1
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Huang Y, Qiu Y, Young RM, Schatz GC, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Identifying Sources of Entanglement Loss in Photodriven Molecular Electron Spin Teleportation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20133-20140. [PMID: 38995837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We report on an electron donor-electron acceptor-stable radical (D-A-R•) molecule in which an electron spin state first prepared on R• is followed by photogeneration of an entangled singlet 1[D•+-A•-] spin pair to produce D•+-A•--R•. Since the A•- and R• spins within D•+-A•--R• are uncorrelated, spin teleportation from R• to D•+ occurs with a maximal 25% efficiency only for the singlet pair 1(A•--R•) by spin-allowed electron transfer from A•- to R•. However, since 1[D•+-A•-] is sufficiently long-lived, coherent spin mixing involving the unreactive 3(A•--R•) population affects entanglement and teleportation within D•+-A•--R•. Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show a direct correlation between electron spin flip-flops and entanglement loss, providing information for designing molecular materials to serve as nanoscale quantum device interconnects.
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2
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Mottola R, Buser G, Treutlein P. Optical Memory in a Microfabricated Rubidium Vapor Cell. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:260801. [PMID: 38215374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.260801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Scalability presents a central platform challenge for the components of current quantum network implementations that can be addressed by microfabrication techniques. We demonstrate a high-bandwidth optical memory using a warm alkali atom ensemble in a microfabricated vapor cell compatible with wafer-scale fabrication. By applying an external tesla-order magnetic field, we explore a novel ground-state quantum memory scheme in the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime, where individual optical transitions can be addressed in a Doppler-broadened medium. Working on the ^{87}Rb D_{2} line, where deterministic quantum dot single-photon sources are available, we demonstrate bandwidth-matching with hundreds of megahertz broad light pulses keeping such sources in mind. For a storage time of 80 ns we measure an end-to-end efficiency of η_{e2e}^{80 ns}=3.12(17)%, corresponding to an internal efficiency of η_{int}^{0 ns}=24(3)%, while achieving a signal-to-noise ratio of SNR=7.9(8) with coherent pulses at the single-photon level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mottola
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gianni Buser
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Treutlein
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Luo W, Cao L, Shi Y, Wan L, Zhang H, Li S, Chen G, Li Y, Li S, Wang Y, Sun S, Karim MF, Cai H, Kwek LC, Liu AQ. Recent progress in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication and internet. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:175. [PMID: 37443095 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed significant progress in quantum communication and quantum internet with the emerging quantum photonic chips, whose characteristics of scalability, stability, and low cost, flourish and open up new possibilities in miniaturized footprints. Here, we provide an overview of the advances in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication, beginning with a summary of the prevalent photonic integrated fabrication platforms and key components for integrated quantum communication systems. We then discuss a range of quantum communication applications, such as quantum key distribution and quantum teleportation. Finally, the review culminates with a perspective on challenges towards high-performance chip-based quantum communication, as well as a glimpse into future opportunities for integrated quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lin Cao
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingxiao Wan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhang
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuyi Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuan Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sijin Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihai Sun
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 518100, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Leong Chuan Kwek
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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4
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Yan Z, Jia X. Teleportation goes to Hertz rate. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:167. [PMID: 37407579 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum teleportation has been developed to simultaneously realize the Hertz rate and the 64-km distance through fiber channels, which is essential to real-world application of quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaojun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, China.
