Decreased surface tension of water by hard-x-ray irradiation

Condensed Matter Systems Exposed to Radiation: Multiscale Theory, Simulations, and Experiment

This roadmap reviews the new, highly interdisciplinary research field studying the behavior of condensed matter systems exposed to radiation. The Review highlights several recent advances in the field and provides a roadmap for the development of the field over the next decade. Condensed matter systems exposed to radiation can be inorganic, organic, or biological, finite or infinite, composed of different molecular species or materials, exist in different phases, and operate under different thermodynamic conditions. Many of the key phenomena related to the behavior of irradiated systems are very similar and can be understood based on the same fundamental theoretical principles and computational approaches. The multiscale nature of such phenomena requires the quantitative description of the radiation-induced effects occurring at different spatial and temporal scales, ranging from the atomic to the macroscopic, and the interlinks between such descriptions. The multiscale nature of the effects and the similarity of their manifestation in systems of different origins necessarily bring together different disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, nanoscience, and biomedical research, demonstrating the numerous interlinks and commonalities between them. This research field is highly relevant to many novel and emerging technologies and medical applications.

A closer look at high-energy X-ray-induced bubble formation during soft tissue imaging

Improving the scalability of tissue imaging throughput with bright, coherent X-rays requires identifying and mitigating artifacts resulting from the interactions between X-rays and matter. At synchrotron sources, long-term imaging of soft tissues in solution can result in gas bubble formation or cavitation, which dramatically compromises image quality and integrity of the samples. By combining in-line phase-contrast imaging with gas chromatography in real time, we were able to track the onset and evolution of high-energy X-ray-induced gas bubbles in ethanol-embedded soft tissue samples for tens of minutes (two to three times the typical scan times). We demonstrate quantitatively that vacuum degassing of the sample during preparation can significantly delay bubble formation, offering up to a twofold improvement in dose tolerance, depending on the tissue type. However, once nucleated, bubble growth is faster in degassed than undegassed samples, indicating their distinct metastable states at bubble onset. Gas chromatography analysis shows increased solvent vaporization concurrent with bubble formation, yet the quantities of dissolved gasses remain unchanged. By coupling features extracted from the radiographs with computational analysis of bubble characteristics, we uncover dose-controlled kinetics and nucleation site-specific growth. These hallmark signatures provide quantitative constraints on the driving mechanisms of bubble formation and growth. Overall, the observations highlight bubble formation as a critical yet often overlooked hurdle in upscaling X-ray imaging for biological tissues and soft materials and we offer an empirical foundation for their understanding and imaging protocol optimization. More importantly, our approaches establish a top-down scheme to decipher the complex, multiscale radiation-matter interactions in these applications.

Modification of Frictional Properties of Hydrogel Surface via Laser Ablated Topographical Micro-Textures

Hydrogels and biological cartilage tissues are highly similar in structure and composition due to their unique characteristics such as high-water content and low friction coefficients. The introduction of hydrogel cartilage can effectively reduce the friction coefficient and wear coefficient of the original bone joint and the implanted metal bone joint (generally titanium alloy or stainless steel), which is considered as a perfect replacement material for artificial articular cartilage. How to accurately regulate the local tribological characteristics of hydrogel artificial cartilage according to patient weight and bone shape is one of the important challenges in the current clinical application field of medical hydrogels. In this study, the mechanism by which micro-pits improve the surface friction properties was studied. Ultraviolet lasers were used to efficiently construct micro-pits with different shapes on a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel in one step. It was shown that by using such a maskless laser processing, the performance of each part of the artificial cartilage can be customized flexibly and effectively. We envision that the approach demonstrated in this article will provide an important idea for the development of a high-performance, continuous and accurate method for controlling surface friction properties of artificial cartilage.

