1
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Kawai S, Silveira OJ, Kurki L, Yuan Z, Nishiuchi T, Kodama T, Sun K, Custance O, Lado JL, Kubo T, Foster AS. Local probe-induced structural isomerization in a one-dimensional molecular array. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7741. [PMID: 38007486 PMCID: PMC10676401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of one-dimensional molecular arrays with tailored stereoisomers is challenging yet has great potential for application in molecular opto-, electronic- and magnetic-devices, where the local array structure plays a decisive role in the functional properties. Here, we demonstrate the construction and characterization of dehydroazulene isomer and diradical units in three-dimensional organometallic compounds on Ag(111) with a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Tip-induced voltage pulses firstly result in the formation of a diradical species via successive homolytic fission of two C-Br bonds in the naphthyl groups, which are subsequently transformed into chiral dehydroazulene moieties. The delicate balance of the reaction rates among the diradical and two stereoisomers, arising from an in-line configuration of tip and molecular unit, allows directional azulene-to-azulene and azulene-to-diradical local probe structural isomerization in a controlled manner. Furthermore, our theoretical calculations suggest that the diradical moiety hosts an open-shell singlet with antiferromagnetic coupling between the unpaired electrons, which can undergo an inelastic spin transition of 91 meV to the ferromagnetically coupled triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | - Lauri Kurki
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhangyu Yuan
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kewei Sun
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Oscar Custance
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jose L Lado
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Adam S Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland.
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma- machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
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2
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First-principle study of the current–voltage on the β-diketones with alkyl and methoxy groups at the beta position as molecular switches. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Darugar V, Vakili M, Antonia Brandán S. Electrical transport and NDR property on the cis-trans photo-isomerization of (1R,3S)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate as an optical molecular switch; A DFT-NEGF study. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Meng L, Xin N, Wang J, Xu J, Ren S, Yan Z, Zhang M, Shen C, Zhang G, Guo X, Meng S. Atomically Precise Engineering of Single-Molecule Stereoelectronic Effect. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12274-12278. [PMID: 33650169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Charge transport in a single-molecule junction is extraordinarily sensitive to both the internal electronic structure of a molecule and its microscopic environment. Two distinct conductance states of a prototype terphenyl molecule are observed, which correspond to the bistability of outer phenyl rings at each end. An azobenzene unit is intentionally introduced through atomically precise side-functionalization at the central ring of the terphenyl, which is reversibly isomerized between trans and cis forms by either electric or optical stimuli. Both experiment and theory demonstrate that the azobenzene side-group delicately modulates charge transport in the backbone via a single-molecule stereoelectronic effect. We reveal that the dihedral angle between the central and outer phenyl ring, as well as the corresponding rotation barrier, is subtly controlled by isomerization, while the behaviors of the phenyl ring away from the azobenzene are hardly affected. This tunability offers a new route to precisely engineer multiconfigurational single-molecule memories, switches, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Na Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shizhao Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
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5
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Meng L, Xin N, Wang J, Xu J, Ren S, Yan Z, Zhang M, Shen C, Zhang G, Guo X, Meng S. Atomically Precise Engineering of Single‐Molecule Stereoelectronic Effect. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Na Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shizhao Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering Nankai University 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering Nankai University 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
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6
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Chen Y, Huang L, Chen H, Chen Z, Zhang H, Xiao Z, Hong W. Towards Responsive
Single‐Molecule
Device. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaorong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Longfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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7