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5
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Shen S, Yuan C, Zhang Z, Yu H, Zhang R, Yang C, Li H, Wang Z, Wang Y, Deng G, Song H, You L, Fan Y, Guo G, Zhou Q. Hertz-rate metropolitan quantum teleportation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:115. [PMID: 37164962 PMCID: PMC10172182 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum teleportation can transfer an unknown quantum state between distant quantum nodes, which holds great promise in enabling large-scale quantum networks. To advance the full potential of quantum teleportation, quantum states must be faithfully transferred at a high rate over long distance. Despite recent impressive advances, a high-rate quantum teleportation system across metropolitan fiber networks is extremely desired. Here, we demonstrate a quantum teleportation system which transfers quantum states carried by independent photons at a rate of 7.1 ± 0.4 Hz over 64-km-long fiber channel. An average single-photon fidelity of ≥90.6 ± 2.6% is achieved, which exceeds the maximum fidelity of 2/3 in classical regime. Our result marks an important milestone towards quantum networks and opens the door to exploring quantum entanglement based informatic applications for the future quantum internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chenzhi Yuan
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zichang Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chuanrong Yang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - You Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guangwei Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Haizhi Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lixing You
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yunru Fan
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Guangcan Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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6
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Lago-Rivera D, Rakonjac JV, Grandi S, Riedmatten HD. Long distance multiplexed quantum teleportation from a telecom photon to a solid-state qubit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1889. [PMID: 37019899 PMCID: PMC10076279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum teleportation is an essential capability for quantum networks, allowing the transmission of quantum bits (qubits) without a direct exchange of quantum information. Its implementation between distant parties requires teleportation of the quantum information to matter qubits that store it for long enough to allow users to perform further processing. Here we demonstrate long distance quantum teleportation from a photonic qubit at telecom wavelength to a matter qubit, stored as a collective excitation in a solid-state quantum memory. Our system encompasses an active feed-forward scheme, implementing a conditional phase shift on the qubit retrieved from the memory, as required by the protocol. Moreover, our approach is time-multiplexed, allowing for an increase in the teleportation rate, and is directly compatible with the deployed telecommunication networks, two key features for its scalability and practical implementation, that will play a pivotal role in the development of long-distance quantum communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Lago-Rivera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Jelena V Rakonjac
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Samuele Grandi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Drmota P, Main D, Nadlinger DP, Nichol BC, Weber MA, Ainley EM, Agrawal A, Srinivas R, Araneda G, Ballance CJ, Lucas DM. Robust Quantum Memory in a Trapped-Ion Quantum Network Node. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:090803. [PMID: 36930909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.090803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We integrate a long-lived memory qubit into a mixed-species trapped-ion quantum network node. Ion-photon entanglement first generated with a network qubit in ^{88}Sr^{+} is transferred to ^{43}Ca^{+} with 0.977(7) fidelity, and mapped to a robust memory qubit. We then entangle the network qubit with a second photon, without affecting the memory qubit. We perform quantum state tomography to show that the fidelity of ion-photon entanglement decays ∼70 times slower on the memory qubit. Dynamical decoupling further extends the storage duration; we measure an ion-photon entanglement fidelity of 0.81(4) after 10 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Drmota
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D Main
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D P Nadlinger
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B C Nichol
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M A Weber
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E M Ainley
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Agrawal
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Srinivas
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G Araneda
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C J Ballance
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D M Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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8
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Tan XD, Zhang L. Quantum teleportation between the narrow armchair graphene nanoribbons with zigzag ends. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:335604. [PMID: 35679851 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac7766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study quantum teleportation between the narrow armchair graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with zigzag ends. Several influences including Coulomb repulsion among electrons, temperature and ribbon length on the output state and teleportation fidelity are discussed in detail. Moreover, we derive the entanglement of the output state and corresponding fidelity as a function of the input and channel entanglement. For practical applications, we also propose a scheme for implementing the single-qubit gates (X, ZandHgates) and two-qubit controlled-NOT gate in GNRs, based on the Bang-Bang control strategy and synchronous step magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Tan
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, People's Republic of China
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9
