1
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Durand A, Baron Y, Redjem W, Herzig T, Benali A, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Kuznetsov AY, Gérard JM, Robert-Philip I, Abbarchi M, Jacques V, Cassabois G, Dréau A. Broad Diversity of Near-Infrared Single-Photon Emitters in Silicon. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:083602. [PMID: 33709758 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.083602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the detection of individual emitters in silicon belonging to seven different families of optically active point defects. These fluorescent centers are created by carbon implantation of a commercial silicon-on-insulator wafer usually employed for integrated photonics. Single photon emission is demonstrated over the 1.1-1.55 μm range, spanning the O and C telecom bands. We analyze their photoluminescence spectra, dipolar emissions, and optical relaxation dynamics at 10 K. For a specific family, we show a constant emission intensity at saturation from 10 K to temperatures well above the 77 K liquid nitrogen temperature. Given the advanced control over nanofabrication and integration in silicon, these individual artificial atoms are promising systems to investigate for Si-based quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Durand
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Y Baron
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - W Redjem
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - T Herzig
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix-Bloch Institute for Solid-State Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéestraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Benali
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, IM2NP, UMR 7334, Campus de St. Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - S Pezzagna
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix-Bloch Institute for Solid-State Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéestraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Meijer
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix-Bloch Institute for Solid-State Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéestraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Yu Kuznetsov
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - J-M Gérard
- Department of Physics, IRIG-PHELIQS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes and CEA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - I Robert-Philip
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - M Abbarchi
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, IM2NP, UMR 7334, Campus de St. Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - V Jacques
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G Cassabois
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - A Dréau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
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2
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Ditalia Tchernij S, Lühmann T, Corte E, Sardi F, Picollo F, Traina P, Brajković M, Crnjac A, Pezzagna S, Pastuović Ž, Degiovanni IP, Moreva E, Aprà P, Olivero P, Siketić Z, Meijer J, Genovese M, Forneris J. Fluorine-based color centers in diamond. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21537. [PMID: 33298995 PMCID: PMC7726554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the creation and characterization of the luminescence properties of high-purity diamond substrates upon F ion implantation and subsequent thermal annealing. Their room-temperature photoluminescence emission consists of a weak emission line at 558 nm and of intense bands in the 600–750 nm spectral range. Characterization at liquid He temperature reveals the presence of a structured set of lines in the 600–670 nm spectral range. We discuss the dependence of the emission properties of F-related optical centers on different experimental parameters such as the operating temperature and the excitation wavelength. The correlation of the emission intensity with F implantation fluence, and the exclusive observation of the afore-mentioned spectral features in F-implanted and annealed samples provides a strong indication that the observed emission features are related to a stable F-containing defective complex in the diamond lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ditalia Tchernij
- Physics Department, University of Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - T Lühmann
- Applied Quantum Systems, Felix-Bloch Institute for Solid-State Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Corte
- Physics Department, University of Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - F Sardi
- Physics Department, University of Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - F Picollo
- Physics Department, University of Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - P Traina
- Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - M Brajković
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Interactions, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Crnjac
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Interactions, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Pezzagna
- Applied Quantum Systems, Felix-Bloch Institute for Solid-State Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ž Pastuović
- Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - I P Degiovanni
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - E Moreva
- Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - P Aprà
- Physics Department, University of Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - P Olivero
- Physics Department, University of Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Z Siketić
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Interactions, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Meijer
- Applied Quantum Systems, Felix-Bloch Institute for Solid-State Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Genovese
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - J Forneris
- Physics Department, University of Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135, Turin, Italy.
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3
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Botsch L, Raatz N, Pezzagna S, Staacke R, John R, Abel B, Esquinazi PD, Meijer J, Diziain S. Vectorial calibration of superconducting magnets with a quantum magnetic sensor. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:125003. [PMID: 33379962 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic vector magnet systems make it possible to study the anisotropic magnetic properties of materials without mechanically rotating the sample but by electrically tilting and turning the magnetic field. Vector magnetic fields generated inside superconducting vector magnets are generally measured with three Hall sensors. These three probes must be calibrated over a range of temperatures, and the temperature-dependent calibrations cannot be easily carried out inside an already magnetized superconducting magnet because of remaining magnetic fields. A single magnetometer based on an ensemble of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is proposed to overcome these limitations. The quenching of the photoluminescence intensity emitted by NV centers can determine the field in the remanent state of the solenoids and allows an easy and fast canceling of the residual magnetic field. Once the field is reset to zero, the calibration of this magnetometer can be performed in situ by a single measurement of an optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum. Thereby, these magnetometers do not require any additional temperature-dependent calibrations outside the magnet and offer the possibility to measure vector magnetic fields in three dimensions with a single sensor. Its axial alignment is given by the crystal structure of the diamond host, which increases the accuracy of the field orientation measured with this sensor, compared to the classical arrangement of three Hall sensors. It is foreseeable that the magnetometer described here has the potential to be applied in various fields in the future, such as the characterization of ferromagnetic core solenoids or other magnetic arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Botsch
- Division of Superconductivity and Magnetism, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Raatz
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Pezzagna
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Staacke
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - R John
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - P D Esquinazi
- Division of Superconductivity and Magnetism, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Meijer
- Division of Applied Quantum Systems, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Diziain