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Lucht K, Morgenstern K. Polymorphic arrangement of an organic molecule in its hydration environment. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:014701. [PMID: 33412865 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the polymorphism of complexes formed by the hydration of a functionalized azobenzene molecule by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Under conditions at which the water-less azobenzene molecules remain as monomers on Au(111), co-adsorption of water leads to water-azobenzene complexes. These complexes prefer to adopt linear arrangements of the azobenzene mediated by its functionalized end groups. Such structures may serve as model systems for investigating the influence of a solvent on a surface reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Lucht
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Qi J, Gao Y, Jia H, Richter M, Huang L, Cao Y, Yang H, Zheng Q, Berger R, Liu J, Lin X, Lu H, Cheng Z, Ouyang M, Feng X, Du S, Gao HJ. Force-Activated Isomerization of a Single Molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10673-10680. [PMID: 32459961 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling isomerization at the single molecular level should provide new insight into the molecular dynamics and design guidelines of functional devices. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool to study isomerization of single molecules on a substrate, by either electric field or inelastic electron tunneling mechanisms. A similar molecular isomerization process can in principle be induced by mechanical force; however, relevant study has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that isomerization of a N,N-dimethylamino-dianthryl-benzene molecule on Ag(100) can be mechanically driven by the STM tip. The existence of an out-of-plane dimethylamino group in the molecule is found to play a pivotal role in the isomerization process by providing a steric hindrance effect for asymmetric interaction between the STM tip and the molecule. This underlying mechanism is further confirmed by performing molecular dynamics simulations, which show agreement with experimental results. Our work opens the opportunity to manipulate the molecular configuration on the basis of mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haihong Jia
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Marcus Richter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhihai Cheng
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Lau JA, Choudhury A, Li C, Schwarzer D, Verma VB, Wodtke AM. Observation of an isomerizing double-well quantum system in the condensed phase. Science 2020. [PMID: 31919218 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3407 article] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Molecular isomerization fundamentally involves quantum states bound within a potential energy function with multiple minima. For isolated gas-phase molecules, eigenstates well above the isomerization saddle points have been characterized. However, to observe the quantum nature of isomerization, systems in which transitions between the eigenstates occur-such as condensed-phase systems-must be studied. Efforts to resolve quantum states with spectroscopic tools are typically unsuccessful for such systems. An exception is CO adsorbed on NaCl(100), which is bound with the well-known OC-Na+ structure. We observe an unexpected upside-down isomer (CO-Na+) produced by infrared laser excitation and obtain well-resolved infrared fluorescence spectra from highly energetic vibrational states of both orientational isomers. This distinctive condensed-phase system is ideally suited to spectroscopic investigations of the quantum nature of isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha A Lau
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arnab Choudhury
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Varun B Verma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Lau JA, Choudhury A, Li C, Schwarzer D, Verma VB, Wodtke AM. Observation of an isomerizing double-well quantum system in the condensed phase. Science 2020; 367:175-178. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jascha A. Lau
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arnab Choudhury
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Varun B. Verma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Müller M, Henzl J, Morgenstern K. Confinement of a three-dimensional organic molecule to two dimensions on a surface. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Benjalal Y, Bonvoisin J, Bouju X. Unraveling the molecular conformations of a single ruthenium complex adsorbed on the Ag(111) surface by calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10022-10027. [PMID: 31041976 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tris(dibenzoylmethanato)ruthenium (Ru(dbm)3) molecule has recently been characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments upon adsorption on Ag(111). The adsorbed Ru(dbm)3 molecule shows two conformations with respect to the [11[combining macron]0] direction of the substrate, one with a three-lobed feature and the other one with a bi-lobed structure. For each of these structures, the molecule can take two geometries (states). Molecular mechanics calculations in a semi-empirical framework and STM calculated images reveal that these states on the substrate originate from the enantiomer of the Ru(dbm)3 molecule in the case of three-lobed structure and from the rotation of the two phenyls in the top dbm moities for the bi-lobed form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Benjalal
- Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Faculté polydisciplinaire, Département de chimie, Béni Mellal, Morocco.
