA cm-2 . The assembled full cell further sustaines a capacity retention of 95.7% at 5.0 A g-1 for 1500 cycles, accompanied by a controllably low N/P ratio of 7.5. In addition to Zn, Ni electroepitaxy can be realized by using the same approach. This study may inspire rational exploration of the design of high-end metal electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Su
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Buhang Chen
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface of Hebei Province, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P. R. China
| | - Zaikun Xue
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Zou
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Dongzi Yang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Luzhao Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhong Yang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
| | - Yujia Yang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Xiuju Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Wenyi Guo
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Shixue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Chao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
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3
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Sharma A, Mukherjee A, Warren A, Jin S, Li G, Koch DL, Archer LA. Electroconvective Flow in Liquid Electrolytes Containing Oligomer Additives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:92-100. [PMID: 36549330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal electrodeposition in batteries is fundamentally unstable and affected by different instabilities depending on operating conditions and electrolyte chemistry. Particularly, at high charging rates, a hydrodynamic instability loosely termed electroconvection sets in, which complicates all electrochemical processes by creating a nonuniform ion flux and preferential deposition at the electrode. Here, we isolate and study electroconvection by experimentally investigating how oligomer additives in liquid electrolytes interact with the hydrodynamic instability at a cation selective interface. From electrochemical measurements and direct visualization experiments, we find that electroconvection is delayed and suppressed at all voltages in the presence of oligomers. The underlying mechanism is revealed to involve formation of an oligomer ad-layer at the interface, which in response to perturbation is believed to exert an opposing body force on the surrounding fluid to preserve the ad-layer structure and in so doing suppresses electroconvection. Our results therefore reveal that in battery electrolytes without obvious sources of bulk elasticity, surface forces produced by adsorbed polymers can be used to advantage for suppressing instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Sharma
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Ankush Mukherjee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Alexander Warren
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Shuo Jin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Gaojin Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Donald L Koch
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Lynden A Archer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
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4
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Zhang Q, Su Y, Shi Z, Yang X, Sun J. Artificial Interphase Layer for Stabilized Zn Anodes: Progress and Prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203583. [PMID: 35996805 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The burgeoning Li-ion battery is regarded as a powerful energy storage system by virtue of its high energy density. However, inescapable issues concerning safety and cost aspects retard its prospect in certain application scenarios. Accordingly, strenuous efforts have been devoted to the development of the emerging aqueous Zn-ion battery (AZIB) as an alternative to inflammable organic batteries. In particular, the instability from the anode side severely impedes the commercialization of AZIB. Constructing an artificial interphase layer (AIL) has been widely employed as an effective strategy to stabilize the Zn anode. This review specializes in the state-of-the-art of AIL design for Zn anode protection, encompassing the preparation methods, mechanism investigations, and device performances based on the classification of functional materials. To begin with, the origins of Zn instability are interpreted from the perspective of electrical field, mass transfer, and nucleation process, followed by a comprehensive summary with respect to functions of AIL and its designing criteria. In the end, current challenges and future outlooks based upon theoretical and experimental considerations are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yiwen Su
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zixiong Shi
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xianzhong Yang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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5
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
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6
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The effects of reaction kinetics upon the instabilities in cathodic electrodeposition. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Warren A, Sharma A, Zhang D, Li G, Archer LA. Structure and Dynamics of Electric-Field-Driven Convective Flows at the Interface between Liquid Electrolytes and Ion-Selective Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5895-5901. [PMID: 33961746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At voltages above a certain critical value, Vc ≈ 20 kT/e, a space charge layer forms near ion-selective interfaces in liquid electrolytes. Interactions between the space charge and an imposed electric field drives a hydrodynamic instability known as electroconvection. Through particle tracking velocimetry we experimentally study the structure and dynamics of the resultant electroconvective flow. Consistent with previous numerical simulations, we report that, following imposition of a sufficiently large voltage, electroconvection develops gradually as pairs of counter-rotating vortices, which nucleate at the interface between an ion-selective substrate and a liquid electrolyte. Depending on the imposed voltage and cell geometry, the vorticies grow to length scales of hundreds of micrometers. Electroconvective flows are also reported to be structured and multiscale, with the size ratio of the largest to the smallest observable vortices inversely proportional to the Debye screening length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Warren
