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Kamani KM, Rogers SA. Brittle and ductile yielding in soft materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401409121. [PMID: 38776367 PMCID: PMC11145261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401409121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Many soft materials yield under mechanical loading, but how this transition from solid-like behavior to liquid-like behavior occurs can vary significantly. Understanding the physics of yielding is of great interest for the behavior of biological, environmental, and industrial materials, including those used as inks in additive manufacturing and muds and soils. For some materials, the yielding transition is gradual, while others yield abruptly. We refer to these behaviors as being ductile and brittle. The key rheological signatures of brittle yielding include a stress overshoot in steady-shear-startup tests and a steep increase in the loss modulus during oscillatory amplitude sweeps. In this work, we show how this spectrum of yielding behaviors may be accounted for in a continuum model for yield stress materials by introducing a parameter we call the brittility factor. Physically, an increased brittility decreases the contribution of recoverable deformation to plastic deformation, which impacts the rate at which yielding occurs. The model predictions are successfully compared to results of different rheological protocols from a number of real yield stress fluids with different microstructures, indicating the general applicability of the phenomenon of brittility. Our study shows that the brittility of soft materials plays a critical role in determining the rate of the yielding transition and provides a simple tool for understanding its effects under various loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutarth M. Kamani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL61801
| | - Simon A. Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL61801
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2
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Shivers JL, Sharma A, MacKintosh FC. Strain-Controlled Critical Slowing Down in the Rheology of Disordered Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:178201. [PMID: 37955486 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.178201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Networks and dense suspensions frequently reside near a boundary between soft (or fluidlike) and rigid (or solidlike) regimes. Transitions between these regimes can be driven by changes in structure, density, or applied stress or strain. In general, near the onset or loss of rigidity in these systems, dissipation-limiting heterogeneous nonaffine rearrangements dominate the macroscopic viscoelastic response, giving rise to diverging relaxation times and power-law rheology. Here, we describe a simple quantitative relationship between nonaffinity and the excess viscosity. We test this nonaffinity-viscosity relationship computationally and demonstrate its rheological consequences in simulations of strained filament networks and dense suspensions. We also predict critical signatures in the rheology of semiflexible and stiff biopolymer networks near the strain stiffening transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Shivers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Institut Theorie der Polymere, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fred C MacKintosh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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3
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Zhang J, Zheng W, Tong H, Xu N. Revealing the characteristic length of random close packing via critical-like random pinning. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1836-1842. [PMID: 35167643 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01697k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By randomly pinning particles in fluidized states and finding the local energy minima, we form static packings of mono-disperse disks that resemble random close packing, when only nc = 2.6% of the particles are pinned. The packings are isostatic and exhibit typical critical scalings of the jamming transition. The non-triviality of nc is manifested mainly in two aspects. First, nc acts as a critical point, leading to bifurcated critical scalings in its vicinity. The criticality of nc is also demonstrated in the packings of weakly polydisperse disks. Second, nc sets a length scale in agreement with the characteristic length of random close packing. With robust evidence, we show that this agreement is generally true for both mono- and poly-disperse particles and in both two and three dimensions. The randomness inherited from fluidized states by random pinning thus interprets the randomness of random close packing from a unique perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.
- Institute of Public Safety and Big Data, College of Data Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030060, P. R. China
| | - Hua Tong
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.
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4
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Ghods N, Poorsolhjouy P, Gonzalez M, Radl S. Discrete element modeling of strongly deformed particles in dense shear flows. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Wu B, Iwashita T, Chen WR. Scaling of Shear Rheology of Concentrated Charged Colloidal Suspensions across Glass Transition. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:922-927. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Takuya Iwashita
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Oita University, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Wei-Ren Chen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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6
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Stoev ID, Caciagli A, Mukhopadhyay A, Ness C, Eiser E. Bulk rheology of sticky DNA-functionalized emulsions. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:054602. [PMID: 34942818 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.054602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We measure by experiment and particle-based simulation the rheology of concentrated, non-Brownian droplet emulsions functionalized with surface-bound single-stranded (ss), "sticky," DNA. In the absence of ssDNA, the emulsion viscosity increases with the dispersed phase volume fraction ϕ, before passing through a liquid-solid transition at a critical ϕ_{c} related to random close packing. Introducing ssDNA leads to a liquid-solid transition at ϕ<ϕ_{c}, the onset being set by the droplet valency N and the ssDNA concentration (or simulated binding strength ε). Using insight from simulation, we identify three key behaviors: (i) jammed suspensions (ϕ>ϕ_{c}≈0.64) show weak effects of functionalization, with elastic rheology instead governed by droplet stiffness; (ii) suspensions with ϕ<ϕ_{c} and N=1, 2 always exhibit viscous rheology, regardless of functionalization; and (iii) for ϕ<ϕ_{c} and N>3, functionalization leads to a controllable viscous-elastic transition. We present state diagrams showing the range of rheological tuning attainable by these means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya D Stoev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Caciagli
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Anasua Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Christopher Ness
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Eiser
- PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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7
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Wang D, Treado JD, Boromand A, Norwick B, Murrell MP, Shattuck MD, O'Hern CS. The structural, vibrational, and mechanical properties of jammed packings of deformable particles in three dimensions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9901-9915. [PMID: 34697616 PMCID: PMC9118367 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the structural, vibrational, and mechanical properties of jammed packings of deformable particles with shape degrees of freedom in three dimensions (3D). Each 3D deformable particle is modeled as a surface-triangulated polyhedron, with spherical vertices whose positions are determined by a shape-energy function with terms that constrain the particle surface area, volume, and curvature, and prevent interparticle overlap. We show that jammed packings of deformable particles without bending energy possess low-frequency, quartic vibrational modes, whose number decreases with increasing asphericity and matches the number of missing contacts relative to the isostatic value. In contrast, jammed packings of deformable particles with non-zero bending energy are isostatic in 3D, with no quartic modes. We find that the contributions to the eigenmodes of the dynamical matrix from the shape degrees of freedom are significant over the full range of frequency and shape parameters for particles with zero bending energy. We further show that the ensemble-averaged shear modulus 〈G〉 scales with pressure P as 〈G〉 ∼ Pβ, with β ≈ 0.75 for jammed packings of deformable particles with zero bending energy. In contrast, β ≈ 0.5 for packings of deformable particles with non-zero bending energy, which matches the value for jammed packings of soft, spherical particles with fixed shape. These studies underscore the importance of incorporating particle deformability and shape change when modeling the properties of jammed soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
| | - John D Treado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Arman Boromand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
| | - Blake Norwick
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
| | - Mark D Shattuck
- Benjamin Levich Institute and Physics Department, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Corey S O'Hern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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8
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9
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Frenzel L, Dartsch M, Balaguer GM, Westermeier F, Grübel G, Lehmkühler F. Glass-liquid and glass-gel transitions of soft-shell particles. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:L012602. [PMID: 34412357 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.l012602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We study the structure and dynamics of colloidal particles with a spherical hard core and a thermo-responsive soft shell over the whole phase diagram by means of small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. By changing the effective volume fraction by temperature and particle concentration, liquid, repulsive glass. and attractive gel phases are observed. The dynamics slow down with increasing volume fraction in the liquid phase and reflect a Vogel-Fulcher-Tamann behavior known for fragile glass formers. We find a liquid-glass transition above 50 vol.% that is independent of the particles' concentration and temperature. In an overpacked state at effective volume fractions above 1, the dispersion does not show a liquid phase but undergoes a gel-glass transition at an effective volume fraction of 34 vol.%. At the same concentration, extrema of subdiffusive dynamics are found in the liquid phase at lower weight fractions. We interpret this as dynamic precursors of the glass-gel transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Frenzel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dartsch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmkühler
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Kamani K, Donley GJ, Rogers SA. Unification of the Rheological Physics of Yield Stress Fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:218002. [PMID: 34114843 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.218002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The physics above and below the yield stress is unified by a simple model for viscoplasticity that accounts for the nonlinear rheology of multiple yield stress fluids. The model has a rate-dependent relaxation time, allows for plastic deformation below the yield stress, and indicates that rapid elastic deformation aids yielding. A range of commonly observed rheological behaviors are predicted, including the smooth overshoot in the loss modulus and the recently discovered contributions from recoverable and unrecoverable strains in amplitude sweeps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutarth Kamani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Gavin J Donley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Simon A Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
The review presents current research results for Carbopol-based microgels as yield-stress materials, covering three aspects: chemical, physical and rheological. Such a joint three-aspect study has no analog in the literature. The chemical aspects of Carbopol polymers are presented in terms of a cross-linking polymerization of acrylic acid, their molecular structure, microgel formulation, polyacid dissociation and neutralization, osmotic pressure and associated immense microgel swelling. The physical characterization is focused on models of the shear-induced solid-to-liquid transition of microgels, which are formed of mesoscopic particles typical for soft matter materials. Models that describe interparticle effects are presented to explain the energy states of microgel particles at the mesoscale of scrutiny. Typical representatives of the models utilize attributes of jamming dispersions, micromechanical and polyelectrolyte reactions. Selected relationships that result from the models, such as scaling rules and nondimensional flow characteristics are also presented. The rheological part presents the discussion of problems of yield stress in 2D and 3D deformations, appearance and magnitude of the wall slip. The theory and characteristics of Carbopol microgel deformation in rotational rheometers are presented with graphs for the steady-state measurements, stress-controlled oscillation and two types of transient shear deformation. The review is concluded with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisław Jaworski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Tadeusz Spychaj
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Anna Story
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Story
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
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12
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Glass and Jamming Rheology in Soft Particles Made of PNIPAM and Polyacrylic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084032. [PMID: 33919803 PMCID: PMC8070831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase behaviour of soft colloids has attracted great attention due to the large variety of new phenomenologies emerging from their ability to pack at very high volume fractions. Here we report rheological measurements on interpenetrated polymer network microgels composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and polyacrylic acid (PAAc) at fixed PAAc content as a function of weight concentration. We found three different rheological regimes characteristic of three different states: a Newtonian shear-thinning fluid, an attractive glass characterized by a yield stress, and a jamming state. We discuss the possible molecular mechanisms driving the formation of these states.
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13
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Effect of D-Mannitol on the Microstructure and Rheology of Non-Aqueous Carbopol Microgels. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071782. [PMID: 33916550 PMCID: PMC8038445 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
D-mannitol is a common polyol that is used as additive in pharmaceutical and personal care product formulations. We investigated its effect on the microstructure and rheology of novel non-aqueous Carbopol dispersions employing traditional and time-resolved rheological analysis. We considered two types of sample, (i) fresh (i.e., mannitol completely dissolved in solution) and aged (i.e., visible in crystalline form). The analysis of the intracycle rheological transitions that were observed for different samples revealed that, when completely dissolved in solution, mannitol does not alter the rheological behaviour of the Carbopol dispersions. This highlights that the chemical similarity of the additive with the molecules of the surrounding solvent allows preserving the swollen dimension and interparticle interactions of the Carbopol molecules. Conversely, when crystals are present, a hierarchical structure forms, consisting of a small dispersed phase (Carbopol) agglomerated around a big dispersed phase (crystals). In keeping with this microstructural picture, as the concentration of Carbopol reduces, the local dynamics of the crystals gradually start to control the integrity of the microstructure. Rheologically, this results in a higher elasticity of the suspensions at infinitesimal deformations, but a fragile yielding process at intermediate strains.
