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Werellapatha K, Palmer NE, Gorman MG, Bernier JV, Bhandarkar NS, Bradley DK, Braun DG, Bruhn M, Carpenter A, Celliers PM, Coppari F, Dayton M, Durand C, Eggert JH, Ferguson B, Heidl B, Heinbockel C, Heredia R, Huckins J, Hurd E, Hsing W, Krauland CM, Lazicki AE, Kalantar D, Kehl J, Killebrew K, Masters N, Millot M, Nagel SR, Petre RB, Ping Y, Polsin DN, Singh S, Stan CV, Swift D, Tabimina J, Thomas A, Zobrist T, Benedetti LR. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction diagnostic development for the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:013903. [PMID: 38236087 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We present the development of an experimental platform that can collect four frames of x-ray diffraction data along a single line of sight during laser-driven, dynamic-compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. The platform is comprised of a diagnostic imager built around ultrafast sensors with a 2-ns integration time, a custom target assembly that serves also to shield the imager, and a 10-ns duration, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source produced by laser-generated plasma. We demonstrate the performance with diffraction data for Pb ramp compressed to 150 GPa and illuminated by a Ge x-ray source that produces ∼7 × 1011, 10.25-keV photons/ns at the 400 μm diameter sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werellapatha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N E Palmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M G Gorman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J V Bernier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N S Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bruhn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Dayton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Durand
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Ferguson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Heidl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Heredia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Huckins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Hurd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C M Krauland
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Kehl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Killebrew
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R B Petre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Singh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C V Stan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Tabimina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Zobrist
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Coppari F, Smith RF, Thorn DB, Rygg JR, Liedahl DA, Kraus RG, Lazicki A, Millot M, Eggert JH. Optimized x-ray sources for x-ray diffraction measurements at the Omega Laser Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:125113. [PMID: 31893795 DOI: 10.1063/1.5111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements in laser-driven dynamic compression experiments at high-power laser facilities is becoming increasingly common. Diffraction allows one to probe in situ the transformations occurring at the atomic level at extreme conditions of pressure, temperature, and time scale. In these measurements, the x-ray source is generated by irradiation of a solid foil. Under certain laser drive conditions, quasimonochromatic He-α radiation is generated. Careful analysis of the x-ray source plasma spectra reveals that this radiation is not a single line emission and that monochromaticity is highly dependent on the laser irradiance. In this work, we analyze how the spectra emitted by laser-irradiated copper, germanium, and iron foils at the Omega Laser vary depending on different laser drive conditions and discuss the implications for XRD experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Swift DC, Fratanduono DE, Kraus RG, Dowling EA. Non-iterative characteristics analysis for high-pressure ramp loading. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:093903. [PMID: 31575262 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the canonical ramp compression experiment, a smoothly increasing load is applied to the surface of the sample, and the particle velocity history is measured at two or more different distances into the sample, at interfaces where the surface of the sample can be probed. The velocity histories are used to deduce a stress-density relation, usually using iterative Lagrangian analysis to account for the perturbing effect of the impedance mismatch at the interface. In that technique, a stress-density relation is assumed in order to correct for the perturbation and is adjusted until it becomes consistent with the deduced stress-density relation. This process is subject to the usual difficulties of nonlinear optimization, such as the existence of local minima (sensitivity to the initial guess), possible failure to converge, and relatively large computational effort. We show that, by considering the interaction of successive characteristics reaching a free surface, the stress-density relation can be deduced directly by recursion rather than iteration. This calculation is orders of magnitude faster than iterative analysis and does not require an initial guess. Direct recursion may be less suitable for very noisy data, but it was robust when applied to trial data. The stress-density relation deduced was identical to the result from iterative Lagrangian analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C Swift
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Dayne E Fratanduono
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Richard G Kraus
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Evan A Dowling
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Coppari F, Thorn DB, Kemp GE, Craxton RS, Garcia EM, Ping Y, Eggert JH, Schneider MB. X-ray source development for EXAFS measurements on the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:083907. [PMID: 28863696 DOI: 10.1063/1.4999649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements require a bright, spectrally smooth, and broad-band x-ray source. In a laser facility, such an x-ray source can be generated by a laser-driven capsule implosion. In order to optimize the x-ray emission, different capsule types and laser irradiations have been tested at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A crystal spectrometer is used to disperse the x-rays and high efficiency image plate detectors are used to measure the absorption spectra in transmission geometry. EXAFS measurements at the K-edge of iron at ambient conditions have been obtained for the first time on the NIF laser, and the requirements for optimization have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Swift DC, Kraus RG, Loomis EN, Hicks DG, McNaney JM, Johnson RP. Shock formation and the ideal shape of ramp compression waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:066115. [PMID: 19256913 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.066115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We derive expressions for shock formation based on the local curvature of the flow characteristics during dynamic compression. Given a specific ramp adiabat, calculated for instance from the equation of state for a substance, the ideal nonlinear shape for an applied ramp loading history can be determined. We discuss the region affected by lateral release, which can be presented in compact form for the ideal loading history. Example calculations are given for representative metals and plastic ablators. Continuum dynamics (hydrocode) simulations were in good agreement with the algebraic forms. Example applications are presented for several classes of laser-loading experiment, identifying conditions where shocks are desired but not formed, and where long-duration ramps are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C Swift
- Condensed Matter and Materials Division,Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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Swift DC, Kraus RG. Properties of plastic ablators in laser-driven material dynamics experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:066402. [PMID: 18643378 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.066402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Radiation hydrodynamics simulations were used to study the effect of plastic ablators in laser-driven shock experiments. The sensitivity to composition and equation of state was found to be 5%-10% in ablation pressure. As was found for metals, a laser pulse of constant irradiance gave a pressure history which decreased by several percent per nanosecond. The pressure history could be made more constant by adjusting the irradiance history. The impedance mismatch with the sample gave an increase o(100%) in the pressure transmitted into the sample, for a reduction of several tens of percent in the duration of the peak load applied to the sample, and structured the release history by adding a release step to a pressure close to the ablation pressure. Algebraic relations were found between the laser pulse duration, the ablator thickness, and the duration of the peak pressure applied to the sample, involving quantities calculated from the equations of state of the ablator and sample using shock dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C Swift
- CMELS-MSTD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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