1
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Lu J, Wang R, Wang C, Jiang JH. Thermoelectric Rectification and Amplification in Interacting Quantum-Dot Circuit-Quantum-Electrodynamics Systems. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:498. [PMID: 36981386 PMCID: PMC10047699 DOI: 10.3390/e25030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric rectification and amplification were investigated in an interacting quantum-dot circuit-quantum-electrodynamics system. By applying the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green's function approach, we studied the elastic (energy-conserving) and inelastic (energy-nonconserving) transport through a cavity-coupled quantum dot under the voltage biases in a wide spectrum of electron-electron and electron-photon interactions. While significant charge and Peltier rectification effects were found for strong light-matter interactions, the dependence on electron-electron interaction could be nonmonotonic and dramatic. Electron-electron interaction-enhanced transport was found under certain resonance conditions. These nontrivial interaction effects were found in both linear and nonlinear transport regimes, which manifested in charge and thermal currents, rectification effects, and the linear thermal transistor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Rongqian Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jian-Hua Jiang
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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2
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Efficient and continuous microwave photoconversion in hybrid cavity-semiconductor nanowire double quantum dot diodes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5130. [PMID: 34446735 PMCID: PMC8390526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Converting incoming photons to electrical current is the key operation principle of optical photodetectors and it enables a host of emerging quantum information technologies. The leading approach for continuous and efficient detection in the optical domain builds on semiconductor photodiodes. However, there is a paucity of efficient and continuous photon detectors in the microwave regime, because photon energies are four to five orders of magnitude lower therein and conventional photodiodes do not have that sensitivity. Here we tackle this gap and demonstrate how microwave photons can be efficiently and continuously converted to electrical current in a high-quality, semiconducting nanowire double quantum dot resonantly coupled to a cavity. In particular, in our photodiode device, an absorbed photon gives rise to a single electron tunneling through the double dot, with a conversion efficiency reaching 6%. Efficient conversion of microwave photons into electrical current would enable several applications in quantum technologies, especially if one could step outside of the gated-time regime. Here, the authors demonstrate continuous-time microwave photoconversion in double quantum dots with 6% efficiency.
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3
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Filippone M, Marguerite A, Le Hur K, Fève G, Mora C. Phase-Coherent Dynamics of Quantum Devices with Local Interactions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E847. [PMID: 33286618 PMCID: PMC7517448 DOI: 10.3390/e22080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review illustrates how Local Fermi Liquid (LFL) theories describe the strongly correlated and coherent low-energy dynamics of quantum dot devices. This approach consists in an effective elastic scattering theory, accounting exactly for strong correlations. Here, we focus on the mesoscopic capacitor and recent experiments achieving a Coulomb-induced quantum state transfer. Extending to out-of-equilibrium regimes, aimed at triggered single electron emission, we illustrate how inelastic effects become crucial, requiring approaches beyond LFLs, shedding new light on past experimental data by showing clear interaction effects in the dynamics of mesoscopic capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Filippone
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Marguerite
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Karyn Le Hur
- CPHT, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Gwendal Fève
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Christophe Mora
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France;
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4
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Russ M, Péterfalvi CG, Burkard G. Theory of valley-resolved spectroscopy of a Si triple quantum dot coupled to a microwave resonator. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:165301. [PMID: 31829981 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab613f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study a silicon triple quantum dot (TQD) system coupled to a superconducting microwave resonator. The response signal of an injected probe signal can be used to extract information about the level structure by measuring the transmission and phase shift of the output field. This information can further be used to gain knowledge about the valley splittings and valley phases in the individual dots. Since relevant valley states are typically split by several [Formula: see text], a finite temperature or an applied external bias voltage is required to populate energetically excited states. The theoretical methods in this paper include a capacitor model to fit experimental charging energies, an extended Hubbard model to describe the tunneling dynamics, a rate equation model to find the occupation probabilities, and an input-output model to determine the response signal of the resonator.
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5
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Deng GW, Xu N, Li WJ. Gate-Defined Quantum Dots: Fundamentals and Applications. QUANTUM DOT OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35813-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Schaeverbeke Q, Avriller R, Frederiksen T, Pistolesi F. Single-Photon Emission Mediated by Single-Electron Tunneling in Plasmonic Nanojunctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:246601. [PMID: 31922843 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.246601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments reported single-molecule fluorescence induced by tunneling currents in the nanoplasmonic cavity formed by the STM tip and the substrate. The electric field of the cavity mode couples with the current-induced charge fluctuations of the molecule, allowing the excitation of photons. We investigate theoretically this system for the experimentally relevant limit of large damping rate κ for the cavity mode and arbitrary coupling strength to a single-electronic level. We find that for bias voltages close to the first inelastic threshold of photon emission, the emitted light displays antibunching behavior with vanishing second-order photon correlation function. At the same time, the current and the intensity of emitted light display Franck-Condon steps at multiples of the cavity frequency ω_{c} with a width controlled by κ rather than the temperature T. For large bias voltages, we predict strong photon bunching of the order of κ/Γ where Γ is the electronic tunneling rate. Our theory thus predicts that strong coupling to a single level allows current-driven nonclassical light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Schaeverbeke
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - R Avriller
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - T Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - F Pistolesi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
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7
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Microwave Enthrakometric Labs-On-A-Chip and On-Chip Enthrakometric Catalymetry: From Non-Conventional Chemotronics Towards Microwave-Assisted Chemosensors. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A unique chemical analytical approach is proposed based on the integration of chemical radiophysics with electrochemistry at the catalytically-active surface. This approach includes integration of: radiofrequency modulation polarography with platinum electrodes, applied as film enthrakometers for microwave measurements; microwave thermal analysis performed on enthrakometers as bolometric sensors; catalytic measurements, including registration of chemical self-oscillations on the surface of a platinum enthrakometer as the chemosensor; measurements on the Pt chemosensor implemented as an electrochemical chip with the enthrakometer walls acting as the chip walls; chemotron measurements and data processing in real time on the surface of the enthrakometric chip; microwave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements using an enthrakometer both as a substrate and a microwave power meter; microwave acceleration of chemical reactions and microwave catalysis оn the Pt surface; chemical generation of radio- and microwaves, and microwave spin catalysis; and magnetic isotope measurements on the enthrakometric chip. The above approach allows one to perform multiparametric physical and electrochemical sensing on a single active enthrakometric surface, combining the properties of the selective electrochemical sensor and an additive physical detector.