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13
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Side-group chemical gating via reversible optical and electric control in a single molecule transistor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1450. [PMID: 30926785 PMCID: PMC6440973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By taking advantage of large changes in geometric and electronic structure during the reversible trans–cis isomerisation, azobenzene derivatives have been widely studied for potential applications in information processing and digital storage devices. Here we report an unusual discovery of unambiguous conductance switching upon light and electric field-induced isomerisation of azobenzene in a robust single-molecule electronic device for the first time. Both experimental and theoretical data consistently demonstrate that the azobenzene sidegroup serves as a viable chemical gate controlled by electric field, which efficiently modulates the energy difference of trans and cis forms as well as the energy barrier of isomerisation. In conjunction with photoinduced switching at low biases, these results afford a chemically-gateable, fully-reversible, two-mode, single-molecule transistor, offering a fresh perspective for creating future multifunctional single-molecule optoelectronic devices in a practical way. It remains a challenge to fully control molecular electronics. Here, Meng et al. show a reversible two-mode single-molecule switch, where the conductance through the molecular backbone is controlled by an in situ chemical gating via bias-dependent trans–cis isomerisation on an azobenzene sidegroup.
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14
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Yadav K, Mahapatra S, Halbritter T, Heckel A, Gopakumar TG. Low-Threshold Reversible Electron-Induced and Selective Photoinduced Switching of Azobenzene Derivatives under Ambient Conditions. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6326-6333. [PMID: 30346779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mono-carboxyl-functionalized azobenzene and arylazopyrazole have been employed for electron-induced and photoinduced switching under ambient conditions. The microscopic structure and the switching behavior is understood using scanning tunneling microscopy. The carboxyl functional group in these molecules offers low threshold energy for the electron-induced reversible switching compared with nonfunctionalized azobenzene. The low threshold is understood using charged intermediate states during the switching. A selectivity has been observed for the photoinduced switching. Because of strong hydrogen bonding, only the free phenyl groups in the molecules change their configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Yadav
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
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15
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Jaekel S, Richter A, Lindner R, Bechstein R, Nacci C, Hecht S, Kühnle A, Grill L. Reversible and Efficient Light-Induced Molecular Switching on an Insulator Surface. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1821-1828. [PMID: 29316393 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prototypical molecular switches such as azobenzenes exhibit two states, i.e., trans and cis, with different characteristic physical properties. In recent years various derivatives were investigated on metallic surfaces. However, bulk insulators as supporting substrate reveal important advantages since they allow electronic decoupling from the environment, which is key to control the switching properties. Here, we report on the light-induced isomerization of an azobenzene derivative on a bulk insulator surface, in this case calcite (101̅4), studied by atomic force microscopy with submolecular resolution. Surprisingly, cis isomers appear on the surface already directly after preparation, indicating kinetic trapping. The photoisomerization process is reversible, as the use of different light sources results in specific molecular assemblies of each isomer. The process turns out to be very efficient and even comparable to molecules in solution, which we assign to the rather weak molecular interaction with the insulator surface, in contrast to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jaekel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Antje Richter
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Robert Lindner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Ralf Bechstein
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Christophe Nacci
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Angelika Kühnle
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Leonhard Grill
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
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16
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Nuermaimaiti A, Ning Y, Cramer JL, Svane KL, Hammer B, Gothelf KV, Linderoth TR. Influence of CH···N Interaction in the Self-Assembly of an Oligo(isoquinolyne-ethynylyne) Molecule with Distinct Conformational States. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10782-10791. [PMID: 28968110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular conformational flexibility can play an important role in supramolecular self-assembly on surfaces, affecting not least chiral molecular assemblies. To explicitly and systematically investigate the role of molecular conformational flexibility in surface self-assembly, we synthesized a three-bit conformational switch where each of three switching units on the molecules can assume one of two distinct binary positions on the surface. The molecules are designed to promote C-H···N type hydrogen bonds between the switching units. While supramolecular self-assembly based on strong hydrogen-bonding interactions has been widely explored, less is known about the role of such weaker directional interactions for surface self-assembly. The synthesized molecules consist of three nitrogen-containing isoquinoline (IQ) bits connected by ethynylene spokes and terminated by tert-butyl (tBu) groups. Using high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy, we investigate the self-assembly of the IQ-tBu molecules on a Au(111) surface under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. The molecules form extended domains of brick-wall structure where the molecular backbones are packed regularly but without selection of specific molecular conformations. However, statistical analysis of the extended network demonstrates alignment/correlation for the orientations of the switching units indicating specific interactions. The primary interaction motifs in the structure are quantified from DFT calculations, showing that the brick-wall structure is indeed stabilized by two types of weak C-H···N bonds, involving either aromatic hydrogens on the IQ groups or nonaromatic hydrogens on the tBu groups. Analysis of the C-H···N interactions in the brick-wall structure explains the observed distribution and alignment of molecular conformations as well as the overall organization of the molecular surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajiguli Nuermaimaiti
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yanxiao Ning
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob L Cramer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katrine L Svane
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Hammer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trolle R Linderoth
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Garah ME, Borré E, Ciesielski A, Dianat A, Gutierrez R, Cuniberti G, Bellemin-Laponnaz S, Mauro M, Samorì P. Light-Induced Contraction/Expansion of 1D Photoswitchable Metallopolymer Monitored at the Solid-Liquid Interface. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701790. [PMID: 28841774 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of a bottom-up approach to the fabrication of nanopatterned functional surfaces, which are capable to respond to external stimuli, is of great current interest. Herein, the preparation of light-responsive, linear supramolecular metallopolymers constituted by the ideally infinite repetition of a ditopic ligand bearing an azoaryl moiety and Co(II) coordination nodes is described. The supramolecular polymerization process is followed by optical spectroscopy in dimethylformamide solution. Noteworthy, a submolecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the in situ reversible trans-to-cis photoisomerization of a photoswitchable metallopolymer that self-assembles into 2D crystalline patterns onto a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface is achieved for the first time. The STM analysis of the nanopatterned surfaces is corroborated by modeling the physisorbed species onto a graphene slab before and after irradiation by means of density functional theory calculation. Significantly, switching of the monolayers consisting of supramolecular Co(II) metallopolymer bearing trans-azoaryl units to a novel pattern based on cis isomers can be triggered by UV light and reversed back to the trans conformer by using visible light, thereby restoring the trans-based supramolecular 2D packing. These findings represent a step forward toward the design and preparation of photoresponsive "smart" surfaces organized with an atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Garah
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Borré
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Département des Matériaux Organiques, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stéphane Bellemin-Laponnaz
- Département des Matériaux Organiques, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matteo Mauro
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Stremlau S, Maass F, Tegeder P. Adsorption and switching properties of nitrospiropyran on Bi(1 1 4). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:314004. [PMID: 28604364 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa78be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spiropyrans are prototype molecular switches, which undergo a reversible photoinduced ring-opening/-closure reaction between the closed three-dimensional spiropyran (SP) and the open, planar merocyanine (MC) form. In solution the SP isomer is the thermodynamically stable form. Using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, we resolve a thermally-activated irreversible ring-opening reaction of nitrospiropyran resulting in the MC form for coverages above one monolayer. Thus, the situation found in solution is reversed for the adsorbed molecules, since the MC form is more stable due to the modified energetics by the presence of the substrate. In addition, illumination with blue light (445 nm) induced also the ring-opening, while the photostimulated back-reaction could not be observed. The photoisomerization is driven by a substrate-mediated process, i.e. a charge transfer from the substrate into molecular states. The situation changes completely in the monolayer regime. Neither a thermally-assisted nor a photoinduced ring-opening reaction has been identified. We ascribe the suppression to sterical effects stabilizing the SP form due to the surface structure of Bi(1 1 4), which consists of straight atomic rows separated by rough valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremlau
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Fu Q, Cocchi C, Nabok D, Gulans A, Draxl C. Graphene-modulated photo-absorption in adsorbed azobenzene monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6196-6205. [PMID: 28230215 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Dmitrii Nabok
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Andris Gulans
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Claudia Draxl
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
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20
