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Moody JD, Pollock BB, Sio H, Strozzi DJ, Ho DDM, Walsh C, Kemp GE, Kucheyev SO, Kozioziemski B, Carroll EG, Kroll J, Yanagisawa DK, Angus J, Bhandarkar SD, Bude JD, Divol L, Ferguson B, Fry J, Hagler L, Hartouni E, Herrmann MC, Hsing W, Holunga DM, Javedani J, Johnson A, Kalantar D, Kohut T, Logan BG, Masters N, Nikroo A, Orsi N, Piston K, Provencher C, Rowe A, Sater J, Skulina K, Stygar WA, Tang V, Winters SE, Chittenden JP, Appelbe B, Boxall A, Crilly A, O’Neill S, Davies J, Peebles J, Fujioka S. The Magnetized Indirect Drive Project on the National Ignition Facility. JOURNAL OF FUSION ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-022-00319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Roshan MV, Vahdat Roshan N, Yap SL. High energy ion beams from the plasma focus. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 185:110224. [PMID: 35421807 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Instability development in the pinch induces a locally enhanced electric field that accelerates the charged particles to extraordinary high energies. Rapid discharge is the singular state of the ion source confirming high plasma impedance. High energy ion beam is correlated to the electrical discharge parameters and consequently the ion acceleration potential is directly related to the mean ion energy. Multi-MeV ions have been measured by magnetic spectrometry and nuclear activation yield-ratio to obtain the ion energy spectra and critically analyze the ion spectrum. A set of magnetic lens arranged in an optimized coil configuration results in medical grade radioactivity of 0.5GBq for a low energy plasma focus. High energy proton beams enables evaluating the sensitivity of link-board components and the error structure identification, with a significant probability of 0.1perproton.
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Abstract
This paper is a sequel to the 1998 review paper “Scientific status of the Dense Plasma Focus” with 16 authors belonging to 16 nations, whose initiative led to the establishment of the International Center for Dense Magnetized Plasmas (ICDMP) in the year 2000. Its focus is on understanding the principal defining characteristic features of the plasma focus in the light of the developments that have taken place in the last 20 years, in terms of new facilities, diagnostics, models, and insights. Although it is too soon to proclaim with certainty what the plasma focus phenomenon is, the results available to date conclusively indicate what it is demonstrably not. The review looks at the experimental data, cross-correlated across multiple diagnostics and multiple devices, to delineate the contours of an emerging narrative that is fascinatingly different from the standard narrative, which has guided the consensus in the plasma focus community for several decades, without invalidating it. It raises a question mark over the Fundamental Premise of Controlled Fusion Research, namely, that any fusion reaction having the character of a beam-target process must necessarily be more inefficient than a thermonuclear process with a confined thermal plasma at a suitably high temperature. Open questions that need attention of researchers are highlighted. A future course of action is suggested that individual plasma focus laboratories could adopt in order to positively influence the future growth of research in this field, to the general benefit of not only the controlled fusion research community but also the world at large.
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Sohrabi M, Soltani Z. A New Application of Sohrabi Albedo Neutron Dosimeters around a Plasma Focus Device. HEALTH PHYSICS 2021; 120:9-18. [PMID: 32833868 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new application of the Sohrabi albedo neutron dosimeters is reported for the first time for determination of very low-level neutron ambient dose equivalents on and around a 3.5 kJ plasma focus device (PFD). The Sohrabi dosimeters basically use a polycarbonate track detector as bare and/or in contact with B convertor(s) under special cadmium cover arrangements. Its sensitivity was improved by using enriched B under new cadmium arrangements in order to detect epithermal neutrons in addition to fast and thermal neutrons. Results of 12 dosimeters installed externally around the PFD at different azimuthal (φ) and polar (θ) angles showed that azimuthal (φ) fast, epithermal, thermal, and total neutron ambient dose equivalents were symmetric and isotropic, respectively, with values 55.15 ± 8.36, 1.36 ± 02, 0.53 ± 03, and 57.04 ± 8.62 μSv/shot at ~25 cm from anode top. Polar (θ) neutron ambient dose equivalent values on z-axis relative to 90 angle were relatively higher. Results of 38 dosimeters placed on PFD facility walls for workplace monitoring and on a BOMAB phantom at operator's location for personal dose equivalent determination showed values below minimum detection limits after exposure to 130 PFD shots. However, an operator's personal dose equivalents at ~1.0 and ~3.0 m from the anode top were estimated to be, respectively, ~13.7 and ~1.52 mSv y using azimuthal angle (φ) values if the PFD operates, for example, up to 20 shots per day for 200 d y. Even under such an extreme assumption, annual personal dose equivalent is still much below 20 mSv, the annual ICRP dose limit for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sohrabi