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8
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Schiro M, Scarlatella O. Quantum impurity models coupled to Markovian and non-Markovian baths. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:044102. [PMID: 31370519 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a method to study quantum impurity models, small interacting quantum systems bilinearly coupled to an environment, in the presence of an additional Markovian quantum bath, with a generic nonlinear coupling to the impurity. We aim at computing the evolution operator of the reduced density matrix of the impurity, obtained after tracing out all the environmental degrees of freedom. First, we derive an exact real-time hybridization expansion for this quantity, which generalizes the result obtained in the absence of the additional Markovian dissipation and which could be amenable to stochastic sampling through diagrammatic Monte Carlo. Then, we obtain a Dyson equation for this quantity and we evaluate its self-energy with a resummation technique known as the noncrossing approximation. We apply this novel approach to a simple fermionic impurity coupled to a zero temperature fermionic bath and in the presence of Markovian pump, losses, and dephasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schiro
- JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS, Collége de France, PSL Research University, 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 7 5231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Orazio Scarlatella
- Institut de Physique Théorique, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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9
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Coherent microwave-photon-mediated coupling between a semiconductor and a superconducting qubit. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3011. [PMID: 31285437 PMCID: PMC6614454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor qubits rely on the control of charge and spin degrees of freedom of electrons or holes confined in quantum dots. They constitute a promising approach to quantum information processing, complementary to superconducting qubits. Here, we demonstrate coherent coupling between a superconducting transmon qubit and a semiconductor double quantum dot (DQD) charge qubit mediated by virtual microwave photon excitations in a tunable high-impedance SQUID array resonator acting as a quantum bus. The transmon-charge qubit coherent coupling rate (~21 MHz) exceeds the linewidth of both the transmon (~0.8 MHz) and the DQD charge qubit (~2.7 MHz). By tuning the qubits into resonance for a controlled amount of time, we observe coherent oscillations between the constituents of this hybrid quantum system. These results enable a new class of experiments exploring the use of two-qubit interactions mediated by microwave photons to create entangled states between semiconductor and superconducting qubits. Hybrid quantum devices combine different platforms with the prospect of exploiting the advantages of each. Scarlino et al. demonstrate strong, coherent coupling between a semiconductor qubit and a superconducting qubit by using a high-impedance superconducting resonator as a quantum bus.
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10
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Negative Differential Conductance Assisted by Optical Fields in a Single Quantum Dot with Ferromagnetic Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060863. [PMID: 31174366 PMCID: PMC6631581 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a single quantum dot (QD) system connected with ferromagnetic electrodes, the electron transport properties, assisted by the thermal and Fock state optical fields, are theoretically studied by the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green’s function approach. The results show that the evolution properties of the density of state and tunneling current assisted by the Fock state optical field, are quite different from those of the thermal state. The photon sideband shift decreases monotonously with the increase in the electron–photon coupling strength for the case of the thermal state, while the shift is oscillatory for the case of the Fock state. Negative differential conductance (NDC) appears obviously in a QD system contacted with parallel (P) and antiparallel (AP) magnetization alignment of the ferromagnetic electrode leads, assisted by the Fock state optical field in a wide range of electron–photon interaction parameters. Evident NDC usually only arises in an AP configuration QD system assisted by the thermal state optical field. The results have the potential to introduce a new way to actively manipulate and control the single-electron tunneling transport on a QD system by the quantum states of the optical field.
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11
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Landig AJ, Koski JV, Scarlino P, Reichl C, Wegscheider W, Wallraff A, Ensslin K, Ihn T. Microwave-Cavity-Detected Spin Blockade in a Few-Electron Double Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:213601. [PMID: 31283346 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate spin states of few electrons in a double quantum dot by coupling them to a magnetic field resilient NbTiN microwave resonator. The electric field of the resonator couples to the electric dipole moment of the charge states in the double dot. For a two-electron state the spin-triplet state has a vanishing electric dipole moment and can therefore be distinguished from the spin-singlet state. This way the charge dipole sensitivity of the resonator response is converted to a spin selectivity. We thereby investigate Pauli spin blockade known from transport experiments at finite source-drain bias. In addition we find an unconventional spin-blockade triggered by the absorption of resonator photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Landig
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J V Koski
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Scarlino
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Reichl
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - W Wegscheider
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Wallraff
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Ensslin
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T Ihn
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Cirio M, Shammah N, Lambert N, De Liberato S, Nori F. Multielectron Ground State Electroluminescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:190403. [PMID: 31144951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ground state of a cavity-electron system in the ultrastrong coupling regime is characterized by the presence of virtual photons. If an electric current flows through this system, the modulation of the light-matter coupling induced by this nonequilibrium effect can induce an extracavity photon emission signal, even when electrons entering the cavity do not have enough energy to populate the excited states. We show that this ground state electroluminescence, previously identified in a single-qubit system [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 113601 (2016)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.116.113601] can arise in a many-electron system. The collective enhancement of the light-matter coupling makes this effect, described beyond the rotating wave approximation, robust in the thermodynamic limit, allowing its observation in a broad range of physical systems, from a semiconductor heterostructure with flatband dispersion to various implementations of the Dicke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cirio
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nathan Shammah
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Neill Lambert
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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13
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Liu W, Wang F, Tang Z, Liang R. Full Counting Statistics of Electrons through Interaction of the Single Quantum Dot System with the Optical Field. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E394. [PMID: 30857213 PMCID: PMC6474031 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, using the particle-number-resolved master equation, the properties of full counting statistics (FCS) are investigated for a single quantum dot (QD) system interacting with optical fields in the thermal state, Fock state, coherent state, and coherent state with random phase. In these diverse quantum states of optical fields, average tunneling currents have different step shoulder heights at a lower bias voltage with the same light intensity, and a staircase-shaped current can be induced unexpectedly in vacuum state optical field. The characteristics of the Fano factor and skewness in the coherent state differ from those in all of the other cases. For avalanche-like transport at a lower bias voltage, the mechanism is a dynamical channel blockade in a moderate electron⁻photon interaction regime. There is a pronounced negative differential conductance that results from tuning the phase of the coherent state optical field in a symmetric QD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weici Liu
- Guangdong Research Center of Photoelectric Detection Instrument Engineering Technology, and Guangdong Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Department of Electronic Information Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Foshan 528138, China.