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Scheil K, Gopakumar TG, Bahrenburg J, Temps F, Maurer RJ, Reuter K, Berndt R. Switching of an Azobenzene-Tripod Molecule on Ag(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2080-2084. [PMID: 27193044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The trans-cis isomerization makes azobenzene (AB) a robust molecular switch. Once adsorbed to a metal, however, the switching is inefficient or absent due to rapid excited-state quenching or loss of the trans-cis bistability. We find that tris-[4-(phenylazo)-phenyl]-amine is a rather efficient switch on Ag(111). Using scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy at submolecular resolution along with density functional theory calculations, we show that the switching process is no trans-cis isomerization but rather a reorientation of the N-N bond of an AB unit. It proceeds through a twisting motion of the azo-bridge that leads to a lateral shift of a phenyl ring. Thus, the role of the Ag substrate is ambivalent. While it suppresses the original bistability of the azobenzene units, it creates a new one by inducing a barrier for the rotation of the N-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Scheil
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität , 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Julia Bahrenburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität , 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Friedrich Temps
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität , 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Reinhard Johann Maurer
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Unversität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Unversität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität , 24098 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Boukari K, Duverger E, Sonnet P. Molecular chemisorption on passivated and defective boron doped silicon surfaces: a "forced" dative bond. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:24866-73. [PMID: 25318974 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03347g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the adsorption mechanism of a single trans 4-pyridylazobenzene molecule (denoted by PAB) on a doped boron Si(111)√3×√3R30° surface (denoted by SiB) with or without boron-defects, by means of density functional theory calculations. The semiempirical approach proposed by Grimme allows us to take the dispersion correction into account. The role of the van der Waals correction in the adsorption geometries and energies is presented. In particular, two adsorption configurations are electronically studied. In the first one, the molecule is parallel to the surface and interacts with the SiB surface via the -N=N- bond. In the presence of a boron-defect, a Si-N chemical bond between the molecule and the surface is then formed, while electrostatic or/and van der Waals interactions are observed in the defectless surface. In the second adsorption configuration, the molecule presents different orientations with respect to the surface and interacts via the nitrogen atom of the pyridyl part of the PAB molecule. If the molecule is perpendicular to the perfect SiB surface, the lone-pair electrons associated with the heterocyclic nitrogen atom fill the empty dangling bond of a silicon adatom via a dative bond. Finally, in the presence of one boron-defect, the possibility of a "forced" dative bond, corresponding to a chemical bond formation between the PAB molecule and the silicon electron occupied dangling bond, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Boukari
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse cedex, France.
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22
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Snegir SV, Yu P, Maurel F, Kapitanchuk OL, Marchenko AA, Lacaze E. Switching at the nanoscale: light- and STM-tip-induced switch of a thiolated diarylethene self-assembly on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13556-13563. [PMID: 25264847 DOI: 10.1021/la5029806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The light-induced and STM-tip-induced switching of photochromic thiol functionalized terphenylthiazole-based diarylethene self-assembly on Au(111) has been investigated in ambient conditions. For such a purpose, we took advantage of the formation of highly ordered domains of opened-ring (1o) or closed-ring (1c) diarylethene isomers. We evidenced a STM-tip-induced switching for the 1o isomer characterized by a tip bias threshold of 1000 mV above which switching of all molecules of the ordered 1o domains occurs into the 1c isomer. In contrast, switching from 1c form into 1o form is not observed at the same tunnelling conditions within a domain formed by ordered 1c molecules. We compared tip-induced switching of ordered 1o domains and switching of single 1o isomers embedded in 1c domains. This led to the demonstration that the process of switching of the 1o isomer is determined by geometry of the molecules but also that the stability of the switched 1c isomer depends on the nature of the surrounding isomers. We also compare tip-induced switching and switching under the action of external UV light irradiation of ordered 1o domains. In contrast with STM tip-induced switching, the UV light induces switching of 1o domains into their stable 1c form, in agreement with a collective switching under irradiation, which cannot occur under the action of STM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii V Snegir
- CNRS, UMR 7588, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
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23
