1
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Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T. Distortion Correction of Low-Energy Photoelectron Spectra of Liquids Using Spectroscopic Data for Solvated Electrons. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2440-2452. [PMID: 36917090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) enables real-time observation of ultrafast electronic dynamics in solutions. When extreme ultraviolet (EUV) probe pulses are employed, they can ionize solutes from all electronic states involved in the dynamics. However, EUV pulses also produce a strong ionization signal from a solvent that is typically 6 orders of magnitude greater than the pump-probe photoelectron signal of solutes. Alternatively, UV probe pulses enable highly sensitive and selective observation of photoexcited solutes because typical solvents such as water are transparent to UV radiation. An obstacle in such UV-TRPES measurements is spectral distortion caused by electron scattering and a yet to be identified mechanism in liquids. We have previously proposed the spectral retrieval (SR) method as an a posteriori approach to removing the distortion and overcoming this difficulty in UV-TRPES; however, its accuracy has not yet been verified by comparison with EUV-TRPES results. In the present study, we perform EUV-TRPES for charge transfer reactions in water, methanol, and ethanol, and verify SR analysis of UV-TRPES. We also estimate a previously undetermined energy-dependent intensity factor and expand the basis sets for SR analysis. The refined SR method is employed for reanalyzing the UV-TRPES data for the formation and relaxation dynamics of solvated electrons in various systems. The electron binding energy distributions for solvated electrons in liquid water, methanol, and ethanol are confirmed to be Gaussian centered at 3.78, 3.39, and 3.25 eV, respectively, in agreement with Nishitani et al. [ Sci. Adv. 2019, 5(8), eaaw6896]. An effective energy gap between the conduction band and the vacuum level at the gas-liquid interface is estimated to be 0.2 eV for liquid water and 0.1 eV for methanol and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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2
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Dupuy R, Thürmer S, Richter C, Buttersack T, Trinter F, Winter B, Bluhm H. Core-Level Photoelectron Angular Distributions at the Liquid-Vapor Interface. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:215-223. [PMID: 36695522 PMCID: PMC9910046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusPhotoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a powerful tool for the investigation of liquid-vapor interfaces, with applications in many fields from environmental chemistry to fundamental physics. Among the aspects that have been addressed with PES is the question of how molecules and ions arrange and distribute themselves within the interface, that is, the first few nanometers into solution. This information is of crucial importance, for instance, for atmospheric chemistry, to determine which species are exposed in what concentration to the gas-phase environment. Other topics of interest include the surface propensity of surfactants, their tendency for orientation and self-assembly, as well as ion double layers beneath the liquid-vapor interface. The chemical specificity and surface sensitivity of PES make it in principle well suited for this endeavor. Ideally, one would want to access complete atomic-density distributions along the surface normal, which, however, is difficult to achieve experimentally for reasons to be outlined in this Account. A major complication is the lack of accurate information on electron transport and scattering properties, especially in the kinetic-energy regime below 100 eV, a pre-requisite to retrieving the depth information contained in photoelectron signals.In this Account, we discuss the measurement of the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) as a way to obtain depth information. Photoelectrons scatter with a certain probability when moving through the bulk liquid before being expelled into a vacuum. Elastic scattering changes the electron direction without a change in the electron kinetic energy, in contrast to inelastic scattering. Random elastic-scattering events usually lead to a reduction of the measured anisotropy as compared to the initial, that is, nascent PAD. This effect that would be considered parasitic when attempting to retrieve information on photoionization dynamics from nascent liquid-phase PADs can be turned into a powerful tool to access information on elastic scattering, and hence probing depth, by measuring core-level PADs. Core-level PADs are relatively unaffected by effects other than elastic scattering, such as orbital character changes due to solvation. By comparing a molecule's gas-phase angular anisotropy, assumed to represent the nascent PAD, with its liquid-phase anisotropy, one can estimate the magnitude of elastic versus inelastic scattering experienced by photoelectrons on their way to the surface from the site at which they were generated. Scattering events increase with increasing depth into solution, and thus it is possible to correlate the observed reduction in angular anisotropy with the depth below the surface along the surface normal.We will showcase this approach for a few examples. In particular, our recent works on surfactant molecules demonstrated that one can indeed probe atomic distances within these molecules with a high sensitivity of ∼1 Å resolution along the surface normal. We were also able to show that the anisotropy reduction scales linearly with the distance along the surface normal within certain limits. The limits and prospects of this technique are discussed at the end, with a focus on possible future applications, including depth profiling at solid-vapor interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
1, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
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3
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Abstract
Knowledge of the electronic structure of an aqueous solution is a prerequisite to understanding its chemical and biological reactivity and its response to light. One of the most direct ways of determining electronic structure is to use photoelectron spectroscopy to measure electron binding energies. Initially, photoelectron spectroscopy was restricted to the gas or solid phases due to the requirement for high vacuum to minimize inelastic scattering of the emitted electrons. The introduction of liquid-jets and their combination with intense X-ray sources at synchrotrons in the late 1990s expanded the scope of photoelectron spectroscopy to include liquids. Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy is now an active research field involving a growing number of research groups. A limitation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous solutions is the requirement to use solutes with reasonably high concentrations in order to obtain photoelectron spectra with adequate signal-to-noise after subtracting the spectrum of water. This has excluded most studies of organic molecules, which tend to be only weakly soluble. A solution to this problem is to use resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy with ultraviolet (UV) light pulses (hν ≲ 6 eV). However, the development of UV liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of inelastic scattering of low kinetic energy electrons (≲5 eV) and the impact on spectral lineshapes and positions.In this Account, we describe the key steps involved in the measurement of UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions: photoionization/detachment, electron transport of low kinetic energy electrons through the conduction band, transmission through the water-vacuum interface, and transport through the spectrometer. We also explain the steps we take to record accurate UV photoelectron spectra of liquids with excellent signal-to-noise. We then describe how we have combined Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution to develop an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. The huge potential of our experimental and spectral retrieval methods is illustrated using three examples. The first is a measurement of the vertical detachment energy of the green fluorescent protein chromophore, a sparingly soluble organic anion whose electronic structure underpins its fluorescence and photooxidation properties. The second is a measurement of the vertical ionization energy of liquid water, which has been the subject of discussion since the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement in 1997. The third is a UV photoelectron spectroscopy study of the vertical ionization energy of aqueous phenol which demonstrates the possibility of retrieving true photoelectron spectra from measurements with contributions from components with different concentration profiles.
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4
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Scholz M, Fortune WG, Tau O, Fielding HH. Accurate Vertical Ionization Energy of Water and Retrieval of True Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra of Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6889-6895. [PMID: 35862937 PMCID: PMC9358712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photoelectron spectroscopy provides a direct way of measuring valence electronic structure; however, its application to aqueous solutions has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of how inelastic scattering of low-energy (<5 eV) electrons in liquid water distorts the measured electron kinetic energy distributions. Here, we present an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. Our method combines Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion, with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution. Its application is demonstrated for both liquid water, and aqueous solutions of phenol and phenolate, which are ubiquitous biologically relevant structural motifs.
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5
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Signorell R, Winter B. Photoionization of the aqueous phase: clusters, