1
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Sabulsky DO, Junca J, Zou X, Bertoldi A, Prevedelli M, Beaufils Q, Geiger R, Landragin A, Bouyer P, Canuel B. Multiphoton Atom Interferometry via Cavity-Enhanced Bragg Diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:213601. [PMID: 38856273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel atom interferometer configuration that combines large momentum transfer with the enhancement of an optical resonator for the purpose of measuring gravitational strain in the horizontal directions. Using Bragg diffraction and taking advantage of the optical gain provided by the resonator, we achieve momentum transfer up to 8ℏk with mW level optical power in a cm-sized resonating waist. Importantly, our experiment uses an original resonator design that allows for a large resonating beam waist and eliminates the need to trap atoms in cavity modes. We demonstrate inertial sensitivity in the horizontal direction by measuring the change in tilt of our resonator. This result paves the way for future hybrid atom or optical gravitational wave detectors. Furthermore, the versatility of our method extends to a wide range of measurement geometries and atomic sources, opening up new avenues for the realization of highly sensitive inertial atom sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Sabulsky
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - J Junca
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - X Zou
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Q Beaufils
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - R Geiger
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - B Canuel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400 Talence, France
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2
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Béguin A, Rodzinka T, Calmels L, Allard B, Gauguet A. Atom Interferometry with Coherent Enhancement of Bragg Pulse Sequences. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:143401. [PMID: 37862657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.143401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We report here on the realization of light-pulse atom interferometers with large-momentum-transfer atom optics based on a sequence of Bragg transitions. We demonstrate momentum splitting up to 200 photon recoils in an ultracold atom interferometer. We highlight a new mechanism of destructive interference of the losses leading to a sizable efficiency enhancement of the beam splitters. We perform a comprehensive study of parasitic interferometers due to the inherent multiport feature of the quasi-Bragg pulses. Finally, we experimentally verify the phase shift enhancement and characterize the interferometer visibility loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Béguin
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - T Rodzinka
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - L Calmels
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - B Allard
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
| | - A Gauguet
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, FERMI, UT3, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France
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3
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Abstract
The sensitivity of light and matter-wave interferometers to rotations is based on the Sagnac effect and increases with the area enclosed by the interferometer. In the case of light, the latter can be enlarged by forming multiple fibre loops, whereas the equivalent for matter-wave interferometers remains an experimental challenge. We present a concept for a multi-loop atom interferometer with a scalable area formed by light pulses. Our method will offer sensitivities as high as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$2\times 10^{-11}$$\end{document}2×10-11 rad/s at 1 s in combination with the respective long-term stability as required for Earth rotation monitoring.
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4
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High Sensitivity Multi-Axes Rotation Sensing Using Large Momentum Transfer Point Source Atom Interferometry. ATOMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms9030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A point source interferometer (PSI) is a device where atoms are split and recombined by applying a temporal sequence of Raman pulses during the expansion of a cloud of cold atoms behaving approximately as a point source. The PSI can work as a sensitive multi-axes gyroscope that can automatically filter out the signal from accelerations. The phase shift arising from the rotations is proportional to the momentum transferred to each atom from the Raman pulses. Therefore, by increasing the momentum transfer, it should be possible to enhance the sensitivity of the PSI. Here, we investigate the degree of enhancement in sensitivity that could be achieved by augmenting the PSI with large momentum transfer (LMT) employing a sequence of many Raman pulses with alternating directions. We analyze how factors such as Doppler detuning, spontaneous emission, and the finite initial size of the atomic cloud compromise the advantage of LMT and how to find the optimal momentum transfer under these limitations, with both the semi-classical model and a model under which the motion of the center of mass of each atom is described quantum mechanically. We identify a set of realistic parameters for which LMT can improve the PSI by a factor of nearly 40.
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Abstract
Inertial sensors based on cold atoms have great potential for navigation, geodesy, or fundamental physics. Similar to the Sagnac effect, their sensitivity increases with the space-time area enclosed by the interferometer. Here, we introduce twin-lattice atom interferometry exploiting Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium-87. Our method provides symmetric momentum transfer and large areas offering a perspective for future palm-sized sensor heads with sensitivities on par with present meter-scale Sagnac devices. Our theoretical model of the impact of beam splitters on the spatial coherence is highly instrumental for designing future sensors. Atom interferometers can be useful for precision measurement of fundamental constants and sensors of different type. Here the authors demonstrate a compact twin-lattice atom interferometry exploiting Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of 87 Rb atoms.