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Hermans SLN, Pompili M, Beukers HKC, Baier S, Borregaard J, Hanson R. Qubit teleportation between non-neighbouring nodes in a quantum network. Nature 2022; 605:663-668. [PMID: 35614248 PMCID: PMC9132773 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Future quantum internet applications will derive their power from the ability to share quantum information across the network1,2. Quantum teleportation allows for the reliable transfer of quantum information between distant nodes, even in the presence of highly lossy network connections3. Although many experimental demonstrations have been performed on different quantum network platforms4-10, moving beyond directly connected nodes has, so far, been hindered by the demanding requirements on the pre-shared remote entanglement, joint qubit readout and coherence times. Here we realize quantum teleportation between remote, non-neighbouring nodes in a quantum network. The network uses three optically connected nodes based on solid-state spin qubits. The teleporter is prepared by establishing remote entanglement on the two links, followed by entanglement swapping on the middle node and storage in a memory qubit. We demonstrate that, once successful preparation of the teleporter is heralded, arbitrary qubit states can be teleported with fidelity above the classical bound, even with unit efficiency. These results are enabled by key innovations in the qubit readout procedure, active memory qubit protection during entanglement generation and tailored heralding that reduces remote entanglement infidelities. Our work demonstrates a prime building block for future quantum networks and opens the door to exploring teleportation-based multi-node protocols and applications2,11-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L N Hermans
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Pompili
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H K C Beukers
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S Baier
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Borregaard
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R Hanson
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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10
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Lipka-Bartosik P, Skrzypczyk P. Catalytic Quantum Teleportation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:080502. [PMID: 34477432 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we address fundamental limitations of quantum teleportation-the process of transferring quantum information using classical communication and preshared entanglement. We develop a new teleportation protocol based upon the idea of using ancillary entanglement catalytically, i.e., without depleting it. This protocol is then used to show that catalytic entanglement allows for a noiseless quantum channel to be simulated with a quality that could never be achieved using only entanglement from the shared state, even for catalysts with a small dimension. On the one hand, this allows for a more faithful transmission of quantum information using generic states and fixed amount of consumed entanglement. On the other hand, this shows, for the first time, that entanglement catalysis provides a genuine advantage in a generic quantum-information processing task. Finally, we show that similar ideas can be directly applied to study quantum catalysis for more general problems in quantum mechanics. As an application, we show that catalysts can activate so-called passive states, a concept that finds widespread application, e.g., in quantum thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Lipka-Bartosik
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Skrzypczyk
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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11
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Langenfeld S, Welte S, Hartung L, Daiss S, Thomas P, Morin O, Distante E, Rempe G. Quantum Teleportation between Remote Qubit Memories with Only a Single Photon as a Resource. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:130502. [PMID: 33861090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.130502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum teleportation enables the deterministic exchange of qubits via lossy channels. While it is commonly believed that unconditional teleportation requires a preshared entangled qubit pair, here we demonstrate a protocol that is in principle unconditional and requires only a single photon as an ex-ante prepared resource. The photon successively interacts, first, with the receiver and then with the sender qubit memory. Its detection, followed by classical communication, heralds a successful teleportation. We teleport six mutually unbiased qubit states with average fidelity F[over ¯]=(88.3±1.3)% at a rate of 6 Hz over 60 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Langenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan Welte
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Hartung
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Severin Daiss
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philip Thomas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Olivier Morin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Emanuele Distante
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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12
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Scalable distributed gate-model quantum computers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5172. [PMID: 33637770 PMCID: PMC7910494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A scalable model for a distributed quantum computation is a challenging problem due to the complexity of the problem space provided by the diversity of possible quantum systems, from small-scale quantum devices to large-scale quantum computers. Here, we define a model of scalable distributed gate-model quantum computation in near-term quantum systems of the NISQ (noisy intermediate scale quantum) technology era. We prove that the proposed architecture can maximize an objective function of a computational problem in a distributed manner. We study the impacts of decoherence on distributed objective function evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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13
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Resource prioritization and balancing for the quantum internet. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22390. [PMID: 33372180 PMCID: PMC7770047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum Internet enables networking based on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. Here, methods and procedures of resource prioritization and resource balancing are defined for the quantum Internet. We define a model for resource consumption optimization in quantum repeaters, and a strongly-entangled network structure for resource balancing. We study the resource-balancing efficiency of the strongly-entangled structure. We prove that a strongly-entangled quantum network is two times more efficient in a resource balancing problem than a full-mesh network of the traditional Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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14