High-resolution fast-tomography brain-imaging beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source

The new Brain Imaging Beamline (BIB) of the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) has been commissioned and opened to users. The BIB and in particular its endstation are designed to take advantage of bright unmonochromatized synchrotron X-rays and target fast 3D imaging, ∼1 ms exposure time plus very high ∼0.3 µm spatial resolution. A critical step in achieving the planned performances was the solution to the X-ray induced damaging problems of the detection system. High-energy photons were identified as their principal cause and were solved by combining tailored filters/attenuators and a high-energy cut-off mirror. This enabled the tomography acquisition throughput to reach >1 mm³ min^-1, a critical performance for large-animal brain mapping and a vital mission of the beamline.

Drop impact on hot plates: contact times, lift-off and the lamella rupture

When a liquid drop impacts on a heated substrate, it can remain deposited, or violently boil in contact, or lift off with or without ever touching the surface. The latter is known as the Leidenfrost effect. The duration and area of the liquid-substrate contact are highly relevant for the heat transfer, as well as other effects such as corrosion. However, most experimental studies rely on side view imaging to determine contact times, and those are often mixed with the time until the drop lifts off from the substrate. Here, we develop and validate a reliable method of contact time determination using high-speed X-ray imaging and total internal reflection imaging. We exemplarily compare contact and lift-off times on flat silicon and sapphire substrates. We show that drops can rebound even without formation of a complete vapor layer, with a wide range of lift-off times. On sapphire, we find a local minimum of lift-off times that is much shorter than expected from capillary rebound in the comparatively low-temperature regime of transition boiling/thermal atomization. We elucidate the underlying mechanism related to spontaneous rupture of the lamella and receding of the contact area.

In vivo dynamic analysis of water refilling in embolized xylem vessels of intact Zea mays leaves

Background and Aims The refilling of embolized xylem vessels under tension is a major issue in water transport among vascular plants. However, xylem embolism and refilling remain poorly understood because of technical limitations. Direct observation of embolism repair in intact plants is essential to understand the biophysical aspects of water refilling in embolized xylem vessels. This paper reports on details of the water refilling process in leaves of the intact herbaceous monocot plant Zea mays and its refilling kinetics obtained by a direct visualization technique. Methods A synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique was used to monitor water refilling in embolized xylem vessels of intact maize leaves. Xylem embolism was artificially induced by using a glass capillary; real-time images of water refilling dynamics were consecutively captured at a frame rate of 50 f.p.s. Key Results Water supply in the radial direction initiates droplet formation on the wall of embolized xylem vessels. Each droplet grows into a water column; this phenomenon shows translation motion or continuous increase in water column volume. In some instances, water columns merge and form one large water column. Water refilling in the radial direction causes rapid recovery from embolism in several minutes. The average water refilling velocity is approx. 1 μm s-1. Conclusions Non-destructive visualization of embolized xylem vessels demonstrates rapid water refilling and gas bubble removal as key elements of embolism repair in a herbaceous monocot species. The refilling kinetics provides new insights into the dynamic mechanism of water refilling phenomena.

Radiation influence on the temperature-dependent parameters of fluids

Based on the fundamental Bogolyubov chain of equations, a model relating the structural and thermophysical properties of the nonequilibrium liquid systems under irradiation in stationary state is introduced. The obtained results suggest that the thermophysical properties of the liquid systems under irradiation are defined by the "effective temperature" that can be calculated from the perturbed momentum distribution functions of the systems. It is shown that the structural changes in the liquid systems under irradiation are caused by the changes in the coefficients of the Maxwell distribution function due to the momentum exchange between the active particles and the particles forming the liquid. To confirm the theoretical predictions, a qualitative comparison of the model with the existing experimental data on irradiation influence on the surface tension coefficients of liquids is performed.

Imaging interfacial micro- and nano-bubbles by scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy

Synchrotron-based scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy (STXM) with nanometer resolution was used to investigate the existence and behavior of interfacial gas nanobubbles confined between two silicon nitride windows. The observed nanobubbles of SF6 and Ne with diameters smaller than 2.5 µm were quite stable. However, larger bubbles became unstable and grew during the soft X-ray imaging, indicating that stable nanobubbles may have a length scale, which is consistent with a previous report using atomic force microscopy [Zhang et al. (2010), Soft Matter, 6, 4515-4519]. Here, it is shown that STXM is a promising technique for studying the aggregation of gases near the solid/water interfaces at the nanometer scale.