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Ditze S, Stark M, Buchner F, Aichert A, Jux N, Luckas N, Görling A, Hieringer W, Hornegger J, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. On the energetics of conformational switching of molecules at and close to room temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1609-16. [PMID: 24410182 DOI: 10.1021/ja411884p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We observe and induce conformational switching of individual molecules via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at and close to room temperature. 2H-5,10,15,20-Tetrakis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl)-phenylporphyrin adsorbed on Cu(111) forms a peculiar supramolecular ordered phase in which the molecules arrange in alternating rows, with two distinct appearances in STM which are assigned to concave and convex intramolecular conformations. Around room temperature, frequent bidirectional conformational switching of individual molecules from concave to convex and vice versa is observed. From the temperature dependence, detailed insights into the energy barriers and entropic contributions of the switching processes are deduced. At 200 K, controlled STM tip-induced unidirectional switching is possible, yielding an information storage density of 4.9 × 10(13) bit/inch(2). With this contribution we demonstrate that controlled switching of individual molecules at comparably high temperatures is possible and that entropic effects can be a decisive factor in potential molecular devices at these temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ditze
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Marbach H, Steinrück HP. Studying the dynamic behaviour of porphyrins as prototype functional molecules by scanning tunnelling microscopy close to room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9034-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01744g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scanning tunnelling microscopy of the dynamics of functional molecules (porphyrins) close to room temperature enables a detailed determination of the thermodynamic potentials including entropic contributions of the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Marbach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Egerlandstrasse 3 and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H.-P. Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Egerlandstrasse 3 and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Rahe P, Kittelmann M, Neff JL, Nimmrich M, Reichling M, Maass P, Kühnle A. Tuning molecular self-assembly on bulk insulator surfaces by anchoring of the organic building blocks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3948-3956. [PMID: 23907708 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly constitutes a versatile strategy for creating functional structures on surfaces. Tuning the subtle balance between intermolecular and molecule-surface interactions allows structure formation to be tailored at the single-molecule level. While metal surfaces usually exhibit interaction strengths in an energy range that favors molecular self-assembly, dielectric surfaces having low surface energies often lack sufficient interactions with adsorbed molecules. As a consequence, application-relevant, bulk insulating materials pose significant challenges when considering them as supporting substrates for molecular self-assembly. Here, the current status of molecular self-assembly on surfaces of wide-bandgap dielectric crystals, investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature, is reviewed. To address the major issues currently limiting the applicability of molecular self-assembly principles in the case of dielectric surfaces, a systematic discussion of general strategies is provided for anchoring organic molecules to bulk insulating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rahe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 115 South 1400 East, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0830, USA.
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26
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Xu W, Kong H, Zhang C, Sun Q, Gersen H, Dong L, Tan Q, Laegsgaard E, Besenbacher F. Identification of Molecular-Adsorption Geometries and Intermolecular Hydrogen-Bonding Configurations by In Situ STM Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Xu W, Kong H, Zhang C, Sun Q, Gersen H, Dong L, Tan Q, Laegsgaard E, Besenbacher F. Identification of Molecular-Adsorption Geometries and Intermolecular Hydrogen-Bonding Configurations by In Situ STM Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7442-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Zheng YB, Pathem BK, Hohman JN, Thomas JC, Kim M, Weiss PS. Photoresponsive molecules in well-defined nanoscale environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:302-312. [PMID: 22933316 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive molecules are key building blocks of functional molecular materials and devices. These molecules can operate in a range of environments. A molecule's local environment will dictate its conformation, reactivity, and function; by controlling the local environment we can ultimately develop interfaces of individual molecules with the macroscopic environment. By isolating molecules in well-defined environments, we are able to obtain both accurate measurements and precise control. We exploit defect sites in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to direct the functional molecules into precise locations, providing a basis for the measurements and engineering of functional molecular systems. The structure and functional moieties of the SAM can be tuned to control not only the intermolecular interactions but also molecule-substrate interactions, resulting in extraction or control of desired molecular functions. Herein, we report our progress toward the assembly and measurements of photoresponsive molecules and their precise assemblies in SAM matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Bing Zheng
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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29