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Arpita Sharma
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Duhan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gaojin Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lynden A Archer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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8
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Ma MC, Li G, Chen X, Archer LA, Wan J. Suppression of dendrite growth by cross-flow in microfluidics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabf6941. [PMID: 33608283 PMCID: PMC7895439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Formation of rough, dendritic deposits is a critical problem in metal electrodeposition processes and could occur in next-generation, rechargeable batteries that use metallic electrodes. Electroconvection, which originates from the coupling of the imposed electric field and a charged fluid near an electrode surface, is believed to be responsible for dendrite growth. However, few studies are performed at the scale of fidelity where root causes and effective strategies for controlling electroconvection and dendrite growth can be investigated in tandem. Using microfluidics, we showed that forced convection across the electrode surface (cross-flow) during electrodeposition reduced metal dendrite growth (97.7 to 99.4%) and delayed the onset of electroconvective instabilities. Our results highlighted the roles of forced convection in reducing dendrite growth and electroconvective instabilities and provided a route toward effective strategies for managing the consequences of instability in electrokinetics-based processes where electromigration dominates ion diffusion near electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann C Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gaojin Li
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Xinye Chen
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jiandi Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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9
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Zheng J, Archer LA. Controlling electrochemical growth of metallic zinc electrodes: Toward affordable rechargeable energy storage systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe0219. [PMID: 33523975 PMCID: PMC7787491 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Scalable approaches for precisely manipulating the growth of crystals are of broad-based science and technological interest. New research interests have reemerged in a subgroup of these phenomena-electrochemical growth of metals in battery anodes. In this Review, the geometry of the building blocks and their mode of assembly are defined as key descriptors to categorize deposition morphologies. To control Zn electrodeposit morphology, we consider fundamental electrokinetic principles and the associated critical issues. It is found that the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on Zn has a similarly strong influence as for alkali metals at low current regimes, characterized by a moss-like morphology. Another key conclusion is that the unique crystal structure of Zn, featuring high anisotropy facets resulting from the hexagonal close-packed lattice with a c/a ratio of 1.85, imposes predominant influences on its growth. In our view, precisely regulating the SEI and the crystallographic features of the Zn offers exciting opportunities that will drive transformative progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Zheng J, Kim MS, Tu Z, Choudhury S, Tang T, Archer LA. Regulating electrodeposition morphology of lithium: towards commercially relevant secondary Li metal batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2701-2750. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00883g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rational approaches for achieving fine control of the electrodeposition morphology of Li are required to create commercially-relevant rechargeable Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Mun Sek Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | | | | | - Tian Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Lynden A. Archer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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11
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Warren A, Zhang D, Choudhury S, Archer LA. Electrokinetics in Viscoelastic Liquid Electrolytes above the Diffusion Limit. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Li G, Archer LA, Koch DL. Electroconvection in a Viscoelastic Electrolyte. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:124501. [PMID: 30978047 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct numerical simulations of a liquid electrolyte with polymer additives demonstrate that viscoelasticity promotes an earlier transition from steady to unsteady electroconvective flow. Viscoelasticity also decreases the overlimiting current resulting from convection by up to 40%. Both of these effects would reduce the time-averaged spatial variability of ion flux suggesting that polymeric fluids may inhibit dendrite growth. Polymer relaxation near a surface destabilizes the flow structures and decreases the time duration of high current fluxes. This mechanism of polymer-induced flux reduction is general to wall bounded flows with transfer of mass, heat or momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojin Li
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Donald L Koch