| | - Faqiang Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Special Fiber Photonic Devices, Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhilie Tang
- Guangdong Research Center of Photoelectric Detection Instrument Engineering Technology, and Guangdong Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ruisheng Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Special Fiber Photonic Devices, Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Gudmundsson V, Gestsson H, Abdullah NR, Tang CS, Manolescu A, Moldoveanu V. Coexisting spin and Rabi oscillations at intermediate time regimes in electron transport through a photon cavity. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:606-616. [PMID: 30873332 PMCID: PMC6404477 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we theoretically model the time-dependent transport through an asymmetric double quantum dot etched in a two-dimensional wire embedded in a far-infrared (FIR) photon cavity. For the transient and the intermediate time regimes, the current and the average photon number are calculated by solving a Markovian master equation in the dressed-states picture, with the Coulomb interaction also taken into account. We predict that in the presence of a transverse magnetic field the interdot Rabi oscillations appearing in the intermediate and transient regime coexist with slower non-equilibrium fluctuations in the occupation of states for opposite spin orientation. The interdot Rabi oscillation induces charge oscillations across the system and a phase difference between the transient source and drain currents. We point out a difference between the steady-state correlation functions in the Coulomb blocking and the photon-assisted transport regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Gudmundsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hallmann Gestsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nzar Rauf Abdullah
- Physics Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Komar Research Center, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Chi-Shung Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan
| | - Andrei Manolescu
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Valeriu Moldoveanu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, PO Box MG-7, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
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15
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Miao G, Ouyang W, Subotnik J. A comparison of surface hopping approaches for capturing metal-molecule electron transfer: A broadened classical master equation versus independent electron surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041711. [PMID: 30709317 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Within a generalized Anderson-Holstein model, we investigate electron transfer rates using two different surface hopping algorithms: a broadened classical master equation (BCME) and independent electron surface hopping (IESH). We find that for large enough bandwidth and density of one electron states, and in the presence of external friction, the IESH results converge to the BCME results for impurity-bath model systems, recovering both relaxation rates and equilibrium populations. Without external friction, however, the BCME and IESH results can strongly disagree, and preliminary evidence suggests that IESH does not always recover the correct equilibrium state. Finally, we also demonstrate that adding an electronic thermostat to IESH does help drive the metallic substrate to the correct equilibrium state, but this improvement can sometimes come at the cost of worse short time dynamics. Overall, our results should be of use for all computational chemists looking to model either gas phase scattering or electrochemical dynamics at a metal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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16
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Li Y, Li SX, Gao F, Li HO, Xu G, Wang K, Liu D, Cao G, Xiao M, Wang T, Zhang JJ, Guo GC, Guo GP. Coupling a Germanium Hut Wire Hole Quantum Dot to a Superconducting Microwave Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2091-2097. [PMID: 29468882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Realizing a strong coupling between spin and resonator is an important issue for scalable quantum computation in semiconductor systems. Benefiting from the advantages of a strong spin-orbit coupling strength and long coherence time, the Ge hut wire, which is proposed to be site-controlled grown for scalability, is considered to be a promising candidate to achieve this goal. Here we present a hybrid architecture in which an on-chip superconducting microwave resonator is coupled to the holes in a Ge quantum dot. The charge stability diagram can be obtained from the amplitude and phase responses of the resonator independently from the DC transport measurement. Furthermore, we estimate the hole-resonator coupling rate of gc/2π = 148 MHz in the single quantum dot-resonator system and estimate the spin-resonator coupling rate gs/2π to be in the range 2-4 MHz. We anticipate that strong coupling between hole spins and microwave photons in a Ge hut wire is feasible with optimized schemes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Shu-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Fei Gao
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- School of Physical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hai-Ou Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Gang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- School of Physical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- School of Physical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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17
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Hartke TR, Liu YY, Gullans MJ, Petta JR. Microwave Detection of Electron-Phonon Interactions in a Cavity-Coupled Double Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:097701. [PMID: 29547336 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.097701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum confinement leads to the formation of discrete electronic states in quantum dots. Here we probe electron-phonon interactions in a suspended InAs nanowire double quantum dot (DQD) that is electric-dipole coupled to a microwave cavity. We apply a finite bias across the wire to drive a steady state population in the DQD excited state, enabling a direct measurement of the electron-phonon coupling strength at the DQD transition energy. The amplitude and phase response of the cavity field exhibit oscillations that are periodic in the DQD energy level detuning due to the phonon modes of the nanowire. The observed cavity phase shift is consistent with theory that predicts a renormalization of the cavity center frequency by coupling to phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Hartke
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Y-Y Liu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M J Gullans
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J R Petta
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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18
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Cottet A, Dartiailh MC, Desjardins MM, Cubaynes T, Contamin LC, Delbecq M, Viennot JJ, Bruhat LE, Douçot B, Kontos T. Cavity QED with hybrid nanocircuits: from atomic-like physics to condensed matter phenomena. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:433002. [PMID: 28925381 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7b4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Circuit QED techniques have been instrumental in manipulating and probing with exquisite sensitivity the quantum state of superconducting quantum bits coupled to microwave cavities. Recently, it has become possible to fabricate new devices in which the superconducting quantum bits are replaced by hybrid mesoscopic circuits combining nanoconductors and metallic reservoirs. This mesoscopic QED provides a new experimental playground to study the light-matter interaction in electronic circuits. Here, we present the experimental state of the art of mesoscopic QED and its theoretical description. A first class of experiments focuses on the artificial atom limit, where some quasiparticles are trapped in nanocircuit bound states. In this limit, the circuit QED techniques can be used to manipulate and probe electronic degrees of freedom such as confined charges, spins, or Andreev pairs. A second class of experiments uses cavity photons to reveal the dynamics of electron tunneling between a nanoconductor and fermionic reservoirs. For instance, the Kondo effect, the charge relaxation caused by grounded metallic contacts, and the photo-emission caused by voltage-biased reservoirs have been studied. The tunnel coupling between nanoconductors and fermionic reservoirs also enable one to obtain split Cooper pairs, or Majorana bound states. Cavity photons represent a qualitatively new tool to study these exotic condensed matter states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Cottet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8551, Laboratoire associé aux universités Pierre et Marie Curie et Denis Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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19
