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Beatrez W, Janes O, Akkiraju A, Pillai A, Oddo A, Reshetikhin P, Druga E, McAllister M, Elo M, Gilbert B, Suter D, Ajoy A. Floquet Prethermalization with Lifetime Exceeding 90 s in a Bulk Hyperpolarized Solid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:170603. [PMID: 34739295 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.170603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of long-lived Floquet prethermal states in a bulk solid composed of dipolar-coupled ^{13}C nuclei in diamond at room temperature. For precessing nuclear spins prepared in an initial transverse state, we demonstrate pulsed spin-lock Floquet control that prevents their decay over multiple-minute-long periods. We observe Floquet prethermal lifetimes T_{2}^{'}≈90.9 s, extended >60 000-fold over the nuclear free induction decay times. The spins themselves are continuously interrogated for ∼10 min, corresponding to the application of ≈5.8×10^{6} control pulses. The ^{13}C nuclei are optically hyperpolarized by lattice nitrogen vacancy centers; the combination of hyperpolarization and continuous spin readout yields significant signal-to-noise ratio in the measurements. This allows probing the Floquet thermalization dynamics with unprecedented clarity. We identify four characteristic regimes of the thermalization process, discerning short-time transient processes leading to the prethermal plateau and long-time system heating toward infinite temperature. This Letter points to new opportunities possible via Floquet control in networks of dilute, randomly distributed, low-sensitivity nuclei. In particular, the combination of minutes-long prethermal lifetimes and continuous spin interrogation opens avenues for quantum sensors constructed from hyperpolarized Floquet prethermal nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beatrez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Otto Janes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Amala Akkiraju
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Oddo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paul Reshetikhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Maxwell McAllister
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mark Elo
- Tabor Electronics, Inc., Hatasia 9, Nesher 3660301, Israel
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Waddington DEJ, Boele T, Rej E, McCamey DR, King NJC, Gaebel T, Reilly DJ. Phase-Encoded Hyperpolarized Nanodiamond for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5950. [PMID: 30976049 PMCID: PMC6459867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-functionalized nanomaterials are of interest as theranostic agents that detect disease and track biological processes using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Candidate materials are sparse however, requiring spinful nuclei with long spin-lattice relaxation (T1) and spin-dephasing times (T2), together with a reservoir of electrons to impart hyperpolarization. Here, we demonstrate the versatility of the nanodiamond material system for hyperpolarized 13C MRI, making use of its intrinsic paramagnetic defect centers, hours-long nuclear T1 times, and T2 times suitable for spatially resolving millimeter-scale structures. Combining these properties, we enable a new imaging modality, unique to nanoparticles, that exploits the phase-contrast between spins encoded with a hyperpolarization that is aligned, or anti-aligned with the external magnetic field. The use of phase-encoded hyperpolarization allows nanodiamonds to be tagged and distinguished in an MRI based on their spin-orientation alone, and could permit the action of specific bio-functionalized complexes to be directly compared and imaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E J Waddington
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas Boele
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ewa Rej
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Dane R McCamey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Exciton Science, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Torsten Gaebel
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David J Reilly
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Microsoft Corporation, Station Q Sydney, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
Abstract
Precision measurement and frequency metrology have pushed many scientific and technological frontiers in the field of atomic, molecular and optical physics. In this article, we provide a brief review on the recent development of optical atomic clocks, with an emphasis placed on the important inter-dependence between measurement precision and systematic effects. After presenting a general discussion on the motivation and techniques behind the development of optical lattice clocks, where the use of many atoms greatly enhances the measurement precision, we present the JILA strontium optical lattice clock as the leading system of frequency metrology with the lowest total uncertainty, and we describe other related research activities. We discuss key ingredients that have enabled the optical lattice clocks with ultracold atoms to reach the 18th digit in both precision and accuracy. Furthermore, we discuss extending the power of precision clock spectroscopy to study quantum many-body physics and to provide control for atomic quantum materials. In addition, we explore future research directions that have the potential to achieve even greater precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibo Zhang