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6
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Rudolph J, Wilkason T, Nantel M, Swan H, Holland CM, Jiang Y, Garber BE, Carman SP, Hogan JM. Large Momentum Transfer Clock Atom Interferometry on the 689 nm Intercombination Line of Strontium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:083604. [PMID: 32167328 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.083604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the first realization of large momentum transfer (LMT) clock atom interferometry. Using single-photon interactions on the strontium ^{1}S_{0}-^{3}P_{1} transition, we demonstrate Mach-Zehnder interferometers with state-of-the-art momentum separation of up to 141 ℏk and gradiometers of up to 81 ℏk. Moreover, we circumvent excited state decay limitations and extend the gradiometer duration to 50 times the excited state lifetime. Because of the broad velocity acceptance of the interferometry pulses, all experiments are performed with laser-cooled atoms at a temperature of 3 μK. This work has applications in high-precision inertial sensing and paves the way for LMT-enhanced clock atom interferometry on even narrower transitions, a key ingredient in proposals for gravitational wave detection and dark matter searches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rudolph
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Wilkason
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Megan Nantel
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hunter Swan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Connor M Holland
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yijun Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin E Garber
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Samuel P Carman
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jason M Hogan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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7
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Plotkin-Swing B, Gochnauer D, McAlpine KE, Cooper ES, Jamison AO, Gupta S. Three-Path Atom Interferometry with Large Momentum Separation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:133201. [PMID: 30312085 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.133201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the scale up of a symmetric three-path contrast interferometer to large momentum separation. The observed phase stability at separation of 112 photon recoil momenta exceeds the performance of earlier free-space interferometers. In addition to the symmetric interferometer geometry and Bose-Einstein condensate source, the robust scalability of our approach relies on the suppression of undesired diffraction phases through a careful choice of atom optics parameters. The interferometer phase evolution is quadratic with number of recoils, reaching a rate as high as 7×10^{7} rad/s. We discuss the applicability of our method towards a new measurement of the fine-structure constant and a test of QED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Gochnauer
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Eric S Cooper
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alan O Jamison
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Subhadeep Gupta
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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8
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Rosi G, D'Amico G, Cacciapuoti L, Sorrentino F, Prevedelli M, Zych M, Brukner Č, Tino GM. Quantum test of the equivalence principle for atoms in coherent superposition of internal energy states. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15529. [PMID: 28569742 PMCID: PMC5461482 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) has a central role in the understanding of gravity and space-time. In its weak form, or weak equivalence principle (WEP), it directly implies equivalence between inertial and gravitational mass. Verifying this principle in a regime where the relevant properties of the test body must be described by quantum theory has profound implications. Here we report on a novel WEP test for atoms: a Bragg atom interferometer in a gravity gradiometer configuration compares the free fall of rubidium atoms prepared in two hyperfine states and in their coherent superposition. The use of the superposition state allows testing genuine quantum aspects of EEP with no classical analogue, which have remained completely unexplored so far. In addition, we measure the Eötvös ratio of atoms in two hyperfine levels with relative uncertainty in the low 10-9, improving previous results by almost two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze-INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - G D'Amico
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze-INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - L Cacciapuoti
- European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1-P.O. Box 299, Noordwijk ZH 2200 AG, The Netherlands
| | - F Sorrentino
- INFN Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - M Zych
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Č Brukner
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - G M Tino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze-INFN Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
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9
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Abend S, Gebbe M, Gersemann M, Ahlers H, Müntinga H, Giese E, Gaaloul N, Schubert C, Lämmerzahl C, Ertmer W, Schleich WP, Rasel EM. Atom-Chip Fountain Gravimeter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:203003. [PMID: 27886486 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.203003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a quantum gravimeter by combining the advantages of an atom chip for the generation, delta-kick collimation, and coherent manipulation of freely falling Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with an innovative launch mechanism based on Bloch oscillations and double Bragg diffraction. Our high-contrast BEC interferometer realizes tens of milliseconds of free fall in a volume as little as a one centimeter cube and paves the way for measurements with sub-μGal accuracies in miniaturized, robust devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abend
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Gebbe
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - M Gersemann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Ahlers
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Müntinga
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - E Giese