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Russ M, Burkard G. Three-electron spin qubits. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:393001. [PMID: 28562367 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa761f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to review the progress of three-electron spin qubits from their inception to the state of the art. We direct the main focus towards the exchange-only qubit (Bacon et al 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1758-61, DiVincenzo et al 2000 Nature 408 339) and its derived versions, e.g. the resonant exchange (RX) qubit, but we also discuss other qubit implementations using three electron spins. For each three-spin qubit we describe the qubit model, the envisioned physical realization, the implementations of single-qubit operations, as well as the read-out and initialization schemes. Two-qubit gates and decoherence properties are discussed for the RX qubit and the exchange-only qubit, thereby completing the list of requirements for quantum computation for a viable candidate qubit implementation. We start by describing the full system of three electrons in a triple quantum dot, then discuss the charge-stability diagram, restricting ourselves to the relevant subsystem, introduce the qubit states, and discuss important transitions to other charge states (Russ et al 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 165411). Introducing the various qubit implementations, we begin with the exchange-only qubit (DiVincenzo et al 2000 Nature 408 339, Laird et al 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 075403), followed by the RX qubit (Medford et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 050501, Taylor et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 050502), the spin-charge qubit (Kyriakidis and Burkard 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 115324), and the hybrid qubit (Shi et al 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 140503, Koh et al 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 250503, Cao et al 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 086801, Thorgrimsson et al 2016 arXiv:1611.04945). The main focus will be on the exchange-only qubit and its modification, the RX qubit, whose single-qubit operations are realized by driving the qubit at its resonant frequency in the microwave range similar to electron spin resonance. Two different types of two-qubit operations are presented for the exchange-only qubits which can be divided into short-ranged and long-ranged interactions. Both of these interaction types are expected to be necessary in a large-scale quantum computer. The short-ranged interactions use the exchange coupling by placing qubits next to each other and applying exchange-pulses (DiVincenzo et al 2000 Nature 408 339, Fong and Wandzura 2011 Quantum Inf. Comput. 11 1003, Setiawan et al 2014 Phys. Rev. B 89 085314, Zeuch et al 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 045306, Doherty and Wardrop 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 050503, Shim and Tahan 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 121410), while the long-ranged interactions use the photons of a superconducting microwave cavity as a mediator in order to couple two qubits over long distances (Russ and Burkard 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 205412, Srinivasa et al 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 205421). The nature of the three-electron qubit states each having the same total spin and total spin in z-direction (same Zeeman energy) provides a natural protection against several sources of noise (DiVincenzo et al 2000 Nature 408 339, Taylor et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 050502, Kempe et al 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 042307, Russ and Burkard 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 235411). The price to pay for this advantage is an increase in gate complexity. We also take into account the decoherence of the qubit through the influence of magnetic noise (Ladd 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 125408, Mehl and DiVincenzo 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 195309, Hung et al 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 045308), in particular dephasing due to the presence of nuclear spins, as well as dephasing due to charge noise (Medford et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 050501, Taylor et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 050502, Shim and Tahan 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 121410, Russ and Burkard 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 235411, Fei et al 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 205434), fluctuations of the energy levels on each dot due to noisy gate voltages or the environment. Several techniques are discussed which partly decouple the qubit from magnetic noise (Setiawan et al 2014 Phys. Rev. B 89 085314, West and Fong 2012 New J. Phys. 14 083002, Rohling and Burkard 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 205434) while for charge noise it is shown that it is favorable to operate the qubit on the so-called '(double) sweet spots' (Taylor et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 050502, Shim and Tahan 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 121410, Russ and Burkard 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 235411, Fei et al 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 205434, Malinowski et al 2017 arXiv: 1704.01298), which are least susceptible to noise, thus providing a longer lifetime of the qubit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Russ
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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20
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Agarwalla BK, Segal D. The Anderson impurity model out-of-equilibrium: Assessing the accuracy of simulation techniques with an exact current-occupation relation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:054104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4996562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Kumar Agarwalla
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dvira Segal
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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21
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Kurpiers P, Walter T, Magnard P, Salathe Y, Wallraff A. Characterizing the attenuation of coaxial and rectangular microwave-frequency waveguides at cryogenic temperatures. EPJ QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY 2017; 4:8. [PMID: 31179200 PMCID: PMC6529057 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-017-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-loss waveguides are required for quantum communication at distances beyond the chip-scale for any low-temperature solid-state implementation of quantum information processors. We measure and analyze the attenuation constant of commercially available microwave-frequency waveguides down to millikelvin temperatures and single photon levels. More specifically, we characterize the frequency-dependent loss of a range of coaxial and rectangular microwave waveguides down to 0.005 dB / m using a resonant-cavity technique. We study the loss tangent and relative permittivity of commonly used dielectric waveguide materials by measurements of the internal quality factors and their comparison with established loss models. The results of our characterization are relevant for accurately predicting the signal levels at the input of cryogenic devices, for reducing the loss in any detection chain, and for estimating the heat load induced by signal dissipation in cryogenic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore Walter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093 Switzerland