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Gyongyosi L. Dynamics of entangled networks of the quantum Internet. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12909. [PMID: 32737328 PMCID: PMC7395178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Entangled quantum networks are a fundamental of any global-scale quantum Internet. Here, a mathematical model is developed to quantify the dynamics of entangled network structures and entanglement flow in the quantum Internet. The analytical solutions of the model determine the equilibrium states of the entangled quantum networks and characterize the stability, fluctuation attributes, and dynamics of entanglement flow in entangled network structures. We demonstrate the results of the model through various entangled structures and quantify the dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
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15
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Gyongyosi L. Unsupervised Quantum Gate Control for Gate-Model Quantum Computers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10701. [PMID: 32612113 PMCID: PMC7329862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In near-term quantum computers, the operations are realized by unitary quantum gates. The precise and stable working mechanism of quantum gates is essential for the implementation of any complex quantum computations. Here, we define a method for the unsupervised control of quantum gates in near-term quantum computers. We model a scenario in which a tensor product structure of non-stable quantum gates is not controllable in terms of control theory. We prove that the non-stable quantum gate becomes controllable via a machine learning method if the quantum gates formulate an entangled gate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
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16
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Gyongyosi L. Quantum State Optimization and Computational Pathway Evaluation for Gate-Model Quantum Computers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4543. [PMID: 32161308 PMCID: PMC7066182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational problem fed into a gate-model quantum computer identifies an objective function with a particular computational pathway (objective function connectivity). The solution of the computational problem involves identifying a target objective function value that is the subject to be reached. A bottleneck in a gate-model quantum computer is the requirement of several rounds of quantum state preparations, high-cost run sequences, and multiple rounds of measurements to determine a target (optimal) state of the quantum computer that achieves the target objective function value. Here, we define a method for optimal quantum state determination and computational path evaluation for gate-model quantum computers. We prove a state determination method that finds a target system state for a quantum computer at a given target objective function value. The computational pathway evaluation procedure sets the connectivity of the objective function in the target system state on a fixed hardware architecture of the quantum computer. The proposed solution evolves the target system state without requiring the preparation of intermediate states between the initial and target states of the quantum computer. Our method avoids high-cost system state preparations and expensive running procedures and measurement apparatuses in gate-model quantum computers. The results are convenient for gate-model quantum computations and the near-term quantum devices of the quantum Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
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17
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Identification of networking quantum teleportation on 14-qubit IBM universal quantum computer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3093. [PMID: 32080312 PMCID: PMC7033242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum teleportation enables networking participants to move an unknown quantum state between the nodes of a quantum network, and hence constitutes an essential element in constructing large-sale quantum processors with a quantum modular architecture. Herein, we propose two protocols for teleporting qubits through an N-node quantum network in a highly-entangled box-cluster state or chain-type cluster state. The proposed protocols are systematically scalable to an arbitrary finite number N and applicable to arbitrary size of modules. The protocol based on a box-cluster state is implemented on a 14-qubit IBM quantum computer for N up to 12. To identify faithful networking teleportation, namely that the elements on real devices required for the networking teleportation process are all qualified for achieving teleportation task, we quantify quantum-mechanical processes using a generic classical-process model through which any classical strategies of mimicry of teleportation can be ruled out. From the viewpoint of achieving a genuinely quantum-mechanical process, the present work provides a novel toolbox consisting of the networking teleportation protocols and the criteria for identifying faithful teleportation for universal quantum computers with modular architectures and facilitates further improvements in the reliability of quantum-information processing.
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18
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Theory of Noise-Scaled Stability Bounds and Entanglement Rate Maximization in the Quantum Internet. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2745. [PMID: 32066779 PMCID: PMC7026176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial problems of the quantum Internet are the derivation of stability properties of quantum repeaters and theory of entanglement rate maximization in an entangled network structure. The stability property of a quantum repeater entails that all incoming density matrices can be swapped with a target density matrix. The strong stability of a quantum repeater implies stable entanglement swapping with the boundness of stored density matrices in the quantum memory and the boundness of delays. Here, a theoretical framework of noise-scaled stability analysis and entanglement rate maximization is conceived for the quantum Internet. We define the term of entanglement swapping set that models the status of quantum memory of a quantum repeater with the stored density matrices. We determine the optimal entanglement swapping method that maximizes the entanglement rate of the quantum repeaters at the different entanglement swapping sets as function of the noise of the local memory and local operations. We prove the stability properties for non-complete entanglement swapping sets, complete entanglement swapping sets and perfect entanglement swapping sets. We prove the entanglement rates for the different entanglement swapping sets and noise levels. The results can be applied to the experimental quantum Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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19
