1
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Jiang M, Huang Y, Guo C, Su H, Wang Y, Peng X, Budker D. Observation of magnetic amplification using dark spins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315696121. [PMID: 38640344 PMCID: PMC11047100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315696121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum amplification enables the enhancement of weak signals and is of great importance for precision measurements, such as biomedical science and tests of fundamental symmetries. Here, we observe a previously unexplored magnetic amplification using dark noble-gas nuclear spins in the absence of pump light. Such dark spins exhibit remarkable coherence lasting up to 6 min and the resilience against the perturbations caused by overlapping alkali-metal gas. We demonstrate that the observed phenomenon, referred to as "dark spin amplification," significantly magnifies magnetic field signals by at least three orders of magnitude. As an immediate application, we showcase an ultrasensitive magnetometer capable of measuring subfemtotesla fields in a single 500-s measurement. Our approach is generic and can be applied to a wide range of noble-gas isotopes, and we discuss promising optimizations that could further improve the current signal amplification up to [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]Ne, [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]Xe, and [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]He. This work unlocks opportunities in precision measurements, including searches for ultralight dark matter with sensitivity well beyond the supernova-observation constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, China
| | - Haowen Su
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, China
| | - Xinhua Peng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, China
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz55128, Germany
- Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720-7300
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2
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Sahin O, de Leon Sanchez E, Conti S, Akkiraju A, Reshetikhin P, Druga E, Aggarwal A, Gilbert B, Bhave S, Ajoy A. High field magnetometry with hyperpolarized nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5486. [PMID: 36123342 PMCID: PMC9485171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensors have attracted broad interest in the quest towards sub-micronscale NMR spectroscopy. Such sensors predominantly operate at low magnetic fields. Instead, however, for high resolution spectroscopy, the high-field regime is naturally advantageous because it allows high absolute chemical shift discrimination. Here we demonstrate a high-field spin magnetometer constructed from an ensemble of hyperpolarized 13C nuclear spins in diamond. They are initialized by Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers and protected along a transverse Bloch sphere axis for minute-long periods. When exposed to a time-varying (AC) magnetic field, they undergo secondary precessions that carry an imprint of its frequency and amplitude. For quantum sensing at 7T, we demonstrate detection bandwidth up to 7 kHz, a spectral resolution < 100mHz, and single-shot sensitivity of 410pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$/\sqrt{{{{{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}}}}}$$\end{document}/Hz. This work anticipates opportunities for microscale NMR chemical sensors constructed from hyperpolarized nanodiamonds and suggests applications of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in quantum sensing. Quantum sensors based on NV centers in diamond find applications in high spatial resolution NMR spectroscopy, but their operation is typically limited to low fields. Sahin et al. demonstrate a high-field sensor based on nuclear spins in diamond, where NV centers play a supporting role in optical initialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Sophie Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amala Akkiraju
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Reshetikhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aakriti Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sunil Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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3
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Zangara PR, Henshaw J, Pagliero D, Ajoy A, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Two-Electron-Spin Ratchets as a Platform for Microwave-Free Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Arbitrary Material Targets. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2389-2396. [PMID: 30884227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optically pumped color centers in semiconductor powders can potentially induce high levels of nuclear spin polarization in surrounding solids or fluids at or near ambient conditions, but complications stemming from the random orientation of the particles and the presence of unpolarized paramagnetic defects hinder the flow of polarization beyond the defect's host material. Here, we theoretically study the spin dynamics of interacting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) and substitutional nitrogen (P1) centers in diamond to show that outside protons spin-polarize efficiently upon a magnetic field sweep across the NV-P1 level anticrossing. The process can be interpreted in terms of an NV-P1 spin ratchet, whose handedness, and hence the sign of the resulting nuclear polarization, depends on the relative timing of the optical excitation pulse. Further, we find that the polarization transfer mechanism is robust to NV misalignment relative to the external magnetic field, and efficient over a broad range of electron-electron and electron-nuclear spin couplings, even if proxy spins feature short coherence or spin-lattice relaxation times. Therefore, these results pave the route toward the dynamic nuclear polarization of arbitrary spin targets brought in proximity with a diamond powder under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Zangara
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center , New York , New York 10016 , United States
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4