| | - Paul Magnard
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093 Switzerland
| | - Yves Salathe
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093 Switzerland
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22
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Desjardins MM, Viennot JJ, Dartiailh MC, Bruhat LE, Delbecq MR, Lee M, Choi MS, Cottet A, Kontos T. Observation of the frozen charge of a Kondo resonance. Nature 2017; 545:71-74. [DOI: 10.1038/nature21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Dartiailh MC, Kontos T, Douçot B, Cottet A. Direct Cavity Detection of Majorana Pairs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:126803. [PMID: 28388198 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
No experiment could directly test the particle-antiparticle duality of Majorana fermions, so far. However, this property represents a necessary ingredient towards the realization of topological quantum computing schemes. Here, we show how to complete this task by using microwave techniques. The direct coupling between a pair of overlapping Majorana bound states and the electric field from a microwave cavity is extremely difficult to detect due to the self-adjoint character of Majorana fermions which forbids direct energy exchanges with the cavity. We show theoretically how this problem can be circumvented by using photoassisted tunneling to fermionic reservoirs. The absence of a direct microwave transition inside the Majorana pair in spite of the light-Majorana coupling would represent a smoking gun for the Majorana self-adjoint character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu C Dartiailh
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Takis Kontos
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Benoit Douçot
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, LPTHE, UMR 7589, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Audrey Cottet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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24
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Götz KJG, Blien S, Stiller PL, Vavra O, Mayer T, Huber T, Meier TNG, Kronseder M, Strunk C, Hüttel AK. Co-sputtered MoRe thin films for carbon nanotube growth-compatible superconducting coplanar resonators. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:135202. [PMID: 26901846 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/13/135202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum rhenium alloy thin films can exhibit superconductivity up to critical temperatures of T(c)=15K. At the same time, the films are highly stable in the high-temperature methane/hydrogen atmosphere typically required to grow single wall carbon nanotubes. We characterize molybdenum rhenium alloy films deposited via simultaneous sputtering from two sources, with respect to their composition as function of sputter parameters and their electronic dc as well as GHz properties at low temperature. Specific emphasis is placed on the effect of the carbon nanotube growth conditions on the film. Superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators are defined lithographically; we demonstrate that the resonators remain functional when undergoing nanotube growth conditions, and characterize their properties as function of temperature. This paves the way for ultra-clean nanotube devices grown in situ onto superconducting coplanar waveguide circuit elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J G Götz
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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25
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Cirio M, De Liberato S, Lambert N, Nori F. Ground State Electroluminescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:113601. [PMID: 27035302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence, the emission of light in the presence of an electric current, provides information on the allowed electronic transitions of a given system. It is commonly used to investigate the physics of strongly coupled light-matter systems, whose eigenfrequencies are split by the strong coupling with the photonic field of a cavity. Here we show that, together with the usual electroluminescence, systems in the ultrastrong light-matter coupling regime emit a uniquely quantum radiation when a flow of current is driven through them. While standard electroluminescence relies on the population of excited states followed by spontaneous emission, the process we describe herein extracts bound photons from the dressed ground state and it has peculiar features that unequivocally distinguish it from usual electroluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cirio
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science Research Group (iTHES), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Franco Nori
- CEMS, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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26
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Dou W, Subotnik JE. A broadened classical master equation approach for nonadiabatic dynamics at metal surfaces: Beyond the weak molecule-metal coupling limit. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:024116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4939734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Lambert N, Nori F, Flindt C. Bistable Photon Emission from a Solid-State Single-Atom Laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:216803. [PMID: 26636864 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.216803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We predict a bistability in the photon emission from a solid-state single-atom laser comprising a microwave cavity coupled to a voltage-biased double quantum dot. To demonstrate that the single-atom laser is bistable, we evaluate the photon emission statistics and show that the distribution takes the shape of a tilted ellipse. The switching rates of the bistability can be extracted from the electrical current and the shot noise in the quantum dots. This provides a means to control the photon emission statistics by modulating the electronic transport in the quantum dots. Our prediction is robust against moderate electronic decoherence and dephasing and is important for current efforts to realize single-atom lasers with gate-defined quantum dots as the gain medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Nori
- CEMS, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Christian Flindt
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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28
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Liu YY, Stehlik J, Gullans MJ, Taylor JM, Petta JR. Injection Locking of a Semiconductor Double Quantum Dot Micromaser. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 2015; 92:053802. [PMID: 28127226 PMCID: PMC5259738 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.92.053802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Emission linewidth is an important figure of merit for masers and lasers. We recently demonstrated a semiconductor double quantum dot (DQD) micromaser where photons are generated through single electron tunneling events. Charge noise directly couples to the DQD energy levels, resulting in a maser linewidth that is more than 100 times larger than the Schawlow-Townes prediction. Here we demonstrate a linewidth narrowing of more than a factor 10 by locking the DQD emission to a coherent tone that is injected to the input port of the cavity. We measure the injection locking range as a function of cavity input power and show that it is in agreement with the Adler equation. The position and amplitude of distortion sidebands that appear outside of the injection locking range are quantitatively examined. Our results show that this unconventional maser, which is impacted by strong charge noise and electron-phonon coupling, is well described by standard laser models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Liu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J Stehlik
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M J Gullans
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J M Taylor
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J R Petta
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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29