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Physics and Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - N Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Schubert
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Lämmerzahl
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - W Ertmer
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Texas A&M University Institute for Advanced Study (TIAS), Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - E M Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Ahlers H, Müntinga H, Wenzlawski A, Krutzik M, Tackmann G, Abend S, Gaaloul N, Giese E, Roura A, Kuhl R, Lämmerzahl C, Peters A, Windpassinger P, Sengstock K, Schleich WP, Ertmer W, Rasel EM. Double Bragg Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:173601. [PMID: 27176520 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We employ light-induced double Bragg diffraction of delta-kick collimated Bose-Einstein condensates to create three symmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers. They rely on (i) first-order, (ii) two successive first-order, and (iii) second-order processes which demonstrate the scalability of the corresponding momentum transfer. With respect to devices based on conventional Bragg scattering, these symmetric interferometers double the scale factor and feature a better suppression of noise and systematic uncertainties intrinsic to the diffraction process. Moreover, we utilize these interferometers as tiltmeters for monitoring their inclination with respect to gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ahlers
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Müntinga
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - A Wenzlawski
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Krutzik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G Tackmann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Abend
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E Giese
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Physics and Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - A Roura
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R Kuhl
- DLR Raumfahrtmanagement, Königswinterer Strasse 522-524, D-53227 Bonn, Germany
| | - C Lämmerzahl
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - A Peters
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Windpassinger
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K Sengstock
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Texas A&M University Institute for Advanced Study (TIAS), Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - W Ertmer
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E M Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Kotru K, Butts DL, Kinast JM, Stoner RE. Large-Area Atom Interferometry with Frequency-Swept Raman Adiabatic Passage. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:103001. [PMID: 26382675 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate light-pulse atom interferometry with large-momentum-transfer atom optics based on stimulated Raman transitions and frequency-swept adiabatic rapid passage. Our atom optics have produced momentum splittings of up to 30 photon recoil momenta in an acceleration-sensitive interferometer for laser cooled atoms. We experimentally verify the enhancement of phase shift per unit acceleration and characterize interferometer contrast loss. By forgoing evaporative cooling and velocity selection, this method lowers the atom shot-noise-limited measurement uncertainty and enables large-area atom interferometry at higher data rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Kotru
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- The C. S. Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David L Butts
- The C. S. Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joseph M Kinast
- The C. S. Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Richard E Stoner
- The C. S. Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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12
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Estey B, Yu C, Müller H, Kuan PC, Lan SY. High-Resolution Atom Interferometers with Suppressed Diffraction Phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:083002. [PMID: 26340186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.083002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically study the diffraction phase of large-momentum transfer beam splitters in atom interferometers based on Bragg diffraction. We null the diffraction phase and increase the sensitivity of the interferometer by combining Bragg diffraction with Bloch oscillations. We demonstrate agreement between experiment and theory, and a 1500-fold reduction of the diffraction phase, limited by measurement noise. In addition to reduced systematic effects, our interferometer has high contrast with up to 4.4×10(6) radians of phase difference, and a resolution in the fine structure constant of δα/α=0.25 ppb in 25 h of integration time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Estey
- Department of Physics, 366 Le Conte Hall MS 7300, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chenghui Yu
- Department of Physics, 366 Le Conte Hall MS 7300, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Holger Müller
- Department of Physics, 366 Le Conte Hall MS 7300, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Pei-Chen Kuan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shau-Yu Lan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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13
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Hamilton P, Jaffe M, Brown JM, Maisenbacher L, Estey B, Müller H. Atom interferometry in an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:100405. [PMID: 25815912 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a new scheme for atom interferometry, using light pulses inside an optical cavity as matter wave beam splitters. The cavity provides power enhancement, spatial filtering, and a precise beam geometry, enabling new techniques such as low power beam splitters (<100 μW), large momentum transfer beam splitters with modest power, or new self-aligned interferometer geometries utilizing the transverse modes of the optical cavity. As a first demonstration, we obtain Ramsey-Raman fringes with >75% contrast and measure the acceleration due to gravity, g, to 60 μg/sqrt[Hz] resolution in a Mach-Zehnder geometry. We use >10(7) cesium atoms in the compact mode volume (600 μm 1/e(2) waist) of the cavity and show trapping of atoms in higher transverse modes. This work paves the way toward compact, high sensitivity, multiaxis interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hamilton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matt Jaffe