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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13
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Wei S, Cheng Z, Nath P, Tikekar MD, Li G, Archer LA. Stabilizing electrochemical interfaces in viscoelastic liquid electrolytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao6243. [PMID: 29582017 PMCID: PMC5866059 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrodeposition is a widely practiced method for creating metal, colloidal, and polymer coatings on conductive substrates. In the Newtonian liquid electrolytes typically used, the process is fundamentally unstable. The underlying instabilities have been linked to failure of microcircuits, dendrite formation on battery electrodes, and overlimiting conductance in ion-selective membranes. We report that viscoelastic electrolytes composed of semidilute solutions of very high-molecular weight neutral polymers suppress these instabilities by multiple mechanisms. The voltage window ΔV in which a liquid electrolyte can operate free of electroconvective instabilities is shown to be markedly extended in viscoelastic electrolytes and is a power-law function, ΔV : η1/4, of electrolyte viscosity, η. This power-law relation is replicated in the resistance to ion transport at liquid/solid interfaces. We discuss consequences of our observations and show that viscoelastic electrolytes enable stable electrodeposition of many metals, with the most profound effects observed for reactive metals, such as sodium and lithium. This finding is of contemporary interest for high-energy electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Wei
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhu Cheng
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Pooja Nath
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mukul D. Tikekar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gaojin Li
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lynden A. Archer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Unveroglu B, Zangari G. Effect of cell configuration on the compositional homogeneity of electrodeposited Cu-Zn-Sn alloys and phase purity of the resulting Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber layers. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Synthesis of submicrometric dendritic iron particles in an Electrochemical and Vibrating Hele-Shaw cell: study of the growth of ramified branches. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Cheng XB, Zhang R, Zhao CZ, Zhang Q. Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10403-10473. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3219] [Impact Index Per Article: 459.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bing Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen-Zi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Han JH, Wang M, Bai P, Brushett FR, Bazant MZ. Dendrite Suppression by Shock Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28054. [PMID: 27307136 PMCID: PMC4910073 DOI: 10.1038/srep28054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is shown that surface conduction can stabilize electrodeposition in random, charged porous media at high rates, above the diffusion-limited current. After linear sweep voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, copper electrodeposits are visualized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy in two different porous separators (cellulose nitrate, polyethylene), whose surfaces are modified by layer-by-layer deposition of positive or negative charged polyelectrolytes. Above the limiting current, surface conduction inhibits growth in the positive separators and produces irregular dendrites, while it enhances growth and suppresses dendrites behind a deionization shock in the negative separators, also leading to improved cycle life. The discovery of stable uniform growth in the random media differs from the non-uniform growth observed in parallel nanopores and cannot be explained by classic quasi-steady "leaky membrane" models, which always predict instability and dendritic growth. Instead, the experimental results suggest that transient electro-diffusion in random porous media imparts the stability of a deionization shock to the growing metal interface behind it. Shock electrodeposition could be exploited to enhance the cycle life and recharging rate of metal batteries or to accelerate the fabrication of metal matrix composite coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fikile R Brushett
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Karatay E, Andersen MB, Wessling M, Mani A. Coupling between Buoyancy Forces and Electroconvective Instability near Ion-Selective Surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:194501. [PMID: 27232024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.194501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have revealed that ion transport from aqueous electrolytes to ion-selective surfaces is subject to electroconvective instability that stems from coupling of hydrodynamics with electrostatic forces. These systems inherently involve fluid density variation set by salinity gradients. However, the coupling between the buoyancy effects and electroconvective instability has not yet been investigated although a wide range of electrochemical systems are naturally prone to these interplaying effects. In this study we thoroughly examine the interplay of gravitational convection and chaotic electroconvection. Our results reveal that buoyant forces can significantly influence the transport rates, otherwise set by electroconvection, when the Rayleigh number Ra of the system exceeds a value Ra∼1000. We show that buoyancy forces can significantly alter the flow patterns in these systems. When the buoyancy acts in the stabilizing direction, it limits the extent of penetration of electroconvection, but without eliminating it. When the buoyancy destabilizes the flow, it alters the electroconvective patterns by introducing upward and downward fingers of respectively light and heavy fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Karatay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University and Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mathias Bækbo Andersen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University and Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Matthias Wessling