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Deng GW, Wei D, Li SX, Johansson JR, Kong WC, Li HO, Cao G, Xiao M, Guo GC, Nori F, Jiang HW, Guo GP. Coupling Two Distant Double Quantum Dots with a Microwave Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6620-6625. [PMID: 26327140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a hybrid device with two distant graphene double quantum dots (DQDs) and a microwave resonator. A nonlinear response is observed in the resonator reflection amplitude when the two DQDs are jointly tuned to the vicinity of the degeneracy points. This observation can be well fitted by the Tavis-Cummings (T-C) model which describes two two-level systems coupling with one photonic field. Furthermore, the correlation between the DC currents in the two DQDs is studied. A nonzero cross-current correlation is observed which has been theoretically predicted to be an important sign of nonlocal coupling between two distant systems. Our results explore T-C physics in electronic transport and also contribute to the study of nonlocal transport and future implementations of remote electronic entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Da Wei
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shu-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | | | - Wei-Cheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hai-Ou Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Franco Nori
- Physics Department, The University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
| | - Hong-Wen Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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30
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Yoshida K, Shibata K, Hirakawa K. Terahertz Field Enhancement and Photon-Assisted Tunneling in Single-Molecule Transistors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:138302. [PMID: 26451585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.138302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the electron transport in single-C_{60}-molecule transistors under the illumination of intense monochromatic terahertz (THz) radiation. By employing an antenna structure with a sub-nm-wide gap, we concentrate THz radiation beyond the diffraction limit and focus it onto a single molecule. Photon-assisted tunneling (PAT) in the single molecule transistors is observed in both the weak-coupling and Kondo regimes. The THz power dependence of the PAT conductance indicates that when the incident THz intensity is a few tens of mW, the THz field induced at the molecule exceeds 100 kV/cm, which is enhanced by a factor of ~10^{5} from the field in the free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshida
- Center for Photonics Electronics Convergence, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Shibata
- Center for Photonics Electronics Convergence, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hirakawa
- Center for Photonics Electronics Convergence, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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31
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Deng GW, Wei D, Johansson JR, Zhang ML, Li SX, Li HO, Cao G, Xiao M, Tu T, Guo GC, Jiang HW, Nori F, Guo GP. Charge Number Dependence of the Dephasing Rates of a Graphene Double Quantum Dot in a Circuit QED Architecture. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:126804. [PMID: 26431005 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.126804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use an on-chip superconducting resonator as a sensitive meter to probe the properties of graphene double quantum dots at microwave frequencies. Specifically, we investigate the charge dephasing rates in a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture. The dephasing rates strongly depend on the number of charges in the dots, and the variation has a period of four charges, over an extended range of charge numbers. Although the exact mechanism of this fourfold periodicity in dephasing rates is an open problem, our observations hint at the fourfold degeneracy expected in graphene from its spin and valley degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Da Wei
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | | | - Miao-Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shu-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hai-Ou Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hong-Wen Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Franco Nori
- CEMS, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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32
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Stockklauser A, Maisi VF, Basset J, Cujia K, Reichl C, Wegscheider W, Ihn T, Wallraff A, Ensslin K. Microwave Emission from Hybridized States in a Semiconductor Charge Qubit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:046802. [PMID: 26252704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.046802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We explore the microwave radiation emitted from a biased double quantum dot due to the inelastic tunneling of single charges. Radiation is detected over a broad range of detuning configurations between the dot energy levels, with pronounced maxima occurring in resonance with a capacitively coupled transmission line resonator. The power emitted for forward and reverse resonant detuning is found to be in good agreement with a rate equation model, which considers the hybridization of the individual dot charge states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stockklauser
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V F Maisi
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Basset
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Reichl
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Wegscheider
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Ihn
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Wallraff
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Ensslin
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Clean carbon nanotubes coupled to superconducting impedance-matching circuits. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7165. [PMID: 25975829 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling carbon nanotube devices to microwave circuits offers a significant increase in bandwidth (BW) and signal-to-noise ratio. These facilitate fast non-invasive readouts important for quantum information processing, shot noise and correlation measurements. However, creation of a device that unites a low-disorder nanotube with a low-loss microwave resonator has so far remained a challenge, due to fabrication incompatibility of one with the other. Employing a mechanical transfer method, we successfully couple a nanotube to a gigahertz superconducting matching circuit and thereby retain pristine transport characteristics such as the control over formation of, and coupling strengths between, the quantum dots. Resonance response to changes in conductance and susceptance further enables quantitative parameter extraction. The achieved near matching is a step forward promising high-BW noise correlation measurements on high impedance devices such as quantum dot circuits.
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34
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Detecting noise with shot noise using on-chip photon detector. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6130. [PMID: 25625934 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-frequency radiation emitted by a quantum conductor presents a rising interest in quantum physics and condensed matter. However, its detection with microwave circuits is challenging. Here, we propose to use the photon-assisted shot noise for on-chip radiation detection. It is based on the low-frequency current noise generated by the partitioning of photon-excited electrons and holes, which are scattered inside the conductor. For a given electromagnetic coupling to the radiation, the photon-assisted shot noise response is shown to be independent on the nature and geometry of the quantum conductor used for the detection, up to a Fano factor, characterizing the type of scattering mechanism. Ordered in temperature or frequency range, from few tens of mK or GHz to several hundred of K or THz respectively, a wide variety of conductors can be used like Quantum Point Contacts (this work), diffusive metallic or semi-conducting films, graphene, carbon nanotubes and even molecule, opening new experimental opportunities in quantum physics.
