1
|
Jahng J, Lee S, Hong SG, Lee CJ, Menabde SG, Jang MS, Kim DH, Son J, Lee ES. Characterizing and controlling infrared phonon anomaly of bilayer graphene in optical-electrical force nanoscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:281. [PMID: 37996403 PMCID: PMC10667502 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
We, for the first time, report the nanoscopic imaging study of anomalous infrared (IR) phonon enhancement of bilayer graphene, originated from the charge imbalance between the top and bottom layers, resulting in the enhancement of E1u mode of bilayer graphene near 0.2 eV. We modified the multifrequency atomic force microscope platform to combine photo-induced force microscope with electrostatic/Kelvin probe force microscope constituting a novel hybrid nanoscale optical-electrical force imaging system. This enables to observe a correlation between the IR response, doping level, and topographic information of the graphene layers. Through the nanoscale spectroscopic image measurements, we demonstrate that the charge imbalance at the graphene interface can be controlled by chemical (doping effect via Redox mechanism) and mechanical (triboelectric effect by the doped cantilever) approaches. Moreover, we can also diagnosis the subsurface cracks on the stacked few-layer graphene at nanoscale, by monitoring the strain-induced IR phonon shift. Our approach provides new insights into the development of graphene-based electronic and photonic devices and their potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Jahng
- Hyperspectral Nano-imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunho Lee
- Hyperspectral Nano-imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Seong-Gu Hong
- Multiscale Mechanical Properties Measurement Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Jun Lee
- Multiscale Mechanical Properties Measurement Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergey G Menabde
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangyup Son
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Hyperspectral Nano-imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su X, Huang T, Zheng B, Wang J, Wang X, Yan S, Wang X, Shi Y. Atomic-Scale Confinement and Negative Refraction of Plasmons by Twisted Bilayer Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8975-8982. [PMID: 36374517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices provide in-plane quantum restriction for light-matter interactions in twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG), leading to the exotic photon-Moiré physics and potential applications for light manipulation. Recently, our experiment identified a highly confined slow surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) mode in tBLG. Here, we demonstrate that the propagation of the slow SPPs mode in tBLG is spatially tailored and steered at deep subwavelengths. Analysis by the perturbation theory indicates that the coupling between the slow SPPs mode and the Moiré system is greatly strengthened, which regulates the wavefront at the atomic scale and makes tBLG serve as a universal optical metamaterial. Consequently, the negative refraction is achieved at the interface of monolayer graphene and tBLG, by which a metalens with a controllable focal length and an extremely high resolution up to 1/150 of wavelength is devised. Our work paves the way for constructing optical metamaterial at the atomic scale and develops future photon-Moiré interaction systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Tianye Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Binjie Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Shancheng Yan
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pisarra M, Gomez CV, Sindona A. Massive and massless plasmons in germanene nanosheets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18624. [PMID: 36329251 PMCID: PMC9633710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically thin crystals may exhibit peculiar dispersive electronic states equivalent to free charged particles of ultralight to ultraheavy masses. A rare coexistence of linear and parabolic dispersions yields correlated charge density modes exploitable for nanometric light confinement. Here, we use a time-dependent density-functional approach, under several levels of increasing accuracy, from the random-phase approximation to the Bethe-Salpeter equation formalism, to assess the role of different synthesized germanene samples as platforms for these plasmon excitations. In particular, we establish that both freestanding and some supported germenene monolayers can sustain infrared massless modes, resolved into an out-of-phase (optical) and an in-phase (acoustic) component. We further indicate precise experimental geometries that naturally host infrared massive modes, involving two different families of parabolic charge carriers. We thus show that the interplay of the massless and massive plasmons can be finetuned by applied extrinsic conditions or geometry deformations, which constitutes the core mechanism of germanene-based optoelectronic and plasmonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pisarra
- Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Sezione dei Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Cubo 31C, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Cristian Vacacela Gomez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba, 060155, Ecuador
| | - Antonello Sindona
- Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Sezione dei Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Cubo 31C, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hesp NCH, Svendsen MK, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thygesen KS, Torre I, Koppens FHL. WSe 2 as Transparent Top Gate for Infrared Near-Field Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6200-6206. [PMID: 35872651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Independent control of carrier density and out-of-plane displacement field is essential for accessing novel phenomena in two-dimensional (2D) material heterostructures. While this is achieved with independent top and bottom metallic gate electrodes in transport experiments, it remains a challenge for near-field optical studies as the top electrode interferes with the optical path. Here, we characterize the requirements for a material to be used as the top-gate electrode and demonstrate experimentally that few-layer WSe2 can be used as a transparent, ambipolar top-gate electrode in infrared near-field microscopy. We carry out nanoimaging of plasmons in a bilayer graphene heterostructure tuning the plasmon wavelength using a trilayer WSe2 gate, achieving a density modulation amplitude exceeding 2 × 1012 cm-2. The observed ambipolar gate-voltage response allows us to extract the energy gap of WSe2, yielding a value of 1.05 eV. Our results provide an additional tuning knob to cryogenic near-field experiments on emerging phenomena in 2D materials and moiré heterostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels C H Hesp
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Kamper Svendsen
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kristian S Thygesen
- CAMD, Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Iacopo Torre
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Lee Y, Haque MF, Leem J, Hsieh EY, Nam S. Plasmonic sensors based on graphene and graphene hybrid materials. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:28. [PMID: 35695997 PMCID: PMC9192873 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of graphene plasmonics and their applications in different fields. Compared with conventional plasmonic materials, graphene enables highly confined plasmons with much longer lifetimes. Moreover, graphene plasmons work in an extended wavelength range, i.e., mid-infrared and terahertz regime, overlapping with the fingerprints of most organic and biomolecules, and have broadened their applications towards plasmonic biological and chemical sensors. In this review, we discuss intrinsic plasmonic properties of graphene and strategies both for tuning graphene plasmons as well as achieving higher performance by integrating graphene with plasmonic nanostructures. Next, we survey applications of graphene and graphene-hybrid materials in biosensors, chemical sensors, optical sensors, and sensors in other fields. Lastly, we conclude this review by providing a brief outlook and challenges of the field. Through this review, we aim to provide an overall picture of graphene plasmonic sensing and to suggest future trends of development of graphene plasmonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yeageun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Md Farhadul Haque
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Juyoung Leem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Ezekiel Y Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - SungWoo Nam
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qi S, Da H. Controllable photonic spin hall effect of bilayer graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:315201. [PMID: 35487185 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6bb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer graphene, composed of two layers of monolayer graphene in AB stacking order, has emerged as an alternative platform for atomically thin plasmonic and optoelectronic devices. However, its behavior of photonic spin hall effect remains largely unexplored. In this work, we have theoretically observed that bilayer graphene has two obvious discontinuities but monolayer graphene only has a single step in the spectra of the spin shifts as a function of wavelength at the Brewster angle over the midinfrared frequency range, which enables a possible route of distinguishing monolayer graphene and bilayer graphene. Additionally, the magnitudes and positions of the peak and valley values in the spectrum of spin shifts of bilayer graphene can be tuned by its Fermi energy. We also achieved the enhanced out-of-pane spin shift of the glass-AB stacking bilayer graphene-air structure at both the Brewster angle (33.55°) and the critical angle (41.31°) with the aid of the high order of Laguerre-Gaussian beam. The realization of large and controlled spin shift in bilayer graphene indicates its promising applications in precision measurements and refractive index sensors at the midinfrared frequency region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Qi
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Da
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Observation of chiral and slow plasmons in twisted bilayer graphene. Nature 2022; 605:63-68. [PMID: 35508778 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices have led to observations of exotic emergent electronic properties such as superconductivity and strong correlated states in small-rotation-angle twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG)1,2. Recently, these findings have inspired the search for new properties in moiré plasmons. Although plasmon propagation in the tBLG basal plane has been studied by near-field nano-imaging techniques3-7, the general electromagnetic character and properties of these plasmons remain elusive. Here we report the direct observation of two new plasmon modes in macroscopic tBLG with a highly ordered moiré superlattice. Using spiral structured nanoribbons of tBLG, we identify signatures of chiral plasmons that arise owing to the uncompensated Berry flux of the electron gas under optical pumping. The salient features of these chiral plasmons are shown through their dependence on optical pumping intensity and electron fillings, in conjunction with distinct resonance splitting and Faraday rotation coinciding with the spectral window of maximal Berry flux. Moreover, we also identify a slow plasmonic mode around 0.4 electronvolts, which stems from the interband transitions between the nested subbands in lattice-relaxed AB-stacked domains. This mode may open up opportunities for strong light-matter interactions within the highly sought after mid-wave infrared spectral window8. Our results unveil the new electromagnetic dynamics of small-angle tBLG and exemplify it as a unique quantum optical platform.