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Optimizing High-Efficiency Quantum Memory with Quantum Machine Learning for Near-Term Quantum Devices. Sci Rep 2020; 10:135. [PMID: 31924814 PMCID: PMC6954268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum memories are a fundamental of any global-scale quantum Internet, high-performance quantum networking and near-term quantum computers. A main problem of quantum memories is the low retrieval efficiency of the quantum systems from the quantum registers of the quantum memory. Here, we define a novel quantum memory called high-retrieval-efficiency (HRE) quantum memory for near-term quantum devices. An HRE quantum memory unit integrates local unitary operations on its hardware level for the optimization of the readout procedure and utilizes the advanced techniques of quantum machine learning. We define the integrated unitary operations of an HRE quantum memory, prove the learning procedure, and evaluate the achievable output signal-to-noise ratio values. We prove that the local unitaries of an HRE quantum memory achieve the optimization of the readout procedure in an unsupervised manner without the use of any labeled data or training sequences. We show that the readout procedure of an HRE quantum memory is realized in a completely blind manner without any information about the input quantum system or about the unknown quantum operation of the quantum register. We evaluate the retrieval efficiency of an HRE quantum memory and the output SNR (signal-to-noise ratio). The results are particularly convenient for gate-model quantum computers and the near-term quantum devices of the quantum Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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20
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Basso Basset F, Rota MB, Schimpf C, Tedeschi D, Zeuner KD, Covre da Silva SF, Reindl M, Zwiller V, Jöns KD, Rastelli A, Trotta R. Entanglement Swapping with Photons Generated on Demand by a Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:160501. [PMID: 31702339 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.160501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photonic entanglement swapping, the procedure of entangling photons without any direct interaction, is a fundamental test of quantum mechanics and an essential resource to the realization of quantum networks. Probabilistic sources of nonclassical light were used for seminal demonstration of entanglement swapping, but applications in quantum technologies demand push-button operation requiring single quantum emitters. This, however, turned out to be an extraordinary challenge due to the stringent prerequisites on the efficiency and purity of the generation of entangled states. Here we show a proof-of-concept demonstration of all-photonic entanglement swapping with pairs of polarization-entangled photons generated on demand by a GaAs quantum dot without spectral and temporal filtering. Moreover, we develop a theoretical model that quantitatively reproduces the experimental data and provides insights on the critical figures of merit for the performance of the swapping operation. Our theoretical analysis also indicates how to improve state-of-the-art entangled-photon sources to meet the requirements needed for implementation of quantum dots in long-distance quantum communication protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Basso Basset
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - M B Rota
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - C Schimpf
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - D Tedeschi
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - K D Zeuner
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S F Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - M Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - V Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K D Jöns
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - R Trotta
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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21
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Crocker C, Lichtman M, Sosnova K, Carter A, Scarano S, Monroe C. High purity single photons entangled with an atomic qubit. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:28143-28149. [PMID: 31684572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.028143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trapped atomic ions are an ideal candidate for quantum network nodes, with long-lived identical qubit memories that can be locally entangled through their Coulomb interaction and remotely entangled through photonic channels. The integrity of this photonic interface is generally reliant on the purity of single photons produced by the quantum memory. Here, we demonstrate a single-photon source for quantum networking based on a trapped 138Ba+ ion with a single photon purity of g (2)(0)=(8.1±2.3)×10-5 without background subtraction. We further optimize the tradeoff between the photonic generation rate and the memory-photon entanglement fidelity for the case of polarization photonic qubits by tailoring the spatial mode of the collected light.
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22
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Flamini F, Spagnolo N, Sciarrino F. Photonic quantum information processing: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:016001. [PMID: 30421725 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aad5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Flamini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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23
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Creating a switchable optical cavity with controllable quantum-state mapping between two modes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14740. [PMID: 30283020 PMCID: PMC6170495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe how an ensemble of four-level atoms in the diamond-type configuration can be applied to create a fully controllable effective coupling between two cavity modes. The diamond-type configuration allows one to use a bimodal cavity that supports modes of different frequencies or different circular polarisations, because each mode is coupled only to its own transition. This system can be used for mapping a quantum state of one cavity mode onto the other mode on demand. Additionally, it can serve as a fast opening high-Q cavity system that can be easily and coherently controlled with laser fields.