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14
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Peshkov A, Teitel S. Critical scaling of compression-driven jamming of athermal frictionless spheres in suspension. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:L040901. [PMID: 34006006 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.l040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study numerically a system of athermal, overdamped, frictionless spheres, as in a non-Brownian suspension, in two and three dimensions. Compressing the system isotropically at a fixed rate ε[over ̇], we investigate the critical behavior at the jamming transition. The finite compression rate introduces a control timescale, which allows one to probe the critical timescale associated with jamming. As was found previously for steady-state shear-driven jamming, we find for compression-driven jamming that pressure obeys a critical scaling relation as a function of packing fraction ϕ and compression rate ε[over ̇], and that the bulk viscosity p/ε[over ̇] diverges upon jamming. A scaling analysis determines the critical exponents associated with the compression-driven jamming transition. Our results suggest that stress-isotropic, compression-driven jamming may be in the same universality class as stress-anisotropic, shear-driven jamming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Peshkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - S Teitel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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15
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Cao C, Liao J, Breedveld V, Weeks ER. Rheology finds distinct glass and jamming transitions in emulsions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2587-2595. [PMID: 33514990 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the rheology of monodisperse and bidisperse emulsions with various droplet sizes (1-2 μm diameter). Above a critical volume fraction φc, these systems exhibit solid-like behavior and a yield stress can be detected. Previous experiments suggest that for small thermal particles, rheology will see a glass transition at φc = φg ≈ 0.58; for large athermal systems, rheology will see a jamming transition at φc = φJ ≈ 0.64. However, simulations point out that at the crossover of thermal and athermal regimes, the glass and jamming transitions may both be observed in the same sample. Here we conduct an experiment by shearing four oil-in-water emulsions with a rheometer. We observe both a glass and a jamming transition for our smaller diameter droplets, and only a jamming transition for our larger diameter droplets. The bidisperse sample behaves similarly to the small droplet sample, with two transitions observed. Our rheology data are well-fit by both the Herschel-Bulkley model and the three component model. Based on the fitting parameters, our raw rheological data would not collapse onto a master curve. Our results show that liquid-solid transitions in dispersions are not universal, but depend on particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cao
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jianshan Liao
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Victor Breedveld
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Eric R Weeks
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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16
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Migliozzi S, Meridiano G, Angeli P, Mazzei L. Investigation of the swollen state of Carbopol molecules in non-aqueous solvents through rheological characterization. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9799-9815. [PMID: 33005911 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We explore how different types of solvent influence the rheological properties of non-aqueous Carbopol dispersions from the dilute to the jammed state. In novel non-aqueous formulations, polar solvents are used more and more frequently, because they can form Carbopol microgels without the need of any neutralizing agents. However, the swelling behaviour of Carbopol molecules in the absence of water, when ionic forces are weak, is still poorly understood. To this end, we study the swelling behaviour of Carbopol 974P NF in different polar solvents, i.e. glycerol, PEG400 and mixtures of the two solvents, by mapping the rheological behaviour of Carbopol suspensions from very dilute to highly concentrated conditions. The rheological study reveals that the onset of the jamming transition occurs at different critical polymer concentrations depending on the solvents used. Nevertheless, once the jammed state is reached, both elastic and yielding behaviours are scalable with the particle volume fraction. These results suggest that the type of solvent influences the final volume of the single Carbopol particles but does not alter the interactions between the particles. The final radius of the swollen particles is estimated from shear rheology measurements in dilute conditions, showing a decrease of the final swelling ratio of Carbopol molecules of almost 50% for PEG400 solutions, a result that confirms the shift to higher values of the critical jamming concentration obtained from linear viscoelasticity for the same solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Migliozzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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17
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Measurement of the flow behavior index of Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids via analysis of the flow velocity characteristics in a mini-channel. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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Begam N, Da Vela S, Matsarskaia O, Braun MK, Mariani A, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Packing and dynamics of a protein solution approaching the jammed state. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7751-7759. [PMID: 32744265 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00962h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The packing of proteins and their collective behavior in crowded media is crucial for the understanding of biological processes. Here we study the structural and dynamical evolution of solutions of the globular protein bovine serum albumin with increasing concentration via drying using small angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering. We probe an evolving correlation peak on the scattering profile, corresponding to the inter-protein distance, ξ, which decreases following a power law of the protein volume fraction, φ. The rate of decrease in ξ becomes faster above a protein concentration of ∼200 mg ml-1 (φ = 0.15). The power law exponent changes from 0.33, which is typical of colloidal or protein solutions, to 0.41. During the entire drying process, we observe the development and the growth of two-step relaxation dynamics with increasing φ as revealed by dynamic light scattering. We find three different regimes of the dependence of ξ as a function of φ. In the dilute regime (φ < 0.22), protein molecules are far apart from each other compared to their size. In this case, the dynamics mainly corresponds to Brownian motion. At an intermediate concentration (0.22 < φ < 0.47), inter-protein distances become comparable to the size of protein molecules, leading to a preferential orientation of the ellipsoidal protein molecules along with a possible deformation. In this regime, the dynamics shows two distinct relaxation times. At a very high concentration (φ > 0.47), the system reaches a jammed state. Subsequently, the secondary relaxation time in this state becomes extremely slow. In this state, the protein molecules have approximately one hydration layer. This study contributes to the understanding of protein molecular packing in crowded environments and the phenomenon of density-driven jamming for soft matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafisa Begam
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universtitat Tübingen, 70276, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stefano Da Vela
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universtitat Tübingen, 70276, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universtitat Tübingen, 70276, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michal K Braun