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35
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Sothmann B, Sánchez R, Jordan AN. Thermoelectric energy harvesting with quantum dots. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:032001. [PMID: 25549281 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/3/032001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We review recent theoretical work on thermoelectric energy harvesting in multi-terminal quantum-dot setups. We first discuss several examples of nanoscale heat engines based on Coulomb-coupled conductors. In particular, we focus on quantum dots in the Coulomb-blockade regime, chaotic cavities and resonant tunneling through quantum dots and wells. We then turn toward quantum-dot heat engines that are driven by bosonic degrees of freedom such as phonons, magnons and microwave photons. These systems provide interesting connections to spin caloritronics and circuit quantum electrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Sothmann
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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36
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Liu YY, Stehlik J, Eichler C, Gullans MJ, Taylor JM, Petta JR. Semiconductor double quantum dot micromaser. Science 2015; 347:285-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.-Y. Liu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - J. Stehlik
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - C. Eichler
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - M. J. Gullans
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland–National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. M. Taylor
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland–National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. R. Petta
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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37
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Souquet JR, Woolley MJ, Gabelli J, Simon P, Clerk AA. Photon-assisted tunnelling with nonclassical light. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5562. [PMID: 25424422 PMCID: PMC4263132 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most exciting recent advances in the field of superconducting quantum circuits is the ability to coherently couple microwave photons in low-loss cavities to quantum electronic conductors. These hybrid quantum systems hold great promise for quantum information-processing applications; even more strikingly, they enable exploration of new physical regimes. Here we study theoretically the new physics emerging when a quantum electronic conductor is exposed to nonclassical microwaves (for example, squeezed states, Fock states). We study this interplay in the experimentally relevant situation where a superconducting microwave cavity is coupled to a conductor in the tunnelling regime. We find that the conductor acts as a nontrivial probe of the microwave state: the emission and absorption of photons by the conductor is characterized by a nonpositive definite quasi-probability distribution, which is related to the Glauber–Sudarshan P-function of quantum optics. These negative quasi-probabilities have a direct influence on the conductance of the conductor. Coherently coupling microwave photons to quantum electronic conductors could provide a useful platform for quantum information processing. Souquet et al. now theoretically demonstrate that such systems can also act as sensitive probes of the quantum properties of non-classical microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-R Souquet
- 1] Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France [2] Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Woolley
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, ADFA, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - J Gabelli
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France
| | - P Simon
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France
| | - A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Weber P, Güttinger J, Tsioutsios I, Chang DE, Bachtold A. Coupling graphene mechanical resonators to superconducting microwave cavities. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2854-60. [PMID: 24745803 DOI: 10.1021/nl500879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material for nanomechanical devices because it allows for exceptional properties, such as high frequencies, quality factors, and low mass. An outstanding challenge, however, has been to obtain large coupling between the motion and external systems for efficient readout and manipulation. Here, we report on a novel approach, in which we capacitively couple a high-Q graphene mechanical resonator (Q ≈ 10(5)) to a superconducting microwave cavity. The initial devices exhibit a large single-photon coupling of ∼10 Hz. Remarkably, we can electrostatically change the graphene equilibrium position and thereby tune the single photon coupling, the mechanical resonance frequency, and the sign and magnitude of the observed Duffing nonlinearity. The strong tunability opens up new possibilities, such as the tuning of the optomechanical coupling strength on a time scale faster than the inverse of the cavity line width. With realistic improvements, it should be possible to enter the regime of quantum optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Weber
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Bergenfeldt C, Samuelsson P, Sothmann B, Flindt C, Büttiker M. Hybrid microwave-cavity heat engine. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:076803. [PMID: 24579624 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.076803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose and analyze the use of hybrid microwave cavities as quantum heat engines. A possible realization consists of two macroscopically separated quantum-dot conductors coupled capacitively to the fundamental mode of a microwave cavity. We demonstrate that an electrical current can be induced in one conductor through cavity-mediated processes by heating up the other conductor. The heat engine can reach Carnot efficiency with optimal conversion of heat to work. When the system delivers the maximum power, the efficiency can be a large fraction of the Carnot efficiency. The heat engine functions even with moderate electronic relaxation and dephasing in the quantum dots. We provide detailed estimates for the electrical current and output power using realistic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Samuelsson
- Physics Department, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Sothmann
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Christian Flindt
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Markus Büttiker
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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40
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Abdullah NR, Tang CS, Manolescu A, Gudmundsson V. Electron transport through a quantum dot assisted by cavity photons. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:465302. [PMID: 24132041 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/46/465302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate transient transport of electrons through a single quantum dot controlled by a plunger gate. The dot is embedded in a finite wire with length Lx assumed to lie along the x-direction with a parabolic confinement in the y-direction. The quantum wire, originally with hard-wall confinement at its ends, ±Lx/2, is weakly coupled at t = 0 to left and right leads acting as external electron reservoirs. The central system, the dot and the finite wire, is strongly coupled to a single cavity photon mode. A non-Markovian density-matrix formalism is employed to take into account the full electron-photon interaction in the transient regime. In the absence of a photon cavity, a resonant current peak can be found by tuning the plunger-gate voltage to lift a many-body state of the system into the source-drain bias window. In the presence of an x-polarized photon field, additional side peaks can be found due to photon-assisted transport. By appropriately tuning the plunger-gate voltage, the electrons in the left lead are allowed to undergo coherent inelastic scattering to a two-photon state above the bias window if initially one photon was present in the cavity. However, this photon-assisted feature is suppressed in the case of a y-polarized photon field due to the anisotropy of our system caused by its geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzar Rauf Abdullah
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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41
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Toida H, Nakajima T, Komiyama S. Vacuum Rabi splitting in a semiconductor circuit QED system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:066802. [PMID: 23432287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.066802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum Rabi splitting is demonstrated in a GaAs double quantum dot system coupled with a coplanar waveguide resonator. The coupling strength g, the decoherence rate of the quantum dot γ, and the decay rate of the resonator κ are derived, assuring distinct vacuum Rabi oscillation in a strong coupling regime [(g,γ,κ)≈(30,25,8.0) MHz]. The magnitude of decoherence is consistently interpreted in terms of the coupling of electrons to piezoelectric acoustic phonons in GaAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toida
