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Barraza Alvarez I, Le T, Hosseini H, Samira S, Beck A, Marlowe J, Montemore MM, Wang B, Christopher P. Bond Selective Photochemistry at Metal Nanoparticle Surfaces: CO Desorption from Pt and Pd. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12431-12443. [PMID: 38661654 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of visible photon fluxes to influence catalytic reactions on metal nanoparticle surfaces has attracted attention based on observations of reaction mechanisms and selectivity not observed under equilibrium heating. These observations suggest that photon fluxes can selectively impact the rates of certain elementary steps, creating nonequilibrium energy distributions among various reaction pathways. However, quantitative studies validating these hypotheses on metal nanoparticle surfaces are lacking. We examine the influence of continuous wave visible photon fluxes on the CO desorption rates from 1 to 2 nm diameter Pt and Pd nanoparticle surfaces supported on γ-Al2O3. Temperature-programmed desorption measurements quantified via diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy demonstrate that visible photon fluxes significantly enhanced the rate of CO desorption from Pt nanoparticles in a wavelength-dependent manner. 440 nm photons most efficiently promoted CO desorption from Pt nanoparticle surfaces, aligning with the excitation energy for the interfacial electronic transition within the Pt-CO bond. Conversely, visible photon fluxes had no measurable influence on CO desorption rates from Pd nanoparticle surfaces after accounting for photon-induced heating. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the Pt-CO bond exhibits a narrower LUMO resonance, stronger coupling between the photoexcitation and forces induced on the metal-C bond, and vibrational energy dissipation that more effectively couples to desorption as compared to Pd-CO. These results demonstrate the specificity photons provide in facilitating chemical reactions on metal nanoparticle surfaces and substantiate the idea that photon fluxes can steer processes and outcomes of catalytic reactions in ways not achievable by equilibrium heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barraza Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Tien Le
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Hajar Hosseini
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70115, United States
| | - Samji Samira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Arik Beck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Justin Marlowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew M Montemore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70115, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Han P, Mao X, Jin Y, Sarina S, Jia J, Waclawik ER, Du A, Bottle SE, Zhao JC, Zhu HY. Plasmonic Silver-Nanoparticle-Catalysed Hydrogen Abstraction from the C(sp 3 )-H Bond of the Benzylic C α atom for Cleavage of Alkyl Aryl Ether Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215201. [PMID: 36450692 PMCID: PMC10108273 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of the C(sp3 )-H bond is an important process in organic synthesis, where efficiently activating a specific C(sp3 )-H bond without causing side reactions remains one of chemistry's great challenges. Here we report that illuminated plasmonic silver metal nanoparticles (NPs) can abstract hydrogen from the C(sp3 )-H bond of the Cα atom of an alkyl aryl ether β-O-4 linkage. The intense electromagnetic near-field generated at the illuminated plasmonic NPs promotes chemisorption of the β-O-4 compound and the transfer of photo-generated hot electrons from the NPs to the adsorbed molecules leads to hydrogen abstraction and direct cleavage of the unreactive ether Cβ -O bond under moderate reaction conditions (≈90 °C). The plasmon-driven process has certain exceptional features: enabling hydrogen abstraction from a specific C(sp3 )-H bond, along with precise scission of the targeted C-O bond to form aromatic compounds containing unsaturated, substituted groups in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yichao Jin
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Sarina Sarina
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, P. R. China
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Jin-Cai Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huai-Yong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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Stewart S, Wei Q, Sun Y. Surface chemistry of quantum-sized metal nanoparticles under light illumination. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1227-1239. [PMID: 34163884 PMCID: PMC8179176 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04651e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Size reduction of metal nanoparticles increases the exposure of metal surfaces significantly, favoring heterogeneous chemistry at the surface of the nanoparticles. The optical properties of metal nanoparticles, such as light absorption, also exhibit a strong dependence on their size. It is expected that there will be strong coupling of light absorption and surface chemistry when the metal nanoparticles are small enough. For instance, metal nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 2–10 nm exhibit both surface plasmon resonances, which can efficiently produce high-energy hot electrons near the surface of the nanoparticles under light illumination, and the Coulomb blockade effect, which favors electron transfer from the metal nanoparticles to the surface adsorbates. The synergy of efficient hot electron generation and electron transfer on the surface of small metal nanoparticles leads to double-faced effects: (i) surface (adsorption) chemistry influences optical absorption in the metal nanoparticles, and (ii) optical absorption in the metal nanoparticles promotes (or inhibits) surface adsorption and heterogeneous chemistry. This review article focuses on the discussion of typical quantum phenomena in metal nanoparticles