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Giovannetti G, Guerrini A, Salvadori PA. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging for the study of fossils. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:730-742. [PMID: 26979538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) has long been used for investigating palaeontological specimens, as it is a nondestructive technique which avoids the need to dissolve or ionize the fossil sample. However, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have recently gained ground as analytical tools for examination of palaeontological samples, by nondestructively providing information about the structure and composition of fossils. While MRI techniques are able to reveal the three-dimensional geometry of the trace fossil, MRS can provide information on the chemical composition of the samples. The multidimensional nature of MR (magnetic resonance) signals has potential to provide rich three-dimensional data on the palaeontological specimens and also to help in elucidating paleopathological and paleoecological questions. In this work the verified applications and the emerging uses of MRI and MRS in paleontology are reviewed, with particular attention to fossil spores, fossil plants, ambers, fossil invertebrates, and fossil vertebrate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giovannetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Sezione Paleontologica GAPL (Gruppo Archeologico e Paleontologico Livornese), Museo di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo, via Roma, 234, 57127 Leghorn, Italy
| | - Piero A Salvadori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Morgan SW, Oganesyan V, Boutis GS. Multispin correlations and pseudo-thermalization of the transient density matrix in solid-state NMR: free induction decay and magic echo. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS 2012; 8672:e214410. [PMID: 23710125 PMCID: PMC3661221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.86.214410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum unitary evolution typically leads to thermalization of generic interacting many-body systems. There are very few known general methods for reversing this process, and we focus on the magic echo, a radio-frequency pulse sequence known to approximately "rewind" the time evolution of dipolar coupled homonuclear spin systems in a large magnetic field. By combining analytic, numerical, and experimental results we systematically investigate factors leading to the degradation of magic echoes, as observed in reduced revival of mean transverse magnetization. Going beyond the conventional analysis based on mean magnetization we use a phase encoding technique to measure the growth of spin correlations in the density matrix at different points in time following magic echoes of varied durations and compare the results to those obtained during a free induction decay (FID). While considerable differences are documented at short times, the long-time behavior of the density matrix appears to be remarkably universal among the types of initial states considered - simple low order multispin correlations are observed to decay exponentially at the same rate, seeding the onset of increasingly complex high order correlations. This manifestly athermal process is constrained by conservation of the second moment of the spectrum of the density matrix and proceeds indefinitely, assuming unitary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Morgan
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11210
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Frey MA, Michaud M, VanHouten JN, Insogna KL, Madri JA, Barrett SE. Phosphorus-31 MRI of hard and soft solids using quadratic echo line-narrowing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5190-5. [PMID: 22431609 PMCID: PMC3325667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117293109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of solids is rarely attempted. One of the main reasons is that the broader MR linewidths, compared to the narrow resonance of the hydrogen ((1)H) in free water, limit both the attainable spatial resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio. Basic physics research, stimulated by the quest to build a quantum computer, gave rise to a unique MR pulse sequence that offers a solution to this long-standing problem. The "quadratic echo" significantly narrows the broad MR spectrum of solids. Applying field gradients in sync with this line-narrowing sequence offers a fresh approach to carry out MRI of hard and soft solids with high spatial resolution and with a wide range of potential uses. Here we demonstrate that this method can be used to carry out three-dimensional MRI of the phosphorus ((31)P) in ex vivo bone and soft tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Michaud
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Joshua N. VanHouten
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Karl L. Insogna
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Joseph A. Madri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
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Reimer JA. Nuclear hyperpolarization in solids and the prospects for nuclear spintronics. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2010; 37:3-12. [PMID: 20413281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear hyperpolarization can be achieved in a number of ways. This article focuses on the use of coupling of nuclei to (nearly) pure quantum states, with particular emphasis on those states obtained by optical excitation in bulk semiconductors. I seek an answer to this question: "What is to prevent the design and analysis of nuclear spintronics devices that use the extremely long-lived hyperpolarized nuclear spin states, and their weak couplings to each other, to affect computation, memory, or informational technology schemes?" The answer, I argue, is in part because there remains a lack of fundamental understanding of how to generate and control nuclear polarization with schemes other than with rf coils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1642, USA.
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