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universtitat Tübingen, 70276, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universtitat Tübingen, 70276, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universtitat Tübingen, 70276, Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Tsai JC, Chou MR, Huang PC, Fei HT, Huang JR. Soft granular particles sheared at a controlled volume: rate-dependent dynamics and the solid-fluid transition. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7535-7543. [PMID: 32700708 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00405g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the responses of fluid-immersed soft hydrogel spheres that are sheared under controlled volume fractions. Slippery, deformable particles along with the density-matched interstitial fluid are sandwiched between two opposing rough cones, allowing studies for a wide range of volume fraction φ both above and below the jamming of granular suspension. We utilize sudden cessations of shearing, accompanied by refraction-matched internal imaging, to supplement the conventional flow-curve measurements. At sufficiently high volume fractions, the settling of particles after the cessations exhibits a continuous yet distinct transition over the change of the shear rate. Such changes back out the qualitative difference in the state of flowing prior to the cessations: the quasi-static yielding of a tightly packed network, as opposed to the rapid sliding of particles mediated by the interstitial fluid whose dynamics depends on the driving rate. In addition, we determine the solid-fluid transition using two independent methods: the extrapolation of stress residues and the estimated yield stress from high values of φ, and the settling of particles upon shear cessations as φ goes across the transition. We also verify the power law on values of characteristic stress with respect to the distance from jamming φ - φc, with an exponent close to 2. These results demonstrate a multitude of relaxation timescales behind the dynamics of soft particles, and raise questions on how we extend the existing paradigms of the flow of a densely packed system when the softness is actively involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Tsai
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - M-R Chou
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. and Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - P-C Huang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. and Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - H-T Fei
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - J-R Huang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Sinjari S, Freitag JS, Herold C, Otto O, Smith DM, Stöver HDH. Tunable polymer microgel particles and their study using microscopy and
real‐time
deformability cytometry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheilan Sinjari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | | | | | - Oliver Otto
- ZellMechanik Dresden Dresden Germany
- Centre for Innovation Competence—Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Disorders University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - David M. Smith
- Fraunhofer Institut für Zelltherapie und Immunologie Leipzig Germany
- University of Leipzig, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics Leipzig Germany
- University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Immunology Leipzig Germany
| | - Harald D. H. Stöver
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
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21
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Otsuki M, Hayakawa H. Shear jamming, discontinuous shear thickening, and fragile states in dry granular materials under oscillatory shear. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:032905. [PMID: 32289976 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.032905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We numerically study the linear response of two-dimensional frictional granular materials under oscillatory shear. The storage modulus G^{'} and the loss modulus G^{''} in the zero strain rate limit depend on the initial strain amplitude of the oscillatory shear before measurement. The shear jammed state (satisfying G^{'}>0) can be observed at an amplitude greater than a critical initial strain amplitude. The fragile state is defined by the emergence of liquid-like and solid-like states depending on the form of the initial shear. In this state, the observed G^{'} after the reduction of the strain amplitude depends on the phase of the external shear strain. The loss modulus G^{''} exhibits a discontinuous jump corresponding to discontinuous shear thickening in the fragile state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Otsuki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hisao Hayakawa
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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22
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Saitoh K, Hatano T, Ikeda A, Tighe BP. Stress Relaxation above and below the Jamming Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:118001. [PMID: 32242697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.118001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate stress relaxation in soft athermal disks to reveal critical slowing down when the system approaches the jamming point. The exponents describing the divergence of the relaxation time differ dramatically depending on whether the transition is approached from the jammed or unjammed phase. This contrasts sharply with conventional dynamic critical scaling scenarios, where a single exponent characterizes both sides. We explain this surprising difference in terms of the vibrational density of states, which is a key ingredient of linear viscoelastic theory. The vibrational density of states exhibits an extra slow mode that emerges below jamming, which we utilize to demonstrate the anomalous exponent below jamming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Saitoh
- Research Alliance Center for Mathematical Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hatano
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 560-0043 Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 3-8-1, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Brian P Tighe
- Delft University of Technology, Process & Energy Laboratory, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
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23
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Ikeda A, Kawasaki T, Berthier L, Saitoh K, Hatano T. Universal Relaxation Dynamics of Sphere Packings below Jamming. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:058001. [PMID: 32083930 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.058001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We show that non-Brownian suspensions of repulsive spheres below jamming display a slow relaxational dynamics with a characteristic timescale that diverges at jamming. This slow timescale is fully encoded in the structure of the unjammed packing and can be readily measured via the vibrational density of states. We show that the corresponding dynamic critical exponent is the same for randomly generated and sheared packings. Our results show that a wide variety of physical situations, from suspension rheology to algorithmic studies of the jamming transition are controlled by a unique diverging timescale, with a universal critical exponent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawasaki
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Kuniyasu Saitoh
- Research Alliance Center for Mathematical Sciences & WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hatano
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 560-0043 Osaka, Japan
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24
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Kawaguchi M, Fukui T, Funamoto K, Tanaka M, Tanaka M, Murata S, Miyauchi S, Hayase T. Viscosity Estimation of a Suspension with Rigid Spheres in Circular Microchannels Using Particle Tracking Velocimetry. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100675. [PMID: 31590317 PMCID: PMC6843142 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Suspension flows are ubiquitous in industry and nature. Therefore, it is important to understand the rheological properties of a suspension. The key to understanding the mechanism of suspension rheology is considering changes in its microstructure. It is difficult to evaluate the influence of change in the microstructure on the rheological properties affected by the macroscopic flow field for non-colloidal particles. In this study, we propose a new method to evaluate the changes in both the microstructure and rheological properties of a suspension using particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and a power-law fluid model. Dilute suspension (0.38%) flows with fluorescent particles in a microchannel with a circular cross section were measured under low Reynolds number conditions (Re ≈ 10-4). Furthermore, the distribution of suspended particles in the radial direction was obtained from the measured images. Based on the power-law index and dependence of relative viscosity on the shear rate, we observed that the non-Newtonian properties of the suspension showed shear-thinning. This method will be useful in revealing the relationship between microstructural changes in a suspension and its rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Kawaguchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Fukui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Funamoto
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Tanaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Murata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Suguru Miyauchi