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Chen M, Meng C, Zhang Q, Duan C, Shi F, Du J. Quantum metrology with single spins in diamond under ambient conditions. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The detection of single quantum systems can reveal information that would be averaged out in traditional techniques based on ensemble measurements. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have shown brilliant prospects of performance as quantum bits and atomic sensors under ambient conditions, such as ultra-long coherence time, high fidelity control and readout of the spin state. In particular, the sensitivity of the NV center spin levels to external environmental changes makes it a versatile detector capable of measuring various physical quantities, such as temperature, strain, electric fields and magnetic fields. In this paper, we review recent progress in NV-based quantum metrology, and speculate on its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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5
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Burgarth D, Ajoy A. Evolution-Free Hamiltonian Parameter Estimation through Zeeman Markers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:030402. [PMID: 28777617 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a protocol for Hamiltonian parameter estimation which relies only on the Zeeman effect. No time-dependent quantities need to be measured; it fully suffices to observe spectral shifts induced by fields applied to local "markers." We demonstrate the idea with a simple tight-binding Hamiltonian and numerically show stability with respect to Gaussian noise on the spectral measurements. Then we generalize the result to show applicability to a wide range of systems, including quantum spin chains, networks of qubits, and coupled harmonic oscillators, and suggest potential experimental implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Burgarth
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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6
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Blank A, Twig Y, Ishay Y. Recent trends in high spin sensitivity magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 280:20-29. [PMID: 28545918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance is a very powerful methodology that has been employed successfully in many applications for about 70years now, resulting in a wealth of scientific, technological, and diagnostic data. Despite its many advantages, one major drawback of magnetic resonance is its relatively poor sensitivity and, as a consequence, its bad spatial resolution when examining heterogeneous samples. Contemporary science and technology often make use of very small amounts of material and examine heterogeneity on a very small length scale, both of which are well beyond the current capabilities of conventional magnetic resonance. It is therefore very important to significantly improve both the sensitivity and the spatial resolution of magnetic resonance techniques. The quest for higher sensitivity led in recent years to the development of many alternative detection techniques that seem to rival and challenge the conventional "old-fashioned" induction-detection approach. The aim of this manuscript is to briefly review recent advances in the field, and to provide a quantitative as well as qualitative comparison between various detection methods with an eye to future potential advances and developments. We first offer a common definition of sensitivity in magnetic resonance to enable proper quantitative comparisons between various detection methods. Following that, up-to-date information about the sensitivity capabilities of the leading recently-developed detection approaches in magnetic resonance is provided, accompanied by a critical comparison between them and induction detection. Our conclusion from this comparison is that induction detection is still indispensable, and as such, it is very important to look for ways to significantly improve it. To do so, we provide expressions for the sensitivity of induction-detection, derived from both classical and quantum mechanics, that identify its main limiting factors. Examples from current literature, as well as a description of new ideas, show how these limiting factors can be mitigated to significantly improve the sensitivity of induction detection. Finally, we outline some directions for the possible applications of high-sensitivity induction detection in the field of electron spin resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Ygal Twig
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yakir Ishay
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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7
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Chou JP, Retzker A, Gali A. Nitrogen-Terminated Diamond (111) Surface for Room-Temperature Quantum Sensing and Simulation. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2294-2298. [PMID: 28339209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has shown great promise of nanoscale sensing applications, however, near-surface NV suffer from relatively short spin coherence time that limits its sensitivity. This is presumably caused by improper surface termination. Using first-principles calculations, we propose that nitrogen-terminated (111) diamond provides electrical inactivity and surface spin noise free properties. We anticipate that the nitrogen-terminated (111) surface can be fabricated by nitrogen plasma treatment. Our findings pave the way toward an improved NV-based quantum sensing and quantum simulation operating at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Pin Chou
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , POB 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Adam Gali
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , POB 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Lazariev A, Balasubramanian G. A nitrogen-vacancy spin based molecular structure microscope using multiplexed projection reconstruction. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14130. [PMID: 26370514 PMCID: PMC4569900 DOI: 10.1038/srep14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods and techniques to measure and image beyond the state-of-the-art have always been influential in propelling basic science and technology. Because current technologies are venturing into nanoscopic and molecular-scale fabrication, atomic-scale measurement techniques are inevitable. One such emerging sensing method uses the spins associated with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond. The uniqueness of this NV sensor is its atomic size and ability to perform precision sensing under ambient conditions conveniently using light and microwaves (MW). These advantages have unique applications in nanoscale sensing and imaging of magnetic fields from nuclear spins in single biomolecules. During the last few years, several encouraging results have emerged towards the realization of an NV spin-based molecular structure microscope. Here, we present a projection-reconstruction method that retrieves the three-dimensional structure of a single molecule from the nuclear spin noise signatures. We validate this method using numerical simulations and reconstruct the structure of a molecular phantom β-cyclodextrin, revealing the characteristic toroidal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Lazariev