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fandan R, Pedrós J, Hernández-Mínguez A, Iikawa F, Santos PV, Boscá A, Calle F. Dynamic Local Strain in Graphene Generated by Surface Acoustic Waves. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:402-409. [PMID: 31790600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that the Raman-active optical phonon modes of single-layer graphene can be modulated by the dynamic local strain created by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). In particular, the dynamic strain field of the SAW is shown to induce a Raman scattering intensity variation as large as 15% and a phonon frequency shift of up to 10 cm-1 for the G band, for instance, for an effective hydrostatic strain of 0.24% generated in single-layer graphene atop a LiNbO3 piezoelectric substrate with a SAW resonator operating at a frequency of ∼400 MHz. Thus, we demonstrate that SAWs are powerful tools for modulating the optical and vibrational properties of supported graphene by means of the high-frequency localized deformations tailored by the acoustic transducers, which can also be extended to other 2D systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Hernández-Mínguez
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Fernando Iikawa
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
- Institute of Physics , State University of Campinas , 13083-859 Campinas SP , Brazil
| | - Paulo V Santos
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang X, Sun Z, Low T, Hu H, Guo X, García de Abajo FJ, Avouris P, Dai Q. Nanomaterial-Based Plasmon-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704896. [PMID: 29572965 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) has attracted increasing attention due to the potential of infrared spectroscopy in applications such as molecular trace sensing of solids, polymers, and proteins, specifically fueled by recent substantial developments in infrared plasmonic materials and engineered nanostructures. Here, the significant progress achieved in the past decades is reviewed, along with the current state of the art of SEIRA. In particular, the plasmonic properties of a variety of nanomaterials are discussed (e.g., metals, semiconductors, and graphene) along with their use in the design of efficient SEIRA configurations. To conclude, perspectives on potential applications, including single-molecule detection and in vivo bioassays, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Keller Hall 200 Union St S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hai Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avancąts, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Phaedon Avouris
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Chemically doped graphene could support plasmon excitations up to telecommunication or even visible frequencies. Apart from that, the presence of dopant may influence electron scattering mechanisms in graphene and thus impact the plasmon decay rate. Here I study from first principles these effects in single-layer and bilayer graphene doped with various alkali and alkaline earth metals. I find new dopant-activated damping channels: loss due to out-of-plane graphene and in-plane dopant vibrations, and electron transitions between graphene and dopant states. The latter excitations interact with the graphene plasmon, and together they form a new hybrid mode. The study points out a strong dependence of these features on the type of dopants and the number of layers, which could be used as a tuning mechanism in future graphene-based plasmonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Novko
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bezares FJ, Sanctis AD, Saavedra JRM, Woessner A, Alonso-González P, Amenabar I, Chen J, Bointon TH, Dai S, Fogler MM, Basov DN, Hillenbrand R, Craciun MF, García de Abajo FJ, Russo S, Koppens FHL. Intrinsic Plasmon-Phonon Interactions in Highly Doped Graphene: A Near-Field Imaging Study. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5908-5913. [PMID: 28809573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a two-dimensional semimetal, graphene offers clear advantages for plasmonic applications over conventional metals, such as stronger optical field confinement, in situ tunability, and relatively low intrinsic losses. However, the operational frequencies at which plasmons can be excited in graphene are limited by the Fermi energy EF, which in practice can be controlled electrostatically only up to a few tenths of an electronvolt. Higher Fermi energies open the door to novel plasmonic devices with unprecedented capabilities, particularly at mid-infrared and shorter-wave infrared frequencies. In addition, this grants us a better understanding of the interaction physics of intrinsic graphene phonons with graphene plasmons. Here, we present FeCl3-intercalated graphene as a new plasmonic material with high stability under environmental conditions and carrier concentrations corresponding to EF > 1 eV. Near-field imaging of this highly doped form of graphene allows us to characterize plasmons, including their corresponding lifetimes, over a broad frequency range. For bilayer graphene, in contrast to the monolayer system, a phonon-induced dipole moment results in increased plasmon damping around the intrinsic phonon frequency. Strong coupling between intrinsic graphene phonons and plasmons is found, supported by ab initio calculations of the coupling strength, which are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Bezares