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Hayase
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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25
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Li S, Tian H, Zhang B, Hu GH, Liu CY, Zhang L, Tian M. Nonlinear and linear viscoelastic behaviors of thermoplastic vulcanizates containing rubber nanoparticle agglomerates. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Karg M, Pich A, Hellweg T, Hoare T, Lyon LA, Crassous JJ, Suzuki D, Gumerov RA, Schneider S, Potemkin II, Richtering W. Nanogels and Microgels: From Model Colloids to Applications, Recent Developments, and Future Trends. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6231-6255. [PMID: 30998365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels and microgels are soft, deformable, and penetrable objects with an internal gel-like structure that is swollen by the dispersing solvent. Their softness and the potential to respond to external stimuli like temperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength, and different analytes make them interesting as soft model systems in fundamental research as well as for a broad range of applications, in particular in the field of biological applications. Recent tremendous developments in their synthesis open access to systems with complex architectures and compositions allowing for tailoring microgels with specific properties. At the same time state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches offer deeper understanding of the behavior and structure of nano- and microgels under external influences and confinement at interfaces or at high volume fractions. Developments in the experimental analysis of nano- and microgels have become particularly important for structural investigations covering a broad range of length scales relevant to the internal structure, the overall size and shape, and interparticle interactions in concentrated samples. Here we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art, recent developments as well as emerging trends in the field of nano- and microgels. The following aspects build the focus of our discussion: tailoring (multi)functionality through synthesis; the role in biological and biomedical applications; the structure and properties as a model system, e.g., for densely packed arrangements in bulk and at interfaces; as well as the theory and computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karg
- Physical Chemistry I , Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf , 40204 Duesseldorf , Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry , Bielefeld University , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4L8 , Canada
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- Schmid College of Science and Technology , Chapman University , Orange , California 92866 , United States
| | - J J Crassous
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | | | - Rustam A Gumerov
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Physics Department , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Igor I Potemkin
- DWI-Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Physics Department , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
- National Research South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk 454080 , Russian Federation
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
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27
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Responsive hydrogel colloids: Structure, interactions, phase behavior, and equilibrium and nonequilibrium transitions of microgel dispersions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Singh A, Pednekar S, Chun J, Denn MM, Morris JF. From Yielding to Shear Jamming in a Cohesive Frictional Suspension. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:098004. [PMID: 30932528 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.098004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simulations are used to study the steady shear rheology of dense suspensions of frictional particles exhibiting discontinuous shear thickening and shear jamming, in which finite-range cohesive interactions result in a yield stress. We develop a constitutive model that combines yielding behavior and shear thinning at low stress with the frictional shear thickening at high stresses, in good agreement with the simulation results. This work shows that there is a distinct difference between solids below the yield stress and in the shear-jammed state, as the two occur at widely separated stress levels, with an intermediate region of stress in which the material is flowable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinendra Singh
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Sidhant Pednekar
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Morton M Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Morris
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
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29
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Gjerde N, Zhu K, Knudsen KD, Nyström B. Influence of poly(ε-caprolactone) end-groups on the temperature-induced macroscopic gelation of Pluronic in aqueous media. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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O’Bryan CS, Kabb CP, Sumerlin BS, Angelini TE. Jammed Polyelectrolyte Microgels for 3D Cell Culture Applications: Rheological Behavior with Added Salts. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1509-1517. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. O’Bryan
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Christopher P. Kabb
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Thomas E. Angelini
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Institute for Cell & Tissue Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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31
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Dinkgreve M, Michels MAJ, Mason TG, Bonn D. Crossover between Athermal Jamming and the Thermal Glass Transition of Suspensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:228001. [PMID: 30547650 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.228001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The non-Newtonian flow behavior of thermal and athermal disordered systems of dispersed uniform particles at high densities have strikingly similar features. By investigating the flow curves of yield-stress fluids and colloidal glasses having different volume fractions, particle sizes, and interactions, we show that both thermal and athermal systems exhibit power-law scaling with respect to the glass and jamming point, respectively, with the same exponents. All yield-stress flow curves can be scaled onto a single universal curve using the Laplace pressure as the stress scale for athermal systems and the osmotic pressure for the thermal systems. Strikingly, the details of interparticle interactions do not matter for the rescaling, showing that they are akin to usual phase transitions of the same universality class. The rescaling allows us to predict the flow properties of these systems from the volume fraction and known material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dinkgreve
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M A J Michels
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - T G Mason
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D Bonn
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Liu T, Khabaz F, Bonnecaze RT, Cloitre M. On the universality of the flow properties of soft-particle glasses. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7064-7074. [PMID: 30116807 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We identify the minimal interparticle interactions necessary for a particle dynamics simulation to predict the structure and flow behaviour of soft particle glasses (SPGs). Generally, two kinds of forces between the particles must be accounted for in simulations of SPGs: viscous or frictional drag forces and elastic contact forces. Far field drag forces are required to dissipate energy in the simulations and capture the effect of the rheology of the suspending fluid. Elastic forces are found to be dominant compared to near-field drag or other forms of friction forces and are the most important component to compute the rheology. The shear stress, the first and second normal stress differences for different interparticle force laws collapse onto universal master curves of the Herschel-Bulkley form by non-dimensionalizing the stress with the yield stress and the shear rate with the viscosity of the suspending fluid divided by the low-frequency shear modulus. The Herschel-Bulkley exponents are close to 0.5 with a slight dependence on the repulsive pairwise elastic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfei Liu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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33