- MPRG Nanoscale Spin Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gopalakrishnan Balasubramanian
- MPRG Nanoscale Spin Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Trifunovic L, Pedrocchi FL, Hoffman S, Maletinsky P, Yacoby A, Loss D. High-efficiency resonant amplification of weak magnetic fields for single spin magnetometry at room temperature. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:541-546. [PMID: 25961508 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques not only provide powerful imaging tools that have revolutionized medicine, but they have a wide spectrum of applications in other fields of science such as biology, chemistry, neuroscience and physics. However, current state-of-the-art magnetometers are unable to detect a single nuclear spin unless the tip-to-sample separation is made sufficiently small. Here, we demonstrate theoretically that by placing a ferromagnetic particle between a nitrogen-vacancy magnetometer and a target spin, the magnetometer sensitivity is improved dramatically. Using materials and techniques that are already experimentally available, our proposed set-up is sensitive enough to detect a single nuclear spin within ten milliseconds of data acquisition at room temperature. The sensitivity is practically unchanged when the ferromagnet surface to the target spin separation is smaller than the ferromagnet lateral dimensions; typically about a tenth of a micrometre. This scheme further benefits when used for nitrogen-vacancy ensemble measurements, enhancing sensitivity by an additional three orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Trifunovic
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Fabio L Pedrocchi
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland [2] JARA Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen D-52056, Germany
| | - Silas Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Amir Yacoby
- 1] Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Condensed Matter Chair, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Daniel Loss
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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10
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Jing J, Wu LA, Byrd M, You JQ, Yu T, Wang ZM. Nonperturbative leakage elimination operators and control of a three-level system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:190502. [PMID: 26024156 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.190502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical decoupling operations have been shown to reduce errors in quantum information processing. Leakage from an encoded subspace to the rest of the system space is a particularly serious problem for which leakage elimination operators (LEOs) were introduced. Here we provide an analysis of nonideal pulses, rather than the well-understood idealization or bang-bang controls. Under realistic conditions, we show that these controls will provide the same protection from errors as idealized controls. Our work indicates that the effectiveness of LEOs depends on the integral of the pulse sequence in the time domain, which has been missing because of the idealization of pulse sequences. Our results are applied to a three-level system for the nitrogen-vacancy centers under an external magnetic field and are illustrated by the fidelity dynamics of LEO sequences, ranging from regular rectangular pulses, random pulses, and even disordered (noisy) pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jing
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China
- Department of Theoretical Physics and History of Science, The Basque Country University (EHU/UPV), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lian-Ao Wu
- Department of Theoretical Physics and History of Science, The Basque Country University (EHU/UPV), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mark Byrd
- Physics Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4401, USA
| | - J Q You
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Center for Controlled Quantum Systems and Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
| | - Zhao-Ming Wang
- Department of Physics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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11
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Shi F, Zhang Q, Wang P, Sun H, Wang J, Rong X, Chen M, Ju C, Reinhard F, Chen H, Wrachtrup J, Wang J, Du J. Single-protein spin resonance spectroscopy under ambient conditions. Science 2015; 347:1135-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Sushkov AO, Lovchinsky I, Chisholm N, Walsworth RL, Park H, Lukin MD. Magnetic resonance detection of individual proton spins using quantum reporters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:197601. [PMID: 25415924 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.197601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method of magnetic resonance imaging with single nuclear-spin sensitivity under ambient conditions. Our method employs isolated electronic-spin quantum bits (qubits) as magnetic resonance "reporters" on the surface of high purity diamond. These spin qubits are localized with nanometer-scale uncertainty, and their quantum state is coherently manipulated and measured optically via a proximal nitrogen-vacancy color center located a few nanometers below the diamond surface. This system is then used for sensing, coherent coupling, and imaging of individual proton spins on the diamond surface with angstrom resolution. Our approach may enable direct structural imaging of complex molecules that cannot be accessed from bulk studies. It realizes a new platform for probing novel materials, monitoring chemical reactions, and manipulation of complex systems on surfaces at a quantum level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Sushkov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - I Lovchinsky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N Chisholm
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R L Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - M D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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13
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Loretz M, Rosskopf T, Boss JM, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Degen CL. RETRACTED: Single-proton spin detection by diamond magnetometry. Science 2014; aheadofprint:1259464. [PMID: 25323696 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Extending magnetic resonance imaging to the atomic scale has been a long-standing aspiration, driven by the prospect of directly mapping atomic positions in molecules with three-dimensional spatial resolution. We report detection of individual, isolated proton spins by a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in a diamond chip covered by an inorganic salt. The single-proton identity was confirmed by the Zeeman effect and by a quantum coherent rotation of the weakly coupled nuclear spin. Using the hyperfine field of the NV center as an imaging gradient, we determined proton-NV distances of less than 1 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loretz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Rosskopf
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J M Boss
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Pezzagna
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Department of Nuclear Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Meijer
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Department of Nuclear Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Wang HJ, Shin CS, Seltzer SJ, Avalos CE, Pines A, Bajaj VS. Optically detected cross-relaxation spectroscopy of electron spins in diamond. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4135. [PMID: 24939864 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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15
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Rosskopf T, Dussaux A, Ohashi K, Loretz M, Schirhagl R, Watanabe H, Shikata S, Itoh KM, Degen CL. Investigation of surface magnetic noise by shallow spins in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:147602. [PMID: 24766015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of spin relaxation times (T1, T1ρ, T2) on very shallow (≲5 nm) nitrogen-vacancy centers in high-purity diamond single crystals. We find a reduction of spin relaxation times up to 30 times compared to bulk values, indicating the presence of ubiquitous magnetic impurities associated with the surface. Our measurements yield a density of 0.01-0.1μB/nm2 and a characteristic correlation time of 0.28(3) ns of surface states, with little variation between samples and chemical surface terminations. A low temperature measurement further confirms that fluctuations are thermally activated. The data support the atomistic picture where impurities are associated with the top carbon layers, and not with terminating surface atoms or adsorbate molecules. The low spin density implies that the presence of a single surface impurity is sufficient to cause spin relaxation of a shallow nitrogen-vacancy center.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosskopf
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Dussaux
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Ohashi
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - M Loretz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Schirhagl
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Watanabe
- Correlated Electronics Group, Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - S Shikata
- Diamond Research Group, Research Institute for Ubiquitous Energy Devices, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - K M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Grinolds MS, Warner M, De Greve K, Dovzhenko Y, Thiel L, Walsworth RL, Hong S, Maletinsky P, Yacoby A. Subnanometre resolution in three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of individual dark spins. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:279-284. [PMID: 24658168 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized biomedical science by providing non-invasive, three-dimensional biological imaging. However, spatial resolution in conventional MRI systems is limited to tens of micrometres, which is insufficient for imaging on molecular scales. Here, we demonstrate an MRI technique that provides subnanometre spatial resolution in three dimensions, with single electron-spin sensitivity. Our imaging method works under ambient conditions and can measure ubiquitous 'dark' spins, which constitute nearly all spin targets of interest. In this technique, the magnetic quantum-projection noise of dark spins is measured using a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometer located near the surface of a diamond chip. The distribution of spins surrounding the NV magnetometer is imaged with a scanning magnetic-field gradient. To evaluate the performance of the NV-MRI technique, we image the three-dimensional landscape of electronic spins at the diamond surface and achieve an unprecedented combination of resolution (0.8 nm laterally and 1.5 nm vertically) and single-spin sensitivity. Our measurements uncover electronic spins on the diamond surface that can potentially be used as resources for improved magnetic imaging. This NV-MRI technique is immediately applicable to diverse systems including imaging spin chains, readout of spin-based quantum bits, and determining the location of spin labels in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Grinolds
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Warner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K De Greve
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Dovzhenko
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L Thiel
- 1] Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056 Switzerland
| | - R L Walsworth
- 1] Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Hong
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056 Switzerland
| | - A Yacoby
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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17
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Laraoui A, Meriles CA. Approach to dark spin cooling in a diamond nanocrystal. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3403-3410. [PMID: 23565720 DOI: 10.1021/nn400239n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a Hartman-Hahn protocol, we demonstrate spin polarization transfer from a single, optically polarized nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center to the ensemble of paramagnetic defects hosted by an individual diamond nanocrystal. Owing to the strong NV-bath coupling, the transfer takes place on a short, microsecond time scale. Upon fast repetition of the pulse sequence, we observe strong polarization transfer blockade, which we interpret as an indication of spin bath cooling. Numerical simulations indicate that the spin bath polarization is nonuniform throughout the nanoparticle, averaging approximately 5% over the crystal volume, but reaching up to 25% in the immediate vicinity of the NV. These observations may prove relevant to the planning of future bath-assisted magnetometry tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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