- Health Physics and Dosimetry Research Laboratory, Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Sohrabi M, Soltani Z, Habibi M. Hydrogen ion emission studies in 4π plasma focus device space. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Soltani Z, Sohrabi M, Habibi M. Analysis of 3D deuterium ion emission angular distribution in plasma focus device using novel panorama polycarbonate detectors. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Malvajerdi SS, Salar Elahi A. RETRACTED ARTICLE: A Review on Nanoporous Gallium Nitride (NPGaN) Formation on P-Type Silicon Substrate with the Mather-type Plasma Focus Device (MPFD). J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Offermann DT, Welch DR, Rose DV, Thoma C, Clark RE, Mostrom CB, Schmidt AEW, Link AJ. Transition from Beam-Target to Thermonuclear Fusion in High-Current Deuterium Z-Pinch Simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:195001. [PMID: 27232025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.195001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusion yields from dense, Z-pinch plasmas are known to scale with the drive current, which is favorable for many potential applications. Decades of experimental studies, however, show an unexplained drop in yield for currents above a few mega-ampere (MA). In this work, simulations of DD Z-Pinch plasmas have been performed in 1D and 2D for a constant pinch time and initial radius using the code Lsp, and observations of a shift in scaling are presented. The results show that yields below 3 MA are enhanced relative to pure thermonuclear scaling by beamlike particles accelerated in the Rayleigh-Taylor induced electric fields, while yields above 3 MA are reduced because of energy lost by the instability and the inability of the beamlike ions to enter the pinch region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dale R Welch
- Voss Scientific, LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Dave V Rose
- Voss Scientific, LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Carsten Thoma
- Voss Scientific, LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Robert E Clark
- Voss Scientific, LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | | | - Andrea E W Schmidt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Anthony J Link
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Parametric Optimisation of Plasma Focus Devices for Neutron Production. JOURNAL OF FUSION ENERGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-015-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmidt A, Link A, Welch D, Ellsworth J, Falabella S, Tang V. Comparisons of dense-plasma-focus kinetic simulations with experimental measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:061101. [PMID: 25019717 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dense-plasma-focus (DPF) Z-pinch devices are sources of copious high-energy electrons and ions, x rays, and neutrons. The mechanisms through which these physically simple devices generate such high-energy beams in a relatively short distance are not fully understood and past optimization efforts of these devices have been largely empirical. Previously we reported on fully kinetic simulations of a DPF and compared them with hybrid and fluid simulations of the same device. Here we present detailed comparisons between fully kinetic simulations and experimental data on a 1.2 kJ DPF with two electrode geometries, including neutron yield and ion beam energy distributions. A more intensive third calculation is presented which examines the effects of a fully detailed pulsed power driver model. We also compare simulated electromagnetic fluctuations with direct measurement of radiofrequency electromagnetic fluctuations in a DPF plasma. These comparisons indicate that the fully kinetic model captures the essential physics of these plasmas with high fidelity, and provide further evidence that anomalous resistivity in the plasma arises due to a kinetic instability near the lower hybrid frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Link
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Welch
- Voss Scientific, LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - J Ellsworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Falabella
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V Tang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Ellsworth JL, Falabella S, Tang V, Schmidt A, Guethlein G, Hawkins S, Rusnak B. Design and initial results from a kilojoule level Dense Plasma Focus with hollow anode and cylindrically symmetric gas puff. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:013504. [PMID: 24517762 DOI: 10.1063/1.4859495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and built a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) Z-pinch device using a kJ-level capacitor bank and a hollow anode, and fueled by a cylindrically symmetric gas puff. Using this device, we have measured peak deuteron beam energies of up to 400 keV at 0.8 kJ capacitor bank energy and pinch lengths of ∼6 mm, indicating accelerating fields greater than 50 MV/m. Neutron yields of on the order of 10(7) per shot were measured during deuterium operation. The cylindrical gas puff system permitted simultaneous operation of DPF with a radiofrequency quadrupole accelerator for beam-into-plasma experiments. This paper describes the machine design, the diagnostic systems, and our first results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ellsworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Falabella
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V Tang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Schmidt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G Guethlein
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Hawkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Rusnak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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