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Clark AH, Thompson JD, Shattuck MD, Ouellette NT, O'Hern CS. Critical scaling near the yielding transition in granular media. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062901. [PMID: 30011584 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We show that the yielding transition in granular media displays second-order critical-point scaling behavior. We carry out discrete element simulations in the low-inertial-number limit for frictionless, purely repulsive spherical grains undergoing simple shear at fixed nondimensional shear stress Σ in two and three spatial dimensions. To find a mechanically stable (MS) packing that can support the applied Σ, isotropically prepared states with size L must undergo a total strain γ_{ms}(Σ,L). The number density of MS packings (∝γ_{ms}^{-1}) vanishes for Σ>Σ_{c}≈0.11 according to a critical scaling form with a length scale ξ∝|Σ-Σ_{c}|^{-ν}, where ν≈1.7-1.8. Above the yield stress (Σ>Σ_{c}), no MS packings that can support Σ exist in the large-system limit L/ξ≫1. MS packings generated via shear possess anisotropic force and contact networks, suggesting that Σ_{c} is associated with an upper limit in the degree to which these networks can be deformed away from those for isotropic packings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abram H Clark
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jacob D Thompson
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - Mark D Shattuck
- Benjamin Levich Institute and Physics Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Nicholas T Ouellette
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Corey S O'Hern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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34
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Rivas-Barbosa R, Lázaro-Lázaro E, Mendoza-Méndez P, Still T, Piazza V, Ramírez-González PE, Medina-Noyola M, Laurati M. Different routes into the glass state for soft thermo-sensitive colloids. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5008-5018. [PMID: 29855653 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental and theoretical investigation of glass formation in soft thermo-sensitive colloids following two different routes: a gradual increase of the particle number density at constant temperature and an increase of the radius in a fixed volume at constant particle number density. Confocal microscopy experiments and the non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation (NE-SCGLE) theory consistently show that the two routes lead to a dynamically comparable state at sufficiently long aging times. However, experiments reveal the presence of moderate but persistent structural differences. Successive cycles of radius decrease and increase lead instead to a reproducible glass state, indicating a suitable route to obtain rejuvenation without using shear fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rivas-Barbosa
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, 37150 León, Mexico.
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35
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Okumura K. Viscous dynamics of drops and bubbles in Hele-Shaw cells: Drainage, drag friction, coalescence, and bursting. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 255:64-75. [PMID: 28821348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss recent studies on drops and bubbles in Hele-Shaw cells, focusing on how scaling laws exhibit crossovers from the three-dimensional counterparts and focusing on topics in which viscosity plays an important role. By virtue of progresses in analytical theory and high-speed imaging, dynamics of drops and bubbles have actively been studied with the aid of scaling arguments. However, compared with three-dimensional problems, studies on the corresponding problems in Hele-Shaw cells are still limited. This review demonstrates that the effect of confinement in the Hele-Shaw cell introduces new physics allowing different scaling regimes to appear. For this purpose, we discuss various examples that are potentially important for industrial applications handling drops and bubbles in confined spaces by showing agreement between experiments and scaling theories. As a result, this review provides a collection of problems in hydrodynamics that may be analytically solved or that may be worth studying numerically in the near future.
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36
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Cubuk ED, Ivancic RJS, Schoenholz SS, Strickland DJ, Basu A, Davidson ZS, Fontaine J, Hor JL, Huang YR, Jiang Y, Keim NC, Koshigan KD, Lefever JA, Liu T, Ma XG, Magagnosc DJ, Morrow E, Ortiz CP, Rieser JM, Shavit A, Still T, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Nordstrom KN, Arratia PE, Carpick RW, Durian DJ, Fakhraai Z, Jerolmack DJ, Lee D, Li J, Riggleman R, Turner KT, Yodh AG, Gianola DS, Liu AJ. Structure-property relationships from universal signatures of plasticity in disordered solids. Science 2018; 358:1033-1037. [PMID: 29170231 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
When deformed beyond their elastic limits, crystalline solids flow plastically via particle rearrangements localized around structural defects. Disordered solids also flow, but without obvious structural defects. We link structure to plasticity in disordered solids via a microscopic structural quantity, "softness," designed by machine learning to be maximally predictive of rearrangements. Experimental results and computations enabled us to measure the spatial correlations and strain response of softness, as well as two measures of plasticity: the size of rearrangements and the yield strain. All four quantities maintained remarkable commonality in their values for disordered packings of objects ranging from atoms to grains, spanning seven orders of magnitude in diameter and 13 orders of magnitude in elastic modulus. These commonalities link the spatial correlations and strain response of softness to rearrangement size and yield strain, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Cubuk
- Google Brain, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - R J S Ivancic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S S Schoenholz
- Google Brain, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D J Strickland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Basu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Z S Davidson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systémes, École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5513, Université de Lyon, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - J L Hor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y-R Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N C Keim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - K D Koshigan
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systémes, École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5513, Université de Lyon, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - J A Lefever
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - T Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - X-G Ma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA 19007, USA
| | - D J Magagnosc
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E Morrow
- Department of Physics, Houghton College, Houghton, NY 14744, USA
| | - C P Ortiz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J M Rieser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Shavit
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - T Still
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - K N Nordstrom
- Department of Physics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - P E Arratia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D J Durian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Z Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D J Jerolmack
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - K T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D S Gianola