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali Mani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University and Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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19
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Nielsen CP, Bruus H. Sharp-interface model of electrodeposition and ramified growth. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:042302. [PMID: 26565235 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.042302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a sharp-interface model of two-dimensional ramified growth during quasisteady electrodeposition. Our model differs from previous modeling methods in that it includes the important effects of extended space-charge regions and nonlinear electrode reactions. The electrokinetics is described by a continuum model, but the discrete nature of the ions is taken into account by adding a random noise term to the electrode current. The model is validated by comparing its behavior in the initial stage with the predictions of a linear stability analysis. The main limitations of the model are the restriction to two dimensions and the assumption of quasisteady transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer P Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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de Valença JC, Wagterveld RM, Lammertink RGH, Tsai PA. Dynamics of microvortices induced by ion concentration polarization. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:031003. [PMID: 26465416 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the coupled dynamics of the local hydrodynamics and global electric response of an electrodialysis system, which consists of an electrolyte solution adjacent to a charge selective membrane under electric forcing. Under a dc electric current, counterions transport through the charged membrane while the passage of co-ions is restricted, thereby developing ion concentration polarization (ICP) or gradients. At sufficiently large currents, simultaneous measurements of voltage drop and flow field reveal several distinct dynamic regimes. Initially, the electrodialysis system displays a steady Ohmic voltage difference (ΔV_{ohm}), followed by a constant voltage jump (ΔV_{c}). Immediately after this voltage increase, microvortices set in and grow both in size and speed with time. After this growth, the resultant voltage levels off around a fixed value. The average vortex size and speed stabilize as well, while the individual vortices become unsteady and dynamic. These quantitative results reveal that microvortices set in with an excess voltage drop (above ΔV_{ohm}+ΔV_{c}) and sustain an approximately constant electrical conductivity, destroying the initial ICP with significantly low viscous dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri C de Valença
- Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - R Martijn Wagterveld
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob G H Lammertink
- Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Peichun Amy Tsai
- Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G8
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21
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Rubinstein I, Zaltzman B. Equilibrium electroconvective instability. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:114502. [PMID: 25839276 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.114502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Since its prediction 15 years ago, hydrodynamic instability in concentration polarization at a charge-selective interface has been attributed to nonequilibrium electro-osmosis related to the extended space charge which develops at the limiting current. This attribution had a double basis. On the one hand, it has been recognized that neither equilibrium electro-osmosis nor bulk electroconvection can yield instability for a perfectly charge-selective solid. On the other hand, it has been shown that nonequilibrium electro-osmosis can. The first theoretical studies in which electro-osmotic instability was predicted and analyzed employed the assumption of perfect charge selectivity for the sake of simplicity and so did the subsequent studies of various time-dependent and nonlinear features of electro-osmotic instability. In this Letter, we show that relaxing the assumption of perfect charge selectivity (tantamount to fixing the electrochemical potential of counterions in the solid) allows for the equilibrium electroconvective instability. In addition, we suggest a simple experimental test for determining the true, either equilibrium or nonequilibrium, origin of instability in concentration polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rubinstein
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84993, Israel
| | - B Zaltzman
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84993, Israel
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22
