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Weber CA, Zwicker D, Jülicher F, Lee CF. Physics of active emulsions. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064601. [PMID: 30731446 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phase separating systems that are maintained away from thermodynamic equilibrium via molecular processes represent a class of active systems, which we call active emulsions. These systems are driven by external energy input, for example provided by an external fuel reservoir. The external energy input gives rise to novel phenomena that are not present in passive systems. For instance, concentration gradients can spatially organise emulsions and cause novel droplet size distributions. Another example are active droplets that are subject to chemical reactions such that their nucleation and size can be controlled, and they can divide spontaneously. In this review, we discuss the physics of phase separation and emulsions and show how the concepts that govern such phenomena can be extended to capture the physics of active emulsions. This physics is relevant to the spatial organisation of the biochemistry in living cells, for the development of novel applications in chemical engineering and models for the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Weber
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany. Center for Systems Biology Dresden, CSBD, Dresden, Germany. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
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Glasner K. Hexagonal phase ordering in strongly segregated copolymer films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:042602. [PMID: 26565265 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.042602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strongly segregated copolymer mixtures with uneven composition ratio can form hexagonally ordered thin films. A simplified model describing the size and position of micellelike clusters is derived, allowing for investigation of much larger domain sizes than in previous studies. Simulations of this model are performed to study the generation of large scale order and evolution of pattern defects. We find three temporal regimes exhibiting different scaling laws for orientational correlation length and defect number. In the early stage, topological defects are rapidly eliminated by pairwise annihilation. A slower intermediate stage is characterized by the migration of grain boundaries and the elimination of small grains. In the final stage, grain boundaries become pinned and the evolution halts. A scaling law for defect interaction is proposed which is consistent with the crossover between the first and second stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Glasner
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Nakanishi H, Satoh M, Tran-Cong-Miyata Q. Hexagonal phase induced by a reversible photo-cross-link reaction in a polymer mixture. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:020801. [PMID: 18351978 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A hexagonal phase was found during the synthesis of interpenetrating polymer networks composed of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). By using confocal microscopy, it was found that the regularity of this hexagonal phase further increases upon de-cross-linking of the PS networks in the matrix phase by irradiation with shorter uv wavelengths. We conclude that the cooperation between the cross-link-induced suppression of phase separation and the elastic repulsion between the dispersed PMMA-rich domains is responsible for the emergence of this hexagonal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
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Hu Y, Meleson K, Israelachvili J. Thermodynamic equilibrium of domains in a two-component Langmuir monolayer. Biophys J 2006; 91:444-53. [PMID: 16632506 PMCID: PMC1483102 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This [corrected] article outlines the results from a combined experimental and theoretical study on the properties of circular domains in a mixed Langmuir monolayer at thermodynamic equilibrium. The mixed monolayer consisted of a binary mixture of dimyristoyl-phosphatidyl-choline and dihydrocholesterol. A long-term fluorescence microscopy study of these domains was carried out over the course of approximately 60 h. Image analysis of the domains over time revealed that the domains ripened slowly with an [corrected] increase in mean domain radius and a [corrected] decrease in domain number density. At the end of the measurement, the domains remained polydisperse, and true thermodynamic equilibrium was not reached. Theoretically, collective thermodynamic equilibrium properties such as mean domain size and size distribution were calculated by combining micelle self-assembly theory and the "equivalent dipole" model for the self-energy of two-dimensional domains. The calculations predicted existence of finite-sized circular domains at equilibrium. This suggests that equilibrium circular monolayer domains of single- or multicomponent lipids with a finite size distribution should form only at very limited experimental conditions. Both the predicted mean domain size and size distribution are strongly affected by line tension and dipole moment density difference. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental results is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Asciutto E, Roland C, Sagui C. Self-assembled patterns and strain-induced instabilities for modulated systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:021504. [PMID: 16196570 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.021504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembled domain patterns of modulated systems are characteristic of a wide variety of chemical and physical systems, and are the result of competing interactions. From a technological point of view, there is considerable interest in these domain patterns, as they form suitable templates for the fabrication of nanostructures. We have analyzed the domains and instabilities that form in modulated systems, and show that a large variety of patterns--based on long-lived metastable or glassy states--may be formed as a compromise between the required equilibrium modulation period and the strain present in the system. The strain results from topologically constrained trajectories in phase space, that effectively preclude the equilibrium configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Asciutto
- Center for High Performance Simulations and Department of Physics, The North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202 USA
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Sagui C, Asciutto E, Roland C. New and exotic self-organized patterns for modulated nanoscale systems. NANO LETTERS 2005; 5:389-395. [PMID: 15794631 DOI: 10.1021/nl048224t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembled domain patterns of modulated systems are the result of competing short-range attractive and long-range repulsive interactions found in diverse physical and chemical systems. From an application point of view, there is considerable interest in these domain patterns, as they form templates suitable for the fabrication of nanostructures. In this work we have generated a variety of new and exotic patterns, which represent either metastable or glassy states. These patterns arise as a compromise between the required equilibrium modulation period and the strain resulting from topologically constrained trajectories in phase space that effectively preclude the equilibrium configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Sagui
- Center for High Performance Simulation and Department of Physics, The North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA.
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Evilevitch A, Rescic J, Jönsson B, Olsson U. Computer Simulation of Molecular Exchange in Colloidal Systems. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020467r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Evilevitch
- Division of Physical Chemistry 1 and Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, P.O.Box 537, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Rescic
- Division of Physical Chemistry 1 and Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, P.O.Box 537, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bengt Jönsson
- Division of Physical Chemistry 1 and Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, P.O.Box 537, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Division of Physical Chemistry 1 and Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, P.O.Box 537, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Boyer D, Viñals J. Grain boundary pinning and glassy dynamics in stripe phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 65:046119. [PMID: 12005938 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.046119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study numerically and analytically the coarsening of stripe phases in two spatial dimensions, and show that transient configurations do not achieve long ranged orientational order but rather evolve into glassy configurations with very slow dynamics. In the absence of thermal fluctuations, defects such as grain boundaries become pinned in an effective periodic potential that is induced by the underlying periodicity of the stripe pattern itself. Pinning arises without quenched disorder from the nonadiabatic coupling between the slowly varying envelope of the order parameter around a defect, and its fast variation over the stripe wavelength. The characteristic size of ordered domains asymptotes to a finite value R(g) approximately lambda(0)epsilon(-1/2)exp(absolute value of a/square root of epsilon), where epsilon<<1 is the dimensionless distance away from threshold, lambda(0) the stripe wavelength, and a a constant of order unity. Random fluctuations allow defect motion to resume until a new characteristic scale is reached, function of the intensity of the fluctuations. We finally discuss the relationship between defect pinning and the coarsening laws obtained in the intermediate time regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Boyer
- School of Computational Science and Information Technology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4120, USA
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Antanovskii LK. Microscale theory of surface tension. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 54:6285-6290. [PMID: 9965848 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.6285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sagui C, Desai RC. Late-stage kinetics of systems with competing interactions quenched into the hexagonal phase. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:2807-2821. [PMID: 9963728 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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