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24
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Dibos AM, Raha M, Phenicie CM, Thompson JD. Atomic Source of Single Photons in the Telecom Band. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:243601. [PMID: 29956997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Single atoms and atomlike defects in solids are ideal quantum light sources and memories for quantum networks. However, most atomic transitions are in the ultraviolet-visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, where propagation losses in optical fibers are prohibitively large. Here, we observe for the first time the emission of single photons from a single Er^{3+} ion in a solid-state host, whose optical transition at 1.5 μm is in the telecom band, allowing for low-loss propagation in optical fiber. This is enabled by integrating Er^{3+} ions with silicon nanophotonic structures, which results in an enhancement of the photon emission rate by a factor of more than 650. Dozens of distinct ions can be addressed in a single device, and the splitting of the lines in a magnetic field confirms that the optical transitions are coupled to the electronic spin of the Er^{3+} ions. These results are a significant step towards long-distance quantum networks and deterministic quantum logic for photons based on a scalable silicon nanophotonics architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dibos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Raha
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - C M Phenicie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J D Thompson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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25
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26
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Bergmann K, Vitanov NV, Shore BW. Perspective: Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage: The status after 25 years. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:170901. [PMID: 25956078 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first presentation of the STIRAP (stimulated Raman adiabatic passage) technique with proper theoretical foundation and convincing experimental data appeared 25 years ago, in the May 1st, 1990 issue of The Journal of Chemical Physics. By now, the STIRAP concept has been successfully applied in many different fields of physics, chemistry, and beyond. In this article, we comment briefly on the initial motivation of the work, namely, the study of reaction dynamics of vibrationally excited small molecules, and how this initial idea led to the documented success. We proceed by providing a brief discussion of the physics of STIRAP and how the method was developed over the years, before discussing a few examples from the amazingly wide range of applications which STIRAP now enjoys, with the aim to stimulate further use of the concept. Finally, we mention some promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Bergmann
- Fachbereich Physik und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nikolay V Vitanov
- Department of Physics, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, James Bourchier 5 Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bruce W Shore
- 618 Escondido Circle, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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27
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Heralded Quantum Entanglement between Distant Matter Qubits. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10110. [PMID: 26041259 PMCID: PMC4455230 DOI: 10.1038/srep10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a scheme to realize heralded quantum entanglement between two distant matter qubits using two Λ atom systems. Our proposal does not need any photon interference. We also present a general theory of outcome state of non-monochromatic incident light and finite interaction time.
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28
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Stack DT, Lee PJ, Quraishi Q. Simple and efficient absorption filter for single photons from a cold atom quantum memory. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:6822-6832. [PMID: 25836902 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.006822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to filter unwanted light signals is critical to the operation of quantum memories based on neutral atom ensembles. Here we demonstrate an efficient frequency filter which uses a vapor cell filled with (85)Rb and a buffer gas to attenuate both residual laser light and noise photons by nearly two orders of magnitude with little loss to the single photons associated with our cold (87)Rb quantum memory. This simple, passive filter provides an additional 18 dB attenuation of our pump laser and erroneous spontaneous emissions for every 1 dB loss of the single photon signal. We show that the addition of a frequency filter increases the non-classical correlations and the retrieval efficiency of our quantum memory by ≈ 35%.
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29
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Liu C, Sun Y, Zhao L, Zhang S, Loy MMT, Du S. Efficiently loading a single photon into a single-sided Fabry-Perot cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:133601. [PMID: 25302886 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a single photon with an optimal temporal waveform can be efficiently loaded into a cavity. Using heralded narrow-band single photons with exponential growth wave packet shaped by an electro-optical amplitude modulator, whose time constant matches the photon lifetime in the cavity, we demonstrate a loading efficiency of (87±2)% from free space to a single-sided Fabry-Perot cavity. We further demonstrate directly loading heralded single Stokes photons into the cavity with an efficiency of (60±5)% without the electro-optical amplitude modulator and verify the time reversal between the frequency-entangled paired photons. Our result and approach may enable promising applications in realizing large-scale quantum networks based on cavity quantum electrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luwei Zhao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanchao Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - M M T Loy
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengwang Du
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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30
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Abstract
Diamond-based quantum teleportation works every time
[Also see Research Article by
Pfaff
et al.