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Han JH, Khoo E, Bai P, Bazant MZ. Over-limiting current and control of dendritic growth by surface conduction in nanopores. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7056. [PMID: 25394685 PMCID: PMC4231330 DOI: 10.1038/srep07056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding over-limiting current (faster than diffusion) is a long-standing challenge in electrochemistry with applications in desalination and energy storage. Known mechanisms involve either chemical or hydrodynamic instabilities in unconfined electrolytes. Here, it is shown that over-limiting current can be sustained by surface conduction in nanopores, without any such instabilities, and used to control dendritic growth during electrodeposition. Copper electrodeposits are grown in anodized aluminum oxide membranes with polyelectrolyte coatings to modify the surface charge. At low currents, uniform electroplating occurs, unaffected by surface modification due to thin electric double layers, but the morphology changes dramatically above the limiting current. With negative surface charge, growth is enhanced along the nanopore surfaces, forming surface dendrites and nanotubes behind a deionization shock. With positive surface charge, dendrites avoid the surfaces and are either guided along the nanopore centers or blocked from penetrating the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edwin Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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He X, Azarian MH, Pecht MG. Analysis of the Kinetics of Electrochemical Migration on Printed Circuit Boards Using Nernst-Planck Transport Equation. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Deng D, Dydek EV, Han JH, Schlumpberger S, Mani A, Zaltzman B, Bazant MZ. Overlimiting current and shock electrodialysis in porous media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:16167-77. [PMID: 24320737 DOI: 10.1021/la4040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most electrochemical processes, such as electrodialysis, are limited by diffusion, but in porous media, surface conduction and electroosmotic flow also contribute to ionic flux. In this article, we report experimental evidence for surface-driven overlimiting current (faster than diffusion) and deionization shocks (propagating salt removal) in a porous medium. The apparatus consists of a silica glass frit (1 mm thick with a 500 nm mean pore size) in an aqueous electrolyte (CuSO4 or AgNO3) passing ionic current from a reservoir to a cation-selective membrane (Nafion). The current-voltage relation of the whole system is consistent with a proposed theory based on the electroosmotic flow mechanism over a broad range of reservoir salt concentrations (0.1 mM to 1.0 M) after accounting for (Cu) electrode polarization and pH-regulated silica charge. Above the limiting current, deionized water (≈10 μM) can be continuously extracted from the frit, which implies the existence of a stable shock propagating against the flow, bordering a depleted region that extends more than 0.5 mm across the outlet. The results suggest the feasibility of shock electrodialysis as a new approach to water desalination and other electrochemical separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daosheng Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
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25
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Nishikawa K, Fukunaka Y, Chassaing E, Rosso M. Electrodeposition of metals in microgravity conditions. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Kobayashi C, Saito M, Homma T. Laterally enhanced growth of electrodeposited Au to form ultrathin films on nonconductive surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Schiffbauer J, Demekhin EA, Ganchenko G. Electrokinetic instability in microchannels. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:055302. [PMID: 23004814 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.055302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of geometric confinement on electroconvective instability due to nonequilibrium electro-osmotic slip at the interface of an electrolytic fluid and charge-selective solid is studied. It is shown that the topology of the marginal stability curves and the behavior of the critical parameters depend strongly on both channel geometry and dimensionless Debye length at low voltages for sufficiently deep channels, corresponding to the Rubinstein-Zaltzman instability mechanism, but that stability is governed almost entirely by channel depth for narrow channels at higher voltages. For shallow channels, it is shown that above a transition threshold, determined by both channel depth and Debye length, the low-voltage instability is completely suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Schiffbauer
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
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28
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Fang C, Bandaru NM, Ellis AV, Voelcker NH. Electrochemical fabrication of nanoporous gold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14889g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Mani A, Bazant MZ. Deionization shocks in microstructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:061504. [PMID: 22304094 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salt transport in bulk electrolytes is limited by diffusion and advection, but in microstructures with charged surfaces (e.g., microfluidic devices, porous media, soils, or biological tissues) surface conduction and electro-osmotic flow also contribute to ionic fluxes. For small applied voltages, these effects lead to well known linear electrokinetic phenomena. In this paper, we predict some surprising nonlinear dynamics that can result from the competition between bulk and interfacial transport at higher voltages. When counterions are selectively removed by a membrane or electrode, a "deionization shock" can propagate through the microstructure, leaving in its wake an ultrapure solution, nearly devoid of coions and colloidal impurities. We elucidate the basic physics of deionization shocks and develop a mathematical theory of their existence, structure, and stability, allowing for slow variations in surface charge or channel geometry. Via asymptotic approximations and similarity solutions, we show that deionization shocks accelerate and sharpen in narrowing channels, while they decelerate and weaken, and sometimes disappear, in widening channels. These phenomena may find applications in separations (deionization, decontamination, biological assays) and energy storage (batteries, supercapacitors) involving electrolytes in microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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30