- Division of Superconductivity and Magnetism, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Romach Y, Müller C, Unden T, Rogers LJ, Isoda T, Itoh KM, Markham M, Stacey A, Meijer J, Pezzagna S, Naydenov B, McGuinness LP, Bar-Gill N, Jelezko F. Spectroscopy of surface-induced noise using shallow spins in diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:017601. [PMID: 25615501 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.017601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the noise spectrum experienced by few nanometer deep nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as a function of depth, surface coating, magnetic field and temperature. Analysis reveals a double-Lorentzian noise spectrum consistent with a surface electronic spin bath in the low frequency regime, along with a faster noise source attributed to surface-modified phononic coupling. These results shed new light on the mechanisms responsible for surface noise affecting shallow spins at semiconductor interfaces, and suggests possible directions for further studies. We demonstrate dynamical decoupling from the surface noise, paving the way to applications ranging from nanoscale NMR to quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Romach
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - C Müller
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - T Unden
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - L J Rogers
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - T Isoda
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - K M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - M Markham
- Element Six, Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot SL5 8BP, United Kingdom
| | - A Stacey
- Element Six, Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot SL5 8BP, United Kingdom
| | - J Meijer
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Linnéstraße 5, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Pezzagna
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Linnéstraße 5, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Naydenov
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - L P McGuinness
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - N Bar-Gill
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel and Department of Applied Physics, Rachel and Selim School of Engineering, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - F Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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5
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Rosskopf
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. M. Boss
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S. Pezzagna
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Department of Nuclear Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J. Meijer
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Department of Nuclear Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C. L. Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Abstract
Extending magnetic resonance imaging to the atomic scale has been a long-standing aspiration, driven by the prospect of directly mapping atomic positions in molecules with three-dimensional spatial resolution. We report detection of individual, isolated proton spins by a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in a diamond chip covered by an inorganic salt. The single-proton identity was confirmed by the Zeeman effect and by a quantum coherent rotation of the weakly coupled nuclear spin. Using the hyperfine field of the NV center as an imaging gradient, we determined proton-NV distances of less than 1 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loretz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Rosskopf
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J M Boss
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Pezzagna
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Department of Nuclear Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Meijer
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Department of Nuclear Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Müller C, Kong X, Cai JM, Melentijević K, Stacey A, Markham M, Twitchen D, Isoya J, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du JF, Plenio MB, Naydenov B, McGuinness LP, Jelezko F. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with single spin sensitivity. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4703. [PMID: 25146503 PMCID: PMC4143926 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging at the ultimate sensitivity limit of single molecules or single nuclear spins requires fundamentally new detection strategies. The strong coupling regime, when interaction between sensor and sample spins dominates all other interactions, is one such strategy. In this regime, classically forbidden detection of completely unpolarized nuclei is allowed, going beyond statistical fluctuations in magnetization. Here we realize strong coupling between an atomic (nitrogen-vacancy) sensor and sample nuclei to perform nuclear magnetic resonance on four (29)Si spins. We exploit the field gradient created by the diamond atomic sensor, in concert with compressed sensing, to realize imaging protocols, enabling individual nuclei to be located with Angstrom precision. The achieved signal-to-noise ratio under ambient conditions allows single nuclear spin sensitivity to be achieved within seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Müller
- 1] Institute for Quantum Optics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany [2] Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081 Germany [3]
| | - X Kong
- 1] Institute for Quantum Optics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany [2] Department of Modern Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physics Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China [3] Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China [4]
| | - J-M Cai
- 1] Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081 Germany [2] Institute for Theoretical Physics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - K Melentijević
- 1] Institute for Quantum Optics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany [2] Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081 Germany
| | - A Stacey
- Element Six, Ltd., Ascot, Berkshire SL5 8BP, UK
| | - M Markham
- Element Six, Ltd., Ascot, Berkshire SL5 8BP, UK
| | - D Twitchen
- Element Six, Ltd., Ascot, Berkshire SL5 8BP, UK
| | - J Isoya
- Research Center for Knowledge Communities, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8550, Japan
| | - S Pezzagna
- Experimental Physics II, University Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 03401 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Meijer
- Experimental Physics II, University Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 03401 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J F Du
- 1] Department of Modern Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physics Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China [2] Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - M B Plenio
- 1] Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081 Germany [2] Institute for Theoretical Physics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - B Naydenov
- 1] Institute for Quantum Optics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany [2] Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081 Germany
| | - L P McGuinness
- 1] Institute for Quantum Optics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany [2] Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081 Germany
| | - F Jelezko
- 1] Institute for Quantum Optics, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081, Germany [2] Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm D-89081 Germany
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8
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Staudacher T, Shi F, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J, Meriles CA, Reinhard F, Wrachtrup J. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a (5-nanometer)3 sample volume. Science 2013; 339:561-3. [PMID: 23372009 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to nanoscale samples has remained an elusive goal, achieved only with great experimental effort at subkelvin temperatures. We demonstrated detection of NMR signals from a (5-nanometer)(3) voxel of various fluid and solid organic samples under ambient conditions. We used an atomic-size magnetic field sensor, a single nitrogen-vacancy defect center, embedded ~7 nanometers under the surface of a bulk diamond to record NMR spectra of various samples placed on the diamond surface. Its detection volume consisted of only 10(4) nuclear spins with a net magnetization of only 10(2) statistically polarized spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Staudacher
- 3rd Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Naydenov B, Kolesov R, Batalov A, Meijer J, Pezzagna S, Rogalla D, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J. Engineering single photon emitters by ion implantation in diamond. Appl Phys Lett 2009; 95:181109. [PMID: 19956415 PMCID: PMC2787064 DOI: 10.1063/1.3257976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Diamond provides unique technological platform for quantum technologies including quantum computing and communication. Controlled fabrication of optically active defects is a key element for such quantum toolkit. Here we report the production of single color centers emitting in the blue spectral region by high energy implantation of carbon ions. We demonstrate that single implanted defects show sub-poissonian statistics of the emitted photons and can be explored as single photon source in quantum cryptography. Strong zero phonon line at 470.5 nm allows unambiguous identification of this defect as interstitial-related TR12 color center.
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