]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - John J. L. Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
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31
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Qin Z, Cao L, Wang H, Marino AM, Zhang W, Jing J. Experimental generation of multiple quantum correlated beams from hot rubidium vapor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:023602. [PMID: 25062179 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.023602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantum correlations and entanglement shared among multiple quantum modes are important for both fundamental science and the future development of quantum technologies. This development will also require an efficient quantum interface between multimode quantum light sources and atomic ensembles, which makes it necessary to implement multimode quantum light sources that match the atomic transitions. Here, we report on such a source that provides a method for generating quantum correlated beams that can be extended to a large number of modes by using multiple four-wave mixing (FWM) processes in hot rubidium vapor. Experimentally, we show that two cascaded FWM processes produce strong quantum correlations between three bright beams but not between any two of them. In addition, the intensity-difference squeezing is enhanced with the cascaded system to -7.0±0.1 dB from the -5.5±0.1/-4.5±0.1 dB squeezing obtained with only one FWM process. One of the main advantages of our system is that as the number of quantum modes increases, so does the total degree of quantum correlations. The proposed method is also immune to phase instabilities due to its phase insensitive nature, can easily be extended to multiple modes, and has potential applications in the production of multiple quantum correlated images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Leiming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - A M Marino
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, 440 West Brooks Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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32
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Gao WB, Fallahi P, Togan E, Delteil A, Chin YS, Miguel-Sanchez J, Imamoğlu A. Quantum teleportation from a propagating photon to a solid-state spin qubit. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2744. [PMID: 24177228 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantum interface between a propagating photon used to transmit quantum information and a long-lived qubit used for storage is of central interest in quantum information science. A method for implementing such an interface between dissimilar qubits is quantum teleportation. Here we experimentally demonstrate transfer of quantum information carried by a photon to a semiconductor spin using quantum teleportation. In our experiment, a single photon in a superposition state is generated using resonant excitation of a neutral dot. To teleport this photonic qubit, we generate an entangled spin-photon state in a second dot located 5 m away and interfere the photons from the two dots in a Hong-Ou-Mandel set-up. Thanks to an unprecedented degree of photon-indistinguishability, a coincidence detection at the output of the interferometer heralds successful teleportation, which we verify by measuring the resulting spin state after prolonging its coherence time by optical spin-echo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Gao
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Pfaff W, Hensen BJ, Bernien H, van Dam SB, Blok MS, Taminiau TH, Tiggelman MJ, Schouten RN, Markham M, Twitchen DJ, Hanson R. Quantum information. Unconditional quantum teleportation between distant solid-state quantum bits. Science 2014; 345:532-5. [PMID: 25082696 DOI: 10.1126/science.1253512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Realizing robust quantum information transfer between long-lived qubit registers is a key challenge for quantum information science and technology. Here we demonstrate unconditional teleportation of arbitrary quantum states between diamond spin qubits separated by 3 meters. We prepare the teleporter through photon-mediated heralded entanglement between two distant electron spins and subsequently encode the source qubit in a single nuclear spin. By realizing a fully deterministic Bell-state measurement combined with real-time feed-forward, quantum teleportation is achieved upon each attempt with an average state fidelity exceeding the classical limit. These results establish diamond spin qubits as a prime candidate for the realization of quantum networks for quantum communication and network-based quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pfaff
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - B J Hensen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - H Bernien
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - S B van Dam
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - M S Blok
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - T H Taminiau
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - M J Tiggelman
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - R N Schouten
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - M Markham
- Element Six, Ltd., Kings Ride Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 8BP, UK
| | - D J Twitchen
- Element Six, Ltd., Kings Ride Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 8BP, UK
| | - R Hanson
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
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A quantum gate between a flying optical photon and a single trapped atom. Nature 2014; 508:237-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sames C, Chibani H, Hamsen C, Altin PA, Wilk T, Rempe G. Antiresonance phase shift in strongly coupled cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:043601. [PMID: 24580448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.043601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate phase shifts in the strong coupling regime of single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics. On the light transmitted through the system, we observe a phase shift associated with an antiresonance and show that both its frequency and width depend solely on the atom, despite the strong coupling to the cavity. This shift is optically controllable and reaches 140°--the largest ever reported for a single emitter. Our result offers a new technique for the characterization of complex integrated quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sames
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Chibani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Hamsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P A Altin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Wilk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Jin XR, Sun L, Yang X, Gao J. Quantum entanglement in plasmonic waveguides with near-zero mode indices. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4078-4081. [PMID: 24321927 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the quantum entanglement between two quantum dots (QDs) in a plasmonic waveguide with a near-zero mode index, considering the dependence of concurrence on interdot distance, QD waveguide frequency detuning, and coupling strength ratio. High concurrence is achieved for a wide range of interdot distances due to the near-zero mode index, which largely relaxes the strict requirement of interdot distance in conventional dielectric waveguides or metal nanowires. The proposed QD waveguide system with near-zero phase variation along the waveguide near the mode cutoff frequency shows very promising potential in quantum optics and quantum information processing.
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Steffen L, Salathe Y, Oppliger M, Kurpiers P, Baur M, Lang C, Eichler C, Puebla-Hellmann G, Fedorov A, Wallraff A. Deterministic quantum teleportation with feed-forward in a solid state system. Nature 2013; 500:319-22. [PMID: 23955231 DOI: 10.1038/nature12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Engineered macroscopic quantum systems based on superconducting electronic circuits are attractive for experimentally exploring diverse questions in quantum information science. At the current state of the art, quantum bits (qubits) are fabricated, initialized, controlled, read out and coupled to each other in simple circuits. This enables the realization of basic logic gates, the creation of complex entangled states and the demonstration of algorithms or error correction. Using different variants of low-noise parametric amplifiers, dispersive quantum non-demolition single-shot readout of single-qubit states with high fidelity has enabled continuous and discrete feedback control of single qubits. Here we realize full deterministic quantum teleportation with feed-forward in a chip-based superconducting circuit architecture. We use a set of two parametric amplifiers for both joint two-qubit and individual qubit single-shot readout, combined with flexible real-time digital electronics. Our device uses a crossed quantum bus technology that allows us to create complex networks with arbitrary connecting topology in a planar architecture. The deterministic teleportation process succeeds with order unit probability for any input state, as we prepare maximally entangled two-qubit states as a resource and distinguish all Bell states in a single two-qubit measurement with high efficiency and high fidelity. We teleport quantum states between two macroscopic systems separated by 6 mm at a rate of 10(4) s(-1), exceeding other reported implementations. The low transmission loss of superconducting waveguides is likely to enable the range of this and other schemes to be extended to significantly larger distances, enabling tests of non-locality and the realization of elements for quantum communication at microwave frequencies. The demonstrated feed-forward may also find application in error correction schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Steffen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Reiserer A, Nölleke C, Ritter S, Rempe G. Ground-state cooling of a single atom at the center of an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:223003. [PMID: 23767719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.223003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A single neutral atom is trapped in a three-dimensional optical lattice at the center of a high-finesse optical resonator. Using fluorescence imaging and a shiftable standing-wave trap, the atom is deterministically loaded into the maximum of the intracavity field where the atom-cavity coupling is strong. After 5 ms of Raman sideband cooling, the three-dimensional motional ground state is populated with a probability of (89±2)%. Our system is the first to simultaneously achieve quantum control over all degrees of freedom of a single atom: its position and momentum, its internal state, and its coupling to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiserer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Thompson JD, Tiecke TG, de Leon NP, Feist J, Akimov AV, Gullans M, Zibrov AS, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. Coupling a Single Trapped Atom to a Nanoscale Optical Cavity. Science 2013; 340:1202-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1237125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid quantum devices, in which dissimilar quantum systems are combined in order to attain qualities not available with either system alone, may enable far-reaching control in quantum measurement, sensing, and information processing. A paradigmatic example is trapped ultracold atoms, which offer excellent quantum coherent properties, coupled to nanoscale solid-state systems, which allow for strong interactions. We demonstrate a deterministic interface between a single trapped rubidium atom and a nanoscale photonic crystal cavity. Precise control over the atom's position allows us to probe the cavity near-field with a resolution below the diffraction limit and to observe large atom-photon coupling. This approach may enable the realization of integrated, strongly coupled quantum nano-optical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Thompson
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - T. G. Tiecke
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - N. P. de Leon
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J. Feist
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Institute for Theoretical Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics (ITAMP), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A. V. Akimov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
| | - M. Gullans
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A. S. Zibrov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - V. Vuletić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. D. Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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