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Andrea J Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Dagois-Bohy S, Somfai E, Tighe BP, van Hecke M. Softening and yielding of soft glassy materials. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:9036-9045. [PMID: 29177346 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01846k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solids deform and fluids flow, but soft glassy materials, such as emulsions, foams, suspensions, and pastes, exhibit an intricate mix of solid- and liquid-like behavior. While much progress has been made to understand their elastic (small strain) and flow (infinite strain) properties, such understanding is lacking for the softening and yielding phenomena that connect these asymptotic regimes. Here we present a comprehensive framework for softening and yielding of soft glassy materials, based on extensive numerical simulations of oscillatory rheological tests, and show that two distinct scenarios unfold depending on the material's packing density. For dense systems, there is a single, pressure-independent strain where the elastic modulus drops and the particle motion becomes diffusive. In contrast, for weakly jammed systems, a two-step process arises: at an intermediate softening strain, the elastic and loss moduli both drop down and then reach a new plateau value, whereas the particle motion becomes diffusive at the distinctly larger yield strain. We show that softening is associated with an extensive number of microscopic contact changes leading to a non-analytic rheological signature. Moreover, the scaling of the softening strain with pressure suggest the existence of a novel pressure scale above which softening and yielding coincide, and we verify the existence of this crossover scale numerically. Our findings thus evidence the existence of two distinct classes of soft glassy materials - jamming dominated and dense - and show how these can be distinguished by their rheological fingerprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dagois-Bohy
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Nelson AZ, Ewoldt RH. Design of yield-stress fluids: a rheology-to-structure inverse problem. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7578-7594. [PMID: 28972605 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a paradigm for the design of yield-stress fluids, using six archetypal materials for demonstration. By applying concepts of engineering design, we outline a materials design paradigm that includes (i) morphological organization based on jammed versus networked microstructures, (ii) collected scaling laws for predictive design, (iii) low-dimensional descriptions of function-valued flow data, (iv) consideration of secondary properties including viscous behavior, and (v) a strategy for material concept synthesis based on the juxtaposition of microstructures. By explicitly specifying these design strategies, we seek to create an ontology and database for the engineering of yield-stress fluids. Our proposed design strategy increases the likelihood of finding an optimal material and prevents design fixation by considering multiple material classes to achieve a desired rheological performance. This flips the typical structure-to-rheology analysis to become the inverse: rheology-to-structure with multiple possible materials as solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Z Nelson
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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40
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Lehmkühler F, Steinke I, Schroer MA, Fischer B, Sprung M, Grübel G. Microsecond Structural Rheology. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3581-3585. [PMID: 28719219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the local structure of complex liquids and their response to shear is generally not well understood. This concerns, in particular, the formation of particle strings in the flow direction or hydroclusters, both important for the understanding of shear thinning and thickening phenomena. Here, we present results of a microfocus X-ray scattering experiment on spherical silica colloids in a liquid jet at high shear rates. Along and across the jet, we observe direction-dependent modifications of the structure factor of the suspension, suggesting the formation of differently ordered clusters in compression lines and as particle strings. With increasing distance from the orifice, the structure relaxes to the unsheared case with a typical relaxation 10 times larger as the time scale of Brownian motion. These results provide the first experimental flow characterization of a complex fluid at high shear rates detecting cluster formation and relaxation with micrometer and microsecond resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lehmkühler
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI) , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Steinke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI) , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI) , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Fischer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI) , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI) , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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41
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Heat transfer rates in wall bounded shear flows near the jamming point accompanied by fluid-particle heat exchange. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Otsuki M, Hayakawa H. Discontinuous change of shear modulus for frictional jammed granular materials. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:062902. [PMID: 28709191 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.062902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The shear modulus of jammed frictional granular materials with harmonic repulsive interaction under an oscillatory shear is numerically investigated. It is confirmed that the storage modulus, the real part of the shear modulus, for frictional grains with sufficiently small strain amplitude γ_{0} discontinuously emerges at the jamming transition point. The storage modulus for small γ_{0} differs from that of frictionless grains even in the zero friction limit, whereas they are almost identical with each other for sufficiently large γ_{0}, where the transition becomes continuous. The stress-strain curve exhibits a hysteresis loop even for a small strain, which connects a linear region for sufficiently small strain to another linear region for larger strain. We propose a scaling law to interpolate between the states of small and large γ_{0}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Otsuki
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hisao Hayakawa
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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43
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Srivastava I, Fisher TS. Slow creep in soft granular packings. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3411-3421. [PMID: 28429808 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00237h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient creep mechanisms in soft granular packings are studied numerically using a constant pressure and constant stress simulation method. Rapid compression followed by slow dilation is predicted on the basis of a logarithmic creep phenomenon. Characteristic scales of creep strain and time exhibit a power-law dependence on jamming pressure, and they diverge at the jamming point. Microscopic analysis indicates the existence of a correlation between rheology and nonaffine fluctuations. Localized regions of large strain appear during creep and grow in magnitude and size at short times. At long times, the spatial structure of highly correlated local deformation becomes time-invariant. Finally, a microscale connection between local rheology and local fluctuations is demonstrated in the form of a linear scaling between granular fluidity and nonaffine velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Srivastava
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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44
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Ramola K, Chakraborty B. Scaling Theory for the Frictionless Unjamming Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:138001. [PMID: 28409940 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.138001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We develop a scaling theory of the unjamming transition of soft frictionless disks in two dimensions by defining local areas, which can be uniquely assigned to each contact. These serve to define local order parameters, whose distribution exhibits divergences as the unjamming transition is approached. We derive scaling forms for these divergences from a mean-field approach that treats the local areas as noninteracting entities, and demonstrate that these results agree remarkably well with numerical simulations. We find that the asymptotic behavior of the scaling functions arises from the geometrical structure of the packing while the overall scaling with the compression energy depends on the force law. We use the scaling forms of the distributions to determine the scaling of the total grain area A_{G} and the total number of contacts N_{C}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Ramola
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Bulbul Chakraborty
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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45