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Dydek EV, Zaltzman B, Rubinstein I, Deng DS, Mani A, Bazant MZ. Overlimiting current in a microchannel. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:118301. [PMID: 22026706 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.118301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the classical problem of diffusion-limited ion transport to a membrane (or electrode) by considering the effects of charged sidewalls. Using simple mathematical models and numerical simulations, we identify three basic mechanisms for overlimiting current in a microchannel: (i) surface conduction carried by excess counterions, which dominates for very thin channels, (ii) convection by electro-osmotic flow on the sidewalls, which dominates for thicker channels, and (iii) transitions to electro-osmotic instability on the membrane end in very thick channels. These intriguing electrokinetic phenomena may find applications in biological separations, water desalination, and electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Victoria Dydek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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31
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Fang C, Ellis AV, Voelcker NH. Electrochemically prepared porous silver and its application in surface-enhanced Raman scattering. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Nishikawa K, Chassaing E, Rosso M. In situ concentration measurements around the transition between two dendritic growth regimes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Mocskos EE, González G, Molina FV, Marshall G. Numerical and experimental studies of Electrochemical Deposition quasi-stable growth. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Marshall G, Mocskos P, Molina F, Dengra S. The Role of Coulombic Forces in Quasi-Two Dimensional Electrochemical Deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-451-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTRecent work demonstrates the relevant influence of convection during growth pattern formation in thin-layer electrochemical deposition. Convection is driven mainly by coulombic forces due to local charges at the tip of the aggregation and by buoyancy forces due to concentration gradients. Here we study through physical experiments and numerical modeling the regime under which coulombic forces are important. In the experimental measurements fluid motion near the growing tips of the deposit is visualized with neutrally buoyant latex spheres and its speed measured with videomicroscope tracking techniques and image processing software. The numerical modeling consists in the solution of the 2D dimensionless Nernst-Planck equations for ion concentrations, the Poisson equation for the electric field and the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid flow, and a stochastic growth rule for ion deposition. A new set of dimensionless numbers governing electroconvection dominated flows is introduced. Preliminary experimental measurements and numerical results indicate that in the electroconvection dominated regime coulombic forces increase with the applied voltage, and their influence over growth pattern formation can be assessed with the magnitude of the dimensionless electric Froude number. It is suggested that when this number decreases the deposit morphology changes from fractal to dense branching.
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35
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Kawai S, Ogawa M, Ishibashi K, Kondo Y, Matsuoka T, Homma T, Fukunaka Y, Kida S. Transient mass transfer rate of Cu2+ ion caused by copper electrodeposition with alternating electrolytic current. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Wlasenko A, Soltani F, Zakopcan D, Sinton D, Steeves GM. Diffusion-limited and advection-driven electrodeposition in a microfluidic channel. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:021601. [PMID: 20365568 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.021601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Self-terminating electrochemical fabrication was used within a microfluidic channel to create a junction between two Au electrodes separated by a gap of 75 microm . During the electrochemical process of etching from the anode to deposition at the cathode, flow could be applied in the anode-to-cathode direction. Without applied flow, dendritic growth and dense branching morphologies were typically observed at the cathode. The addition of applied flow resulted in a densely packed gold structure that filled the channel. A computer simulation was developed to explore regimes where the diffusion, flow, and electric field between the electrodes individually dominated growth. The model provided good qualitative agreement relating flow to the experimental results. The model was also used to contrast the effects of open and closed boundaries and electric field strength, as factors related to tapering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wlasenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
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37
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38
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Gutman Grinbank S, Soba A, Gonzalez GA, Diaz Constanzo G, Bogo HA, Marshall G. Simulations of transport regime in electrodeposition in different viscosity scenarios. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2010:3241-3244. [PMID: 21096816 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5627407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work we study the effects of viscosity variations in thin-layer electrochemical deposition (ECD) under galvanostatic conditions through experimental measurements and theoretical modeling. The theoretical model, written in terms of dimensionless quantities, describes diffusive, migratory and convective ion transport in a fluid under galvanostatic conditions. Experiments reveal that as viscosity increases, convection decreases when the cell resistance remains constant. Our numerical model predicts that as viscosity increases, electroconvection becomes less relevant and concentration and convective fronts slow down. The time scaling of this phenomenon is studied and compared to previously reported low viscosity solution studies.