How does an air film evolve into a bubble during drop impact?

When a liquid drop impacts a solid surface, air is generally entrapped underneath. Using ultrafast x-ray phase-contrast imaging, we directly visualized the profile of an entrapped air film and its evolution into a bubble during drop impact. We identified a complicated evolution process that consists of three stages: inertial retraction of the air film, contraction of the top air surface into a bubble, and pinch-off of a daughter droplet inside the bubble. Energy transfer during retraction drives the contraction and pinch-off of a daughter droplet. The wettability of the solid surface affects the detachment of the bubble, suggesting a method for bubble elimination in many drop-impact applications.

X-ray-induced water vaporization

We present quantitative evidence for x-ray-induced water vaporization: water is vaporized at a rate of 5.5 pL/s with the 1-Å-wavelength x-ray irradiation of ~0.1 photons per Å(2); moreover, water vapor is reversibly condensed during pauses in irradiation. This result fundamentally suggests that photoionization induces vaporization. This phenomenon is attributed to surface-tension reduction by ionization and would be universally important in radiological and electrohydrodynamic situations.

Colloid coalescence with focused x rays

We show direct evidence that focused x rays enable us to merge polymer colloidal particles at room temperature. This phenomenon is ascribed to the photochemical scission of colloids with x rays, reducing the molecular weight, glass transition temperature, surface tension, and viscosity of colloids. The observation of the neck bridge growth with time shows that the x-ray-induced colloid coalescence is analogous to viscoelastic coalescence. This finding suggests a feasible protocol of photonic nanofabrication by sintering or welding of polymers, without thermal damage, using x-ray photonics.

Size limits the formation of liquid jets during bubble bursting

A bubble reaching an air–liquid interface usually bursts and forms a liquid jet. Jetting is relevant to climate and health as it is a source of aerosol droplets from breaking waves. Jetting has been observed for large bubbles with radii of R≫100 μm. However, few studies have been devoted to small bubbles (R<100 μm) despite the entrainment of a large number of such bubbles in sea water. Here we show that jet formation is inhibited by bubble size; a jet is not formed during bursting for bubbles smaller than a critical size. Using ultrafast X-ray and optical imaging methods, we build a phase diagram for jetting and the absence of jetting. Our results demonstrate that jetting in bubble bursting is analogous to pinching-off in liquid coalescence. The coalescence mechanism for bubble bursting may be useful in preventing jet formation in industry and improving climate models concerning aerosol production.

A bubble at an air–liquid interface can form a liquid jet upon bursting, spraying aerosol droplets into the air. Lee et al. show that jetting is analogous to pinching-off in liquid coalescence, which may be useful in applications that prevent jet formation and in the improved incorporation of aerosols in climate models.

Capillary force repels coffee-ring effect

When a coffee drop dries on a solid surface, it leaves a ringlike deposit along the edge and this is known as the "coffee-ring effect." We find a different motion of particles repelling the coffee-ring effect in drying droplets; the motion of particles that is initially toward the edge by the coffee-ring effect is reversed toward the center by a capillary force. The reversal takes place when the capillary force prevails over the outward coffee-ring flow. We discuss the geometric constraints for the capillary force and the reverse motion. Our findings of reversal phenomena would be important in many scenarios of drying colloidal fluids.

X-ray-induced changes in wettability

We observed that hard X-ray irradiation modifies the wettability of a variety of inorganic materials. The smooth surfaces of all tested inorganic materials (ZnO, p-Si, Al2O3, SrTiO3, TiN, ZnS, CuO, Ag2O, and Cr2O3) change during irradiation to a state of superhydrophilic wettability, and such changes are explained by the accumulation of positive surface charges by photoelectron emission. The initial wettability state is re-established within several minutes of storage in deionized water.