of 2–10 nm in size, which are referred to as “quantum-sized metal nanoparticles”. Both theoretical and experimental examples and results are summarized to highlight the strong correlations between the optical absorption and surface chemistry for quantum-sized metal nanoparticles of various compositions. A comprehensive understanding of these correlations may shed light on achieving high-efficiency photocatalysis and photonics. Size reduction of metal nanoparticles increases the exposure of metal surfaces significantly, favoring heterogeneous photochemistry at the surface of the nanoparticles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University 1901 North 13th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Qilin Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University 1901 North 13th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Yugang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University 1901 North 13th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
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5
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Harvesting multiple electron–hole pairs generated through plasmonic excitation of Au nanoparticles. Nat Chem 2018; 10:763-769. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Böckmann H, Gawinkowski S, Waluk J, Raschke MB, Wolf M, Kumagai T. Near-Field Enhanced Photochemistry of Single Molecules in a Scanning Tunneling Microscope Junction. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:152-157. [PMID: 29266954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical near-field excitation of metallic nanostructures can be used to enhance photochemical reactions. The enhancement under visible light illumination is of particular interest because it can facilitate the use of sunlight to promote photocatalytic chemical and energy conversion. However, few studies have yet addressed optical near-field induced chemistry, in particular at the single-molecule level. In this Letter, we report the near-field enhanced tautomerization of porphycene on a Cu(111) surface in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) junction. The light-induced tautomerization is mediated by photogenerated carriers in the Cu substrate. It is revealed that the reaction cross section is significantly enhanced in the presence of a Au tip compared to the far-field induced process. The strong enhancement occurs in the red and near-infrared spectral range for Au tips, whereas a W tip shows a much weaker enhancement, suggesting that excitation of the localized plasmon resonance contributes to the process. Additionally, using the precise tip-surface distance control of the STM, the near-field enhanced tautomerization is examined in and out of the tunneling regime. Our results suggest that the enhancement is attributed to the increased carrier generation rate via decay of the excited near-field in the STM junction. Additionally, optically excited tunneling electrons also contribute to the process in the tunneling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Böckmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylwester Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- JST-PRESTO , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Uma K, Chen SW, Arjun N, Pan GT, Yang TCK. The production of an efficient visible light photocatalyst for CO oxidation through the surface plasmonic effect of Ag nanoparticles on SiO2@α-Fe2O3 nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:12547-12555. [PMID: 35541225 PMCID: PMC9079329 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13260c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A process for the photo deposition of noble Ag nanoparticles on a core–shell structure of SiO2@α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite spheres was performed to produce a CO photo oxidation catalyst. The structural analyses were carried out for samples produced using different Ag metal nanoparticle weight percentages on SiO2@α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite spheres by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A computational study was also performed to confirm the existence of the synergic effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for different weight percentages of Ag on the SiO2@α-Fe2O3 nanocomposites. The mechanism for CO oxidation on the catalyst was explored using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRFIT). The CO oxidation results for the Ag (2 wt%)-SiO2@α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite spheres showed 48% higher photocatalytic activity than α-Fe2O3 and SiO2@α-Fe2O3 at stable temperature. We present a systematic investigation of CO oxidation and surface plasmon resonance on SiO2@α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite spheres with different weight percentages of Ag nanoparticles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasimayan Uma
- Centre for Precision Analysis and Research Center
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan 106
| | - Shih-Wen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan 106
| | - Nadarajan Arjun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan 106
| | - Guan-Ting Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan 106
| | - Thomas C.-K. Yang
- Centre for Precision Analysis and Research Center
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan 106
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
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Abstract
Light-assisted surface reaction can lower reaction temperature, potentially reducing the energy use by providing light together with heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
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9
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Christopher P, Moskovits M. Hot Charge Carrier Transmission from Plasmonic Nanostructures. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2017; 68:379-398. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052516-044948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Schlather AE, Manjavacas A, Lauchner A, Marangoni VS, DeSantis CJ, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Hot Hole Photoelectrochemistry on Au@SiO 2@Au Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2060-2067. [PMID: 28427261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a worldwide need to develop efficient photocatalytic materials that can reduce the high-energy cost of common industrial chemical processes. One possible solution focuses on metallic nanoparticles (NPs) that can act as efficient absorbers of light due to their surface plasmon resonance. Recent work indicates that small NPs, when photoexcited, may allow for efficient electron or hole transfer necessary for photocatalysis. Here we investigate the mechanisms behind hot hole carrier dynamics by studying the photodriven oxidation of citrate ions on Au@SiO2@Au core-shell NPs. We find that charge transfer to adsorbed molecules is most efficient at higher photon energies but still present with lower plasmon energy. On the basis of these experimental results, we develop a simple theoretical model for the probability of hot carrier-adsorbate interactions across the NP surface. These results provide a foundation for understanding charge transfer in plasmonic photocatalytic materials, which could allow for further design and optimization of photocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Schlather
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alejandro Manjavacas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Adam Lauchner
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Valeria S Marangoni
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo , San Carlos, BR-13560970, Brazil
| | - Christopher J DeSantis
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Augustynski J, Bienkowski K, Solarska R. Plasmon resonance-enhanced photoelectrodes and photocatalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Toker G, Bespaly A, Zilberberg L, Asscher M. Enhanced photochemistry of ethyl chloride on Ag nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:936-942. [PMID: 25555201 DOI: 10.1021/nl503700y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced photodecomposition of ethyl chloride (EC) adsorbed on SiO2/Si (100) supported silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions has been studied in order to assess the potential contribution of plasmonic effects. The cross section for photodecomposition of EC and overall photoyield were found to increase with increasing photon energy regardless of the plasmon resonant wavelength and with Ag coverage without any noticeable particle size effect. The influence of EC-Ag NPs separation distance on the rate of EC decomposition was studied in order to examine potential local electric field influence on the photodissociation process. Long (∼5 nm) photoactivity decay distance has been observed which excludes local surface plasmon dominance in the photodecomposition event. These findings suggest that the alignment of excited electron energy and adsorbate affinity levels is central for efficient photochemical reactions, whereas short-range electric field enhancement by plasmon excitation on top and at the immediate vicinity of silver nanoparticles does not have any measurable effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Toker
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmund J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Kale MJ, Avanesian T, Xin H, Yan J, Christopher P. Controlling catalytic selectivity on metal nanoparticles by direct photoexcitation of adsorbate-metal bonds. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5405-12. [PMID: 25111312 DOI: 10.1021/nl502571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Engineering heterogeneous metal catalysts for high selectivity in thermal driven reactions typically involves the synthesis of nanostructures with well-controlled geometries and compositions. However, inherent relationships between the energetics of elementary steps limit the control of catalytic selectivity through these approaches. Photon excitation of metal catalysts can induce chemical reactivity channels that cannot be accessed using thermal energy, although the potential for targeted activation of adsorbate-metal bonds is limited because the processes of photon absorption and adsorbate-metal bond photoexcitation are typically separated spatially. Here, we show that the use of sub-5-nanometer metal particles as photocatalysts enables direct photoexcitation of hybridized adsorbate-metal states as the dominant mechanism driving photochemistry. Activation of targeted adsorbate-metal bonds through direct photoexcitation of hybridized electronic states enabled selectivity control in preferential CO oxidation in H2 rich streams. This mechanism opens new avenues to drive selective catalytic reactions that cannot be achieved using thermal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kale
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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14
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Freund HJ, Heyde M, Nilius N, Schauermann S, Shaikhutdinov S, Sterrer M. Model studies on heterogeneous catalysts at the atomic scale: From supported metal particles to two-dimensional zeolites. J Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Linic S, Christopher P, Xin H, Marimuthu A. Catalytic and photocatalytic transformations on metal nanoparticles with targeted geometric and plasmonic properties. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:1890-9. [PMID: 23750539 DOI: 10.1021/ar3002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis by metals was among the first enabling technologies that extensively relied on nanoscience. The early intersections of catalysis and nanoscience focused on the synthesis of catalytic materials with high surface to volume ratio. These synthesis strategies mainly involved the impregnation of metal salts on high surface area supports. This would usually yield quasi-spherical nanoparticles capped by low-energy surface facets, typically with closely packed metal atoms. These high density areas often function as the catalytically active surface sites. Unfortunately, strategies to control the functioning surface facet (i.e., the geometry of active sites that performs catalytic turnover) are rare and represent a significant challenge in our ability to fine-tune and optimize the reactive surfaces. Through recent developments in colloidal chemistry, chemists have been able to synthesize metallic nanoparticles of both targeted size and desired shape. This has opened new possibilities for the design of heterogeneous catalytic materials, since metal nanoparticles of different shapes are terminated with different surface facets. By controlling the surface facet exposed to reactants, we can start affecting the chemical transformations taking place on the metal particles and changing the outcome of catalytic processes. Controlling the size and shape of metal nanoparticles also allows us to control the optical properties of these materials. For example, noble metals nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Cu) interact with UV-vis light through an excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which is highly sensitive to the size and shape of the nanostructures. This excitation is accompanied by the creation of short-lived energetic electrons on the surface of the nanostructure. We showed recently that these energetic electrons could drive photocatalytic transformations on these nanostructures. The photocatalytic, electron-driven processes on metal nanoparticles represent a new family of chemical transformations exhibiting fundamentally different behavior compared with phonon-driven thermal processes, potentially allowing selective bond activation. In this Account, we discuss both the impact of the shape of metal nanoparticles on the outcome of heterogeneous catalytic reactions and the direct, electron-driven photocatalysis on plasmonic metal nanostructures of noble metals. These two phenomena are important examples of taking advantage of physical properties of metal materials that are controlled at nanoscales to affect chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suljo Linic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Andiappan Marimuthu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
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16
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Peter M, Adamovsky S, Flores Camacho JM, Schauermann S. Energetics of elementary reaction steps relevant for CO oxidation: CO and O2 adsorption on model Pd nanoparticles and Pd(111). Faraday Discuss 2013; 162:341-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Christopher P, Xin H, Marimuthu A, Linic S. Singular characteristics and unique chemical bond activation mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions on plasmonic nanostructures. NATURE MATERIALS 2012. [PMID: 23178296 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of heterogeneous photocatalysis has almost exclusively focused on semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, we show that plasmonic metallic nanostructures represent a new family of photocatalysts. We demonstrate that these photocatalysts exhibit fundamentally different behaviour compared with semiconductors. First, we show that photocatalytic reaction rates on excited plasmonic metallic nanostructures exhibit a super-linear power law dependence on light intensity (rate ∝ intensity(n), with n > 1), at significantly lower intensity than required for super-linear behaviour on extended metal surfaces. We also demonstrate that, in sharp contrast to semiconductor photocatalysts, photocatalytic quantum efficiencies on plasmonic metallic nanostructures increase with light intensity and operating temperature. These unique characteristics of plasmonic metallic nanostructures suggest that this new family of photocatalysts could prove useful for many heterogeneous catalytic processes that cannot be activated using conventional thermal processes on metals or photocatalytic processes on semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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18
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Menzel D. Electronically induced surface reactions: Evolution, concepts, and perspectives. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:091702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4746799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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19
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García Rey N, Arnolds H. Hot hole-induced dissociation of NO dimers on a copper surface. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:224708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3664861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kim KH, Watanabe K, Mulugeta D, Freund HJ, Menzel D. Enhanced photoinduced desorption from metal nanoparticles by photoexcitation of confined hot electrons using femtosecond laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:047401. [PMID: 21867042 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.047401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Strong fluence dependence of photodesorption cross sections is observed in femtosecond laser photodesorption of NO from (NO)2 on silver nanoparticles, in contrast to femtosecond photodesorption on bulk metals. The time scale of excitation buildup is found to be equal or less than the pulse duration of ∼100 fs; NO translational energies are independent of fluence and pulse duration. We propose a nanoparticle-specific nonlinear mechanism in which, due to confinement, strongly nonthermal hot-electron distributions are maintained during the femtosecond pulses, enhancing the normal desorption pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Christopher P, Xin H, Linic S. Visible-light-enhanced catalytic oxidation reactions on plasmonic silver nanostructures. Nat Chem 2011; 3:467-72. [PMID: 21602862 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 971] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Catalysis plays a critical role in chemical conversion, energy production and pollution mitigation. High activation barriers associated with rate-limiting elementary steps require most commercial heterogeneous catalytic reactions to be run at relatively high temperatures, which compromises energy efficiency and the long-term stability of the catalyst. Here we show that plasmonic nanostructures of silver can concurrently use low-intensity visible light (on the order of solar intensity) and thermal energy to drive catalytic oxidation reactions--such as ethylene epoxidation, CO oxidation, and NH₃ oxidation--at lower temperatures than their conventional counterparts that use only thermal stimulus. Based on kinetic isotope experiments and density functional calculations, we postulate that excited plasmons on the silver surface act to populate O₂ antibonding orbitals and so form a transient negative-ion state, which thereby facilitates the rate-limiting O₂-dissociation reaction. The results could assist the design of catalytic processes that are more energy efficient and robust than current processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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22
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Mulugeta D, Watanabe K, Menzel D, Freund HJ. State-resolved investigation of the photodesorption dynamics of NO from (NO)2 on Ag nanoparticles of various sizes in comparison with Ag(111). J Chem Phys 2011; 134:164702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3581802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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23
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Zorić I, Zäch M, Kasemo B, Langhammer C. Gold, platinum, and aluminum nanodisk plasmons: material independence, subradiance, and damping mechanisms. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2535-2546. [PMID: 21438568 DOI: 10.1021/nn102166t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) are collective electronic excitations in metallic nanoparticles. The LSPR spectral peak position, as a function of nanoparticle size and material, is known to depend primarily on dynamic depolarization and electron structure related effects. The former gives rise to the well-known spectral red shift with increasing nanoparticle size. A corresponding understanding of the LSPR spectral line width for a wide range of nanoparticle sizes and different metals does, however, not exist. In this work, the radiative and nonradiative damping contributions to the LSPR line width over a broad nanoparticle size range (40-500 nm) for a selection of three metals with fundamentally different bulk dielectric properties (Au, Pt, and Al) are explored experimentally and theoretically. Excellent agreement was obtained between the observed experimental trends and the predictions based on electrostatic spheroid theory (MLWA), and the obtained results were successfully related to the specific band structure of the respective metal. Moreover, for the first time, a clear transition from a radiation damping dominated to a quenched radiation damping regime (subradiance) in large nanoparticles was observed and probed by varying the electron density through appropriate material choice. To minimize inhomogeneous broadening (commonly present in ensemble-based spectroscopic measurements), a novel, electron-beam lithography (EBL)-based nanofabrication method was developed. The method generates large-area 2D patterns of randomly distributed nanodisks with well-defined size and shape, narrow size distribution, and tunable (minimum) interparticle distance. In order to minimize particle-particle coupling effects, sparse patterns with a large interparticle distance (center-to-center ≥6 particle diameters) were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zorić
- Department of Applied Physics, Division for Chemical Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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24
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Flores-Camacho JM, Fischer-Wolfarth JH, Peter M, Campbell CT, Schauermann S, Freund HJ. Adsorption energetics of CO on supported Pd nanoparticles as a function of particle size by single crystal microcalorimetry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:16800-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21677e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Freund HJ, Nilius N, Risse T, Schauermann S, Schmidt T. Innovative Measurement Techniques in Surface Science. Chemphyschem 2010; 12:79-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Kim KH, Watanabe K, Menzel D, Freund HJ. UV photo-dissociation and photodesorption of N2O on Ag(111). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:084012. [PMID: 21389388 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond laser induced photoreactions of N2O adsorbed on Ag(111) have been studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and mass-selected, angle-dependent time-of-flight (MS-TOF) measurements of neutral desorbing particles. N2O molecules in the first monolayer are thermally inert but photo-dissociate into N2 + O, or photodesorb molecularly or dissociatively, at photon energies above 3.5 eV. We have found that TOF spectra of photodesorbed N2 as well as of N2O measured at hν = 4.7 eV consist of two velocity components. The desorption flux of the fastest component of N2O peaks ∼ 25° off the surface normal, whereas the others are directed in the surface normal. Origins and photo-excitation as well as photodesorption mechanisms of the N2O and N2 signals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Kim KH, Watanabe K, Menzel D, Freund HJ. Photoinduced Abstraction Reactions within NO Dimers on Ag(111). J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1660-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808615m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kazuo Watanabe
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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