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39
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Yang X, Eckert K, Mühlenhoff S, Odenbach S. On the decay of the Lorentz-force-driven convection in vertical concentration stratification during magnetoelectrolysis. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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41
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Rubinstein SM, Manukyan G, Staicu A, Rubinstein I, Zaltzman B, Lammertink RGH, Mugele F, Wessling M. Direct observation of a nonequilibrium electro-osmotic instability. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:236101. [PMID: 19113567 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.236101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a visualization of the predicted instability in ionic conduction from a binary electrolyte into a charge selective solid. This instability develops when a voltage greater than critical is applied to a thin layer of copper sulfate flanked by a copper anode and a cation selective membrane. The current-voltage dependence exhibits a saturation at the limiting current. With a further increase of voltage, the current increases, marking the transition to the overlimiting conductance. This transition is mediated by the appearing vortical flow that increases with the applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rubinstein
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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42
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González G, Rosso M, Chassaing E. Transition between two dendritic growth mechanisms in electrodeposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:011601. [PMID: 18763962 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.011601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report in this paper the observation of a transition between two different dendritic growth mechanisms in the electrodeposition of a metal from a binary electrolyte. Our results, in particular concerning the dendritic growth velocities, enable us to explain this behavior in terms of models previously proposed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela González
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, F91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Yu G, Wang J, Liu D, Liu H. The formation of patterns of electrochemical deposits in an ultra-thin layer of CuSO4 solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mühlenhoff S, Eckert K, Heinze A, Uhlemann M. Controlled retardation of electrochemical Rayleigh–Bénard convection during copper electrolysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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González G, Rosso M, Chassaing E, Chazalviel JN. Experimental and theoretical study of the onset of the growth of an irregular metal electrodeposit. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Numerical simulation of transient natural convection induced by electrochemical reactions confined between vertical plane Cu electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Goldys EM, Drozdowicz-Tomsia K, Xie F, Shtoyko T, Matveeva E, Gryczynski I, Gryczynski Z. Fluorescence Amplification by Electrochemically Deposited Silver Nanowires with Fractal Architecture. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12117-22. [PMID: 17850148 DOI: 10.1021/ja071981j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically deposited silver structures with nanowires 50-100 nm in diameter show high fluorescence amplification and strongly reduced fluorescence lifetimes. Both quantities depend on the structure thickness. With increasing thickness the fluorescence amplification proportionally increases and the fluorescence lifetime decreases. This thickness dependence is caused by fluorophore interaction with a system of plasmon excitations in coupled nanowires extending over micrometer size regions. Thus the amplification is attributed to a combination of extended structure area and strong plasmonic coupling between nanowires which also help to radiatively scatter the fluorescence emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Goldys
- Macquarie University Biotechnology Research Institute, North Ryde 2109 NSW Australia.
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Devos O, Gabrielli C, Beitone L, Mace C, Ostermann E, Perrot H. Growth of electrolytic copper dendrites. III: Influence of the presence of copper sulphate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Devos O, Gabrielli C, Beitone L, Mace C, Ostermann E, Perrot H. Growth of electrolytic copper dendrites. I: Current transients and optical observation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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