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Ludwig E, Strunskus T, Hellmann S, Nefedov A, Wöll C, Kipp L, Rossnagel K. Electronic structure, adsorption geometry, and photoswitchability of azobenzene layers adsorbed on layered crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20272-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Brumme T, Gutierrez R, Cuniberti G. Vibrational heating in single-molecule switches: an energy-dependent density-of-states approach. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:394003. [PMID: 22964829 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/39/394003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent experiments, it has been shown that the switching rate of single-molecule switches can show a rather complicated dependence on the applied bias voltage. Here, we discuss a minimal model which describes the switching process in terms of inelastic scattering processes of the tunneling electron by specific molecular vibrations. One important point is the introduction of an energy-dependent electronic density of states around the Fermi energy. The influence of different model parameters on the switching rate is studied and we show that the inclusion of a variable density of states allows us to understand the non-monotonic behavior of the switching rate observed in some experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brumme
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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31
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Lotze C, Luo Y, Corso M, Franke KJ, Haag R, Pascual JI. Reversible electron-induced cis-trans isomerization mediated by intermolecular interactions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:394016. [PMID: 22964587 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/39/394016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reversible isomerization processes are rarely found when organic molecular switches are adsorbed on metal surfaces. One obstacle is the large energy difference of the isomeric forms, since usually the most planar conformer has the largest adsorption energy. In the example of an imine derivative, we show a strategy for also stabilizing the non-planar isomer by intermolecular bonding to its neighbors. Tunneling electrons from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope can then be used to induce reversible switching between the trans and cis-like state. Supported by model force-field calculations, we illustrate that the most probable cause of the enhanced stability of the three-dimensional cis state at specific adsorption sites is the electrostatic interaction with N sites of the neighboring molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Lotze
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Iwicki J, Ludwig E, Buck J, Kalläne M, Köhler F, Herges R, Kipp L, Rossnagel K. The growth and electronic structure of azobenzene-based functional molecules on layered crystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:394011. [PMID: 22964419 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/39/394011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is used to study the growth of ultrathin films of azobenzene-based functional molecules (azobenzene, Disperse Orange 3 and a triazatriangulenium platform with an attached functional azo-group) on the layered metal TiTe(2) and on the layered semiconductor HfS(2) at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Effects of intermolecular interactions, of the substrate electronic structure, and of the thermal energy of the sublimated molecules on the growth process and on the adsorbate electronic structure are identified and discussed. A weak adsorbate-substrate interaction is particularly observed for the layered semiconducting substrate, holding the promise of efficient molecular photoswitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iwicki
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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33
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Franke KJ, Pascual JI. Effects of electron-vibration coupling in transport through single molecules. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:394002. [PMID: 22964796 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/39/394002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we study the transport of electrons through C(60) molecules on different metal surfaces. When electrons tunnel through a molecule, they may excite molecular vibrations. A fingerprint of these processes is a characteristic sub-structure in the differential conductance spectra of the molecular junction reflecting the onset of vibrational excitation. Although the intensity of these processes is generally weak, they become more important as the resonant character of the transport mechanism increases. The detection of single vibrational levels crucially depends on the energy level alignment and lifetimes of excited states. In the limit of large current densities, resonant electron-vibration coupling leads to an energy accumulation in the molecule, which eventually leads to its decomposition. With our experiments on C(60) we are able to depict a molecular scale picture of how electrons interact with the vibrational degrees of freedom of single molecules in different transport regimes. This understanding helps in the development of stable molecular devices, which may also carry a switchable functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Franke
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Matthaei F, Heidorn S, Boom K, Bertram C, Safiei A, Henzl J, Morgenstern K. Coulomb attraction during the carpet growth mode of NaCl. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:354006. [PMID: 22899017 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/35/354006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The submonolayer growth of NaCl bilayer high-rectangular shaped islands on Ag(111) is investigated at around room temperature by using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The growth at the step edges is preferred. Two kinds of islands are observed. They either grow with their non-polar edge at the step edge of Ag(111) or the islands overgrow in a carpet-like mode with the polar direction parallel to the edge. In the latter case, the Ag step is rearranged and considerable, while the NaCl layer is bent. This study clarifies the nature of the interaction of an alkali halide nanostructure with a metal step edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Matthaei