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolfo De Sanctis
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - J R M Saavedra
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Achim Woessner
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- CIC nanoGUNE Consolider , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo , 33007, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iban Amenabar
- CIC nanoGUNE Consolider , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas H Bointon
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - Siyuan Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE Consolider , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saverio Russo
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Low T, Chaves A, Caldwell JD, Kumar A, Fang NX, Avouris P, Heinz TF, Guinea F, Martin-Moreno L, Koppens F. Polaritons in layered two-dimensional materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:182-194. [PMID: 27893724 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enhanced light-matter interactions through a plethora of dipole-type polaritonic excitations have been observed in two-dimensional (2D) layered materials. In graphene, electrically tunable and highly confined plasmon-polaritons were predicted and observed, opening up opportunities for optoelectronics, bio-sensing and other mid-infrared applications. In hexagonal boron nitride, low-loss infrared-active phonon-polaritons exhibit hyperbolic behaviour for some frequencies, allowing for ray-like propagation exhibiting high quality factors and hyperlensing effects. In transition metal dichalcogenides, reduced screening in the 2D limit leads to optically prominent excitons with large binding energy, with these polaritonic modes having been recently observed with scanning near-field optical microscopy. Here, we review recent progress in state-of-the-art experiments, and survey the vast library of polaritonic modes in 2D materials, their optical spectral properties, figures of merit and application space. Taken together, the emerging field of 2D material polaritonics and their hybrids provide enticing avenues for manipulating light-matter interactions across the visible, infrared to terahertz spectral ranges, with new optical control beyond what can be achieved using traditional bulk materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Low
- Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Andrey Chaves
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Física, Caixa Postal 6030, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Anshuman Kumar
- Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Phaedon Avouris
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Francisco Guinea
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle de Faraday 9, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Luis Martin-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon and Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50012 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Frank Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avancats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vacacela Gomez C, Pisarra M, Gravina M, Pitarke JM, Sindona A. Plasmon Modes of Graphene Nanoribbons with Periodic Planar Arrangements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:116801. [PMID: 27661709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.116801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Among their amazing properties, graphene and related low-dimensional materials show quantized charge-density fluctuations-known as plasmons-when exposed to photons or electrons of suitable energies. Graphene nanoribbons offer an enhanced tunability of these resonant modes, due to their geometrically controllable band gaps. The formidable effort made over recent years in developing graphene-based technologies is however weakened by a lack of predictive modeling approaches that draw upon available ab initio methods. An example of such a framework is presented here, focusing on narrow-width graphene nanoribbons, organized in periodic planar arrays. Time-dependent density-functional calculations reveal unprecedented plasmon modes of different nature at visible to infrared energies. Specifically, semimetallic (zigzag) nanoribbons display an intraband plasmon following the energy-momentum dispersion of a two-dimensional electron gas. Semiconducting (armchair) nanoribbons are instead characterized by two distinct intraband and interband plasmons, whose fascinating interplay is extremely responsive to either injection of charge carriers or increase in electronic temperature. These oscillations share some common trends with recent nanoinfrared imaging of confined edge and surface plasmon modes detected in graphene nanoribbons of 100-500 nm width.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Vacacela Gomez
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - M Pisarra
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 (Módulo 13), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gravina
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - J M Pitarke
- CIC nanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
- Materia Kondentsatuaren Fisika Saila, DIPC, and Centro Fisica Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, 644 Posta Kutxatila, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Sindona