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Justin M Brown
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lothar Maisenbacher
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brian Estey
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Holger Müller
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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14
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Berg P, Abend S, Tackmann G, Schubert C, Giese E, Schleich WP, Narducci FA, Ertmer W, Rasel EM. Composite-light-pulse technique for high-precision atom interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:063002. [PMID: 25723216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.063002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We realize beam splitters and mirrors for atom waves by employing a sequence of light pulses rather than individual ones. In this way we can tailor atom interferometers with improved sensitivity and accuracy. We demonstrate our method of composite pulses by creating a symmetric matter-wave interferometer which combines the advantages of conventional Bragg- and Raman-type concepts. This feature leads to an interferometer with a high immunity to technical noise allowing us to devise a large-area Sagnac gyroscope yielding a phase shift of 6.5 rad due to the Earth's rotation. With this device we achieve a rotation rate precision of 120 nrad s(-1) Hz(-1/2) and determine the Earth's rotation rate with a relative uncertainty of 1.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berg
- Institut für Quantenoptik and Centre for Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research (QUEST), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Abend
- Institut für Quantenoptik and Centre for Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research (QUEST), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Tackmann
- Institut für Quantenoptik and Centre for Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research (QUEST), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Schubert
- Institut für Quantenoptik and Centre for Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research (QUEST), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E Giese
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - W P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany and Texas A&M University Institute for Advanced Study (TIAS), Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - F A Narducci
- Naval Air Systems Command, EO Sensors Division, Patuxent River, Maryland 20670, USA
| | - W Ertmer
- Institut für Quantenoptik and Centre for Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research (QUEST), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E M Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik and Centre for Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research (QUEST), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Rosi G, Cacciapuoti L, Sorrentino F, Menchetti M, Prevedelli M, Tino GM. Measurement of the gravity-field curvature by atom interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:013001. [PMID: 25615464 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the first direct measurement of the gravity-field curvature based on three conjugated atom interferometers. Three atomic clouds launched in the vertical direction are simultaneously interrogated by the same atom interferometry sequence and used to probe the gravity field at three equally spaced positions. The vertical component of the gravity-field curvature generated by nearby source masses is measured from the difference between adjacent gravity gradient values. Curvature measurements are of interest in geodesy studies and for the validation of gravitational models of the surrounding environment. The possibility of using such a scheme for a new determination of the Newtonian constant of gravity is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Cacciapuoti
- European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - F Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - M Menchetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - G M Tino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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16
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Machluf S, Japha Y, Folman R. Coherent Stern–Gerlach momentum splitting on an atom chip. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2424. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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17
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Gattobigio GL, Couvert A, Reinaudi G, Georgeot B, Guéry-Odelin D. Optically guided beam splitter for propagating matter waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:030403. [PMID: 22861829 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally and theoretically a beam splitter setup for guided atomic matter waves. The matter wave is a guided atom laser that can be tuned from quasimonomode to a regime where many transverse modes are populated, and propagates in a horizontal dipole beam until it crosses another horizontal beam at 45°. We show that depending on the parameters of this X configuration, the atoms can all end up in one of the two beams (the system behaves as a perfect guide switch), or be split between the four available channels (the system behaves as a beam splitter). The splitting regime results from a chaotic scattering dynamics. The existence of these different regimes turns out to be robust against small variations of the parameters of the system. From numerical studies, we also propose a scheme that provides a robust and controlled beam splitter in two channels only.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Gattobigio
- Laboratoire de Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, CNRS UMR 5589, IRSAMC, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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18
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Hohensee MA, Estey B, Hamilton P, Zeilinger A, Müller H. Force-free gravitational redshift: proposed gravitational Aharonov-Bohm experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:230404. [PMID: 23003927 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a feasible laboratory interferometry experiment with matter waves in a gravitational potential caused by a pair of artificial field-generating masses. It will demonstrate that the presence of these masses (and, for moving atoms, time dilation) induces a phase shift, even if it does not cause any classical force. The phase shift is identical to that produced by the gravitational redshift (or time dilation) of clocks ticking at the atom's Compton frequency. In analogy to the Aharonov-Bohm effect in electromagnetism, the quantum mechanical phase is a function of the gravitational potential and not the classical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hohensee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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19
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Lan SY, Kuan PC, Estey B, Haslinger P, Müller H. Influence of the Coriolis force in atom interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:090402. [PMID: 22463619 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.090402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In a light-pulse atom interferometer, we use a tip-tilt mirror to remove the influence of the Coriolis force from Earth's rotation and to characterize configuration space wave packets. For interferometers with a large momentum transfer and large pulse separation time, we improve the contrast by up to 350% and suppress systematic effects. We also reach what is to our knowledge the largest space-time area enclosed in any atom interferometer to date. We discuss implications for future high-performance instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shau-Yu Lan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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20
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Zych M, Costa F, Pikovski I, Brukner Č. Quantum interferometric visibility as a witness of general relativistic proper time. Nat Commun 2011; 2:505. [PMID: 22009037 PMCID: PMC3221301 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current attempts to probe general relativistic effects in quantum mechanics focus on precision measurements of phase shifts in matter-wave interferometry. Yet, phase shifts can always be explained as arising because of an Aharonov-Bohm effect, where a particle in a flat space-time is subject to an effective potential. Here we propose a quantum effect that cannot be explained without the general relativistic notion of proper time. We consider interference of a 'clock'-a particle with evolving internal degrees of freedom-that will not only display a phase shift, but also reduce the visibility of the interference pattern. According to general relativity, proper time flows at different rates in different regions of space-time. Therefore, because of quantum complementarity, the visibility will drop to the extent to which the path information becomes available from reading out the proper time from the 'clock'. Such a gravitationally induced decoherence would provide the first test of the genuine general relativistic notion of proper time in quantum mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zych
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Chiow SW, Kovachy T, Chien HC, Kasevich MA. 102ℏk large area atom interferometers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:130403. [PMID: 22026831 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate atom interferometers utilizing a novel beam splitter based on sequential multiphoton Bragg diffractions. With this sequential Bragg large momentum transfer (SB-LMT) beam splitter, we achieve high contrast atom interferometers with momentum splittings of up to 102 photon recoil momenta (102ℏk). To our knowledge, this is the highest momentum splitting achieved in any atom interferometer, advancing the state-of-the-art by an order of magnitude. We also demonstrate strong noise correlation between two simultaneous SB-LMT interferometers, which alleviates the need for ultralow noise lasers and ultrastable inertial environments in some future applications. Our method is intrinsically scalable and can be used to dramatically increase the sensitivity of atom interferometers in a wide range of applications, including inertial sensing, measuring the fine structure constant, and detecting gravitational waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-wey Chiow
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
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22
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A precision measurement of the gravitational redshift by the interference of matter waves. Nature 2010; 463:926-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature08776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Lévèque T, Gauguet A, Michaud F, Pereira Dos Santos F, Landragin A. Enhancing the area of a Raman atom interferometer using a versatile double-diffraction technique. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:080405. [PMID: 19792699 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate a new scheme for Raman transitions which realize a symmetric momentum-space splitting of 4 Planck's constant k, deflecting the atomic wave packets into the same internal state. Combining the advantages of Raman and Bragg diffraction, we achieve a three pulse state labeled an interferometer, intrinsically insensitive to the main systematics and applicable to all kinds of atomic sources. This splitting scheme can be extended to 4N Planck's constant k momentum transfer by a multipulse sequence and is implemented on a 8 Planck's constant k interferometer. We demonstrate the area enhancement by measuring inertial forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lévèque
- LNE-SYRTE, UMR 8630 CNRS, UPMC, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
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24
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Cladé P, Guellati-Khélifa S, Nez F, Biraben F. Large momentum beam splitter using Bloch oscillations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:240402. [PMID: 19658984 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.240402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of an inertial sensor based on an atomic interferometer is proportional to the velocity separation of atoms in the two arms of the interferometer. In this Letter we describe how Bloch oscillations can be used to increase this separation and to create a large momentum transfer (LMT) beam splitter. We experimentally demonstrate a separation of 10 recoil velocities. Light shifts during the acceleration introduce phase fluctuations which can reduce the fringes contrast. We precisely calculate this effect and demonstrate that it can be significantly reduced by using a suitable combination of LMT pulses. We finally show that this method seems to be very promising to realize a LMT beam splitter with several tens of recoils and a very good efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cladé
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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