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, IFKP-ATMOS, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung ATMOS, Hannover, Germany
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35
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Guan CZ, Chen T, Wu JY, Chen Q, Wang D, Stang PJ, Wan LJ. Surface-confined conformers and coassembly-induced conformer resolution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9994-9999. [PMID: 21721510 DOI: 10.1021/la202076z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stereoisomerism is a fundamental chemistry issue and has been intensively investigated because of its importance in organic chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. Molecules with freely rotatable single bonds have many interconvertable conformers. Herein, we report the surface-adsorption-induced conformer resolution by employing azobenzene-3,3-dicarboxylic acid (ADA-33) as a model compound. Two linear assembly phases composed of trans conformers on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface are observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. With the codeposition with 1-octanoic acid (OA), only one trans conformer of ADA-33 can be recognized by OA to form a two-component assembly with alternately arranged ADA-33 and OA stripes, which can be attributed to the epitaxial assembly of ADA-33 and OA on the HOPG surface, and weak hydrogen bonding exists between conformer I and OA molecules. The results are of significance with respect to the discrimination and resolution of conformers on a solid surface and provide molecular insights into the coadsorption assembly on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Zhong Guan
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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36
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Pan TL, Sakulsermsuk S, Sloan PA, Palmer RE. Site- and energy-selective intramolecular manipulation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11834-6. [PMID: 21761842 DOI: 10.1021/ja202307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the conversion of an adsorbed precursor state of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) molecules on the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface at room temperature into a more stable configuration via site- and energy-selective atomic manipulation in the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Whereas molecular desorption is maximized by electron injection into the chemisorbed molecular ring at low voltage, injection into the physisorbed molecular ring above a threshold voltage (2.5 V) favors the reconfiguration of the bonding. The results clearly demonstrate both intramolecular charge localization and intramolecular charge transportation as key ingredients in the atomic manipulation of individual polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Pan
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT
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37
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Zheng YB, Payton JL, Chung CH, Liu R, Cheunkar S, Pathem BK, Yang Y, Jensen L, Weiss PS. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to probe reversibly photoswitchable azobenzene in controlled nanoscale environments. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3447-3452. [PMID: 21749070 DOI: 10.1021/nl2019195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We apply in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to probe the reversible photoswitching of azobenzene-functionalized molecules inserted in self-assembled monolayers that serve as controlled nanoscale environments. Nanohole arrays are fabricated in Au thin films to enable SERS measurements associated with excitation of surface plasmons. A series of SERS spectra are recorded for azobenzene upon cycling exposure to UV (365 nm) and blue (450 nm) light. Experimental spectra match theoretical calculations. On the basis of both the simulations and the experimental data analysis, SERS provides quantitative information on the reversible photoswitching of azobenzene in controlled nanoscale environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Bing Zheng
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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38
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Leoni T, Guillermet O, Walch H, Langlais V, Scheuermann A, Bonvoisin J, Gauthier S. Controlling the charge state of a single redox molecular switch. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:216103. [PMID: 21699320 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.216103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy and dynamic force microscopy in the noncontact mode are used in combination to investigate the reversible switching between two stable states of a copper complex adsorbed on a NaCl bilayer grown on Cu(111). The molecular conformation in these two states is deduced from scanning tunneling microscopy imaging, while their charge is characterized by the direct measurement of the tip-molecule electrostatic force. These measurements demonstrate that the molecular bistability is achieved through a charge-induced rearrangement of the coordination sphere of the metal complex, qualifying this system as a new electromechanical single-molecular switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leoni
- CNRS, CEMES (Centre d'Elaboration des Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales), B.P. 94347, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse, France
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