- Department of Basic Science, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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42
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Photon-mediated interaction between distant quantum dot circuits. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1400. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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43
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Colless JI, Mahoney AC, Hornibrook JM, Doherty AC, Lu H, Gossard AC, Reilly DJ. Dispersive readout of a few-electron double quantum dot with fast RF gate sensors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:046805. [PMID: 25166190 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.046805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the dispersive charge-state readout of a double quantum dot in the few-electron regime using the in situ gate electrodes as sensitive detectors. We benchmark this gate sensing technique against the well established quantum point contact charge detector and find comparable performance with a bandwidth of ∼ 10 MHz and an equivalent charge sensitivity of ∼ 6.3 × 10(-3) e/sqrt[Hz]. Dispersive gate sensing alleviates the burden of separate charge detectors for quantum dot systems and promises to enable readout of qubits in scaled-up arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Colless
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - A C Mahoney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - J M Hornibrook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - A C Doherty
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - H Lu
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A C Gossard
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - D J Reilly
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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44
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Gabelli J, Fève G, Berroir JM, Plaçais B. A coherent RC circuit. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:126504. [PMID: 23146911 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/12/126504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review the first experiment on dynamic transport in a phase-coherent quantum conductor. In our discussion, we highlight the use of time-dependent transport as a means of gaining insight into charge relaxation on a mesoscopic scale. For this purpose, we studied the ac conductance of a model quantum conductor, i.e. the quantum RC circuit. Prior to our experimental work, Büttiker et al (1993 Phys. Lett. A 180 364-9) first worked on dynamic mesoscopic transport in the 1990s. They predicted that the mesoscopic RC circuit can be described by a quantum capacitance related to the density of states in the capacitor and a constant charge-relaxation resistance equal to half of the resistance quantum h/2e(2), when a single mode is transmitted between the capacitance and a reservoir. By applying a microwave excitation to a gate located on top of a coherent submicronic quantum dot that is coupled to a reservoir, we validate this theoretical prediction on the ac conductance of the quantum RC circuit. Our study demonstrates that the ac conductance is directly related to the dwell time of electrons in the capacitor. Thereby, we observed a counterintuitive behavior of a quantum origin: as the transmission of the single conducting mode decreases, the resistance of the quantum RC circuit remains constant while the capacitance oscillates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gabelli
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, (UMR 8502), bâtiment 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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45
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Schroer MD, Jung M, Petersson KD, Petta JR. Radio frequency charge parity meter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:166804. [PMID: 23215112 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.166804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a total charge parity measurement by detecting the radio frequency signal that is reflected by a lumped-element resonator coupled to a single InAs nanowire double quantum dot. The high frequency response of the circuit is used to probe the effects of the Pauli exclusion principle at interdot charge transitions. Even parity charge transitions show a striking magnetic field dependence that is due to a singlet-triplet transition, while odd parity transitions are relatively insensitive to a magnetic field. The measured response agrees well with cavity input-output theory, allowing accurate measurements of the interdot tunnel coupling and the resonator-charge coupling rate g(c)/2π~17 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Schroer
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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46
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Petersson KD, McFaul LW, Schroer MD, Jung M, Taylor JM, Houck AA, Petta JR. Circuit quantum electrodynamics with a spin qubit. Nature 2012; 490:380-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Jin PQ, Marthaler M, Shnirman A, Schön G. Strong coupling of spin qubits to a transmission line resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:190506. [PMID: 23003017 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.190506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a mechanism for coupling spin qubits formed in double quantum dots to a superconducting transmission line resonator. Coupling the resonator to the gate controlling the interdot tunneling creates a spin qubit-resonator interaction with a strength of tens of MHz. This mechanism allows operating the system at a symmetry point where decoherence due to charge noise is minimized. The transmission line can serve as the shuttle, allowing for fast two-qubit operations including the generation of qubit-qubit entanglement and the implementation of a controlled-phase gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qing Jin
- Institut für Theoretische Festkörperphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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48
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Cottet A, Kontos T, Levy Yeyati A. Subradiant split Cooper pairs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:166803. [PMID: 22680749 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.166803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We suggest a way to characterize the coherence of the split Cooper pairs emitted by a double-quantum-dot based Cooper pair splitter (CPS), by studying the radiative response of such a CPS inside a microwave cavity. The coherence of the split pairs manifests in a strongly nonmonotonic variation of the emitted radiation as a function of the parameters controlling the coupling of the CPS to the cavity. The idea to probe the coherence of the electronic states using the tools of cavity quantum electrodynamics could be generalized to many other nanoscale circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Cottet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8551, Laboratoire associé aux universités Pierre et Marie Curie et Denis Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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49
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Frey T, Leek PJ, Beck M, Blais A, Ihn T, Ensslin K, Wallraff A. Dipole coupling of a double quantum dot to a microwave resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:046807. [PMID: 22400878 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.046807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the realization of a hybrid solid-state quantum device, in which a semiconductor double quantum dot is dipole coupled to the microwave field of a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. The double dot charge stability diagram extracted from measurements of the amplitude and phase of a microwave tone transmitted through the resonator is in good agreement with that obtained from transport measurements. Both the observed frequency shift and linewidth broadening of the resonator are explained considering the double dot as a charge qubit coupled with a strength of several tens of MHz to the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Frey
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Chorley SJ, Wabnig J, Penfold-Fitch ZV, Petersson KD, Frake J, Smith CG, Buitelaar MR. Measuring the complex admittance of a carbon nanotube double quantum dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:036802. [PMID: 22400770 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.036802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate radio-frequency (rf) reflectometry in a tunable carbon nanotube double quantum dot coupled to a resonant circuit. By measuring the in-phase and quadrature components of the reflected rf signal, we are able to determine the complex admittance of the double quantum dot as a function of the energies of the single-electron states. The measurements are found to be in good agreement with a theoretical model of the device in the incoherent limit. In addition to being of fundamental interest, our results present an important step forward towards noninvasive charge and spin state readout in carbon nanotube quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Chorley
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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