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Géraud B, Jørgensen L, Ybert C, Delanoë-Ayari H, Barentin C. Structural and cooperative length scales in polymer gels. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2017; 40:5. [PMID: 28097479 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2017-11490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the material structural details, the geometrical confining constraints, the local dynamical events and the global rheological response is at the core of present investigations on complex fluid properties. In the present article, this problem is addressed on a model yield stress fluid made of highly entangled polymer gels of Carbopol which follows at the macroscopic scale the well-known Herschel-Bulkley rheological law. First, performing local rheology measurements up to high shear rates ([Formula: see text] s-1)and under confinement, we evidence unambiguously the breakdown of bulk rheology associated with cooperative processes under flow. Moreover, we show that these behaviors are fully captured with a unique cooperativity length [Formula: see text] over the whole range of experimental conditions. Second, we introduce an original optical microscopy method to access structural properties of the entangled polymer gel in the direct space. Performing image correlation spectroscopy of fluorophore-loaded gels, the characteristic size D of carbopol gels microstructure is determined as a function of preparation protocol. Combining both dynamical and structural information shows that the measured cooperative length [Formula: see text] corresponds to 2-5 times the underlying structural size D, thus providing a strong grounding to the "Shear Transformation Zones" modeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baudouin Géraud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Loren Jørgensen
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Christophe Ybert
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Hélène Delanoë-Ayari
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Catherine Barentin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Denton
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA
| | - Qiyun Tang
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA
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Shrivastav GP, Chaudhuri P, Horbach J. Yielding of glass under shear: A directed percolation transition precedes shear-band formation. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:042605. [PMID: 27841596 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.042605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Under external mechanical loading, glassy materials, ranging from soft matter systems to metallic alloys, often respond via formation of inhomogeneous flow patterns, during yielding. These inhomogeneities can be precursors to catastrophic failure, implying that a better understanding of their underlying mechanisms could lead to the design of smarter materials. Here, extensive molecular dynamics simulations are used to reveal the emergence of heterogeneous dynamics in a binary Lennard-Jones glass, subjected to a constant strain rate. At a critical strain, this system exhibits for all considered strain rates a transition towards the formation of a percolating cluster of mobile regions. We give evidence that this transition belongs to the universality class of directed percolation. Only at low shear rates, the percolating cluster subsequently evolves into a transient (but long-lived) shear band with a diffusive growth of its width. Finally, the steady state with a homogeneous flow pattern is reached. In the steady state, percolation transitions also do occur constantly, albeit over smaller strain intervals, to maintain the stationary plastic flow in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Prakash Shrivastav
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pinaki Chaudhuri
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Jürgen Horbach
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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48
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Yahashi M, Kimoto N, Okumura K. Scaling crossover in thin-film drag dynamics of fluid drops in the Hele-Shaw cell. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31395. [PMID: 27562151 PMCID: PMC4999877 DOI: 10.1038/srep31395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We study both experimentally and theoretically the descending motion due to gravity of a fluid drop surrounded by another immiscible fluid in a confined space between two parallel plates, i.e., in the Hele-Shaw cell. As a result, we show a new scaling regime of a nonlinear drag friction in viscous liquid that replaces the well-known Stokes’ drag friction through a clear collapse of experimental data thanks to the scaling law. In the novel regime, the dissipation in the liquid thin film formed between the drop and cell walls governs the dynamics. The crossover of this scaling regime to another scaling regime in which the dissipation inside the droplet is dominant is clearly demonstrated and a phase diagram separating these scaling regimes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yahashi
- Department of Physics and Soft Matter Center, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kimoto
- Department of Physics and Soft Matter Center, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Physics and Soft Matter Center, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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49
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Düring G, Lerner E, Wyart M. Effect of particle collisions in dense suspension flows. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:022601. [PMID: 27627354 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.022601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study nonlocal effects associated with particle collisions in dense suspension flows, in the context of the Affine Solvent Model, known to capture various aspects of the jamming transition. We show that an individual collision changes significantly the velocity field on a characteristic volume Ω_{c}∼1/δz that diverges as jamming is approached, where δz is the deficit in coordination number required to jam the system. Such an event also affects the contact forces between particles on that same volume Ω_{c}, but this change is modest in relative terms, of order f_{coll}∼f[over ¯]^{0.8}, where f[over ¯] is the typical contact force scale. We then show that the requirement that coordination is stationary (such that a collision has a finite probability to open one contact elsewhere in the system) yields the scaling of the viscosity (or equivalently the viscous number) with coordination deficit δz. The same scaling result was derived [E. DeGiuli, G. Düring, E. Lerner, and M. Wyart, Phys. Rev. E 91, 062206 (2015)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.91.062206] via different arguments making an additional assumption. The present approach gives a mechanistic justification as to why the correct finite size scaling volume behaves as 1/δz and can be used to recover a marginality condition known to characterize the distributions of contact forces and gaps in jammed packings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Düring
- Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edan Lerner
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Wyart
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Gupta S, Wang WS, Vanapalli SA. Microfluidic viscometers for shear rheology of complex fluids and biofluids. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:043402. [PMID: 27478521 PMCID: PMC4947045 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rich diversity of man-made complex fluids and naturally occurring biofluids is opening up new opportunities for investigating their flow behavior and characterizing their rheological properties. Steady shear viscosity is undoubtedly the most widely characterized material property of these fluids. Although widely adopted, macroscale rheometers are limited by sample volumes, access to high shear rates, hydrodynamic instabilities, and interfacial artifacts. Currently, microfluidic devices are capable of handling low sample volumes, providing precision control of flow and channel geometry, enabling a high degree of multiplexing and automation, and integrating flow visualization and optical techniques. These intrinsic advantages of microfluidics have made it especially suitable for the steady shear rheology of complex fluids. In this paper, we review the use of microfluidics for conducting shear viscometry of complex fluids and biofluids with a focus on viscosity curves as a function of shear rate. We discuss the physical principles underlying different microfluidic viscometers, their unique features and limits of operation. This compilation of technological options will potentially serve in promoting the benefits of microfluidic viscometry along with evincing further interest and research in this area. We intend that this review will aid researchers handling and studying complex fluids in selecting and adopting microfluidic viscometers based on their needs. We conclude with challenges and future directions in microfluidic rheometry of complex fluids and biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - William S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Siva A Vanapalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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