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang K, Zhang L, Yap FL, Song P, Qiu CW, Loh KP. Large-Area Graphene Nanodot Array for Plasmon-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1302-1308. [PMID: 26753556 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanodot arrays (GNDAs) are fabricated by block copolymer lithography in a high-throughput manner. The GNDA shows strong broadband plasmonic resonances in the mid-IR region with high localized field enhancement, thus allowing plasmon-enhanced infrared spectroscopy with reliable sensitivity and selectivity to be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Fung Ling Yap
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore, 117602, Singapore
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Synthesis of quasi-free-standing bilayer graphene nanoribbons on SiC surfaces. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7632. [PMID: 26158645 PMCID: PMC4510648 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaling graphene down to nanoribbons is a promising route for the implementation of this material into devices. Quantum confinement of charge carriers in such nanostructures, combined with the electric field-induced break of symmetry in AB-stacked bilayer graphene, leads to a band gap wider than that obtained solely by this symmetry breaking. Consequently, the possibility of fabricating AB-stacked bilayer graphene nanoribbons with high precision is very attractive for the purposes of applied and basic science. Here we show a method, which includes a straightforward air annealing, for the preparation of quasi-free-standing AB-bilayer nanoribbons with different widths on SiC(0001). Furthermore, the experiments reveal that the degree of disorder at the edges increases with the width, indicating that the narrower nanoribbons are more ordered in their edge termination. In general, the reported approach is a viable route towards the large-scale fabrication of bilayer graphene nanostructures with tailored dimensions and properties for specific applications. Bilayer graphene nanoribbons are very promising for future nanoelectronics. Here Lopes et al. show a novel approach for the fabrication of quasi-free-standing bilayer graphene nanoribbons on SiC, based on the precise control of the layer-by-layer growth of graphene and a simple annealing step in air.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumar A, Low T, Fung KH, Avouris P, Fang NX. Tunable Light-Matter Interaction and the Role of Hyperbolicity in Graphene-hBN System. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3172-80. [PMID: 25897983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a natural hyperbolic material, which can also accommodate highly dispersive surface phonon-polariton modes. In this paper, we examine theoretically the mid-infrared optical properties of graphene-hBN heterostructures derived from their coupled plasmon-phonon modes. We find that the graphene plasmon couples differently with the phonons of the two Reststrahlen bands, owing to their different hyperbolicity. This also leads to distinctively different interaction between an external quantum emitter and the plasmon-phonon modes in the two bands, leading to substantial modification of its spectrum. The coupling to graphene plasmons allows for additional gate tunability in the Purcell factor and narrow dips in its emission spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Kumar
- †Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tony Low
- ‡IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Kin Hung Fung
- ¶Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Phaedon Avouris
- ‡IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- †Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rashidian Z, Bludov YV, Ribeiro RM, Peres NMR, Vasilevskiy MI. Optical conductivity of ABA stacked graphene trilayer: mid-IR resonance due to band nesting. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:395301. [PMID: 25192336 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/39/395301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The band structure and the optical conductivity of an ABA (Bernal-type) stacked graphene trilayer are calculated. It is shown that, under appropriate doping, a strong resonant peak develops in the optical conductivity, located at the frequency corresponding to approximately 1.4 times the interlayer hopping energy and caused by the 'nesting' of two nearly parabolic bands in the electronic spectrum. The intensity of this resonant absorption can be controlled by adjusting the gate voltage. The effect is robust with respect to increasing temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rashidian
- Centro de Física and Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Lorestan university(lu), Lorestan, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Intra- and Interlayer Electron-Phonon Interactions in 12/12C and 12/13C BiLayer Graphene. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/app4020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Low T, Avouris P. Graphene plasmonics for terahertz to mid-infrared applications. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1086-101. [PMID: 24484181 DOI: 10.1021/nn406627u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we have seen a rapid progress in the field of graphene plasmonics, motivated by graphene's unique electrical and optical properties, tunability, long-lived collective excitation and its extreme light confinement. Here, we review the basic properties of graphene plasmons: their energy dispersion, localization and propagation, plasmon-phonon hybridization, lifetimes and damping pathways. The application space of graphene plasmonics lies in the technologically significant, but relatively unexploited terahertz to mid-infrared regime. We discuss emerging and potential applications, such as modulators, notch filters, polarizers, mid-infrared photodetectors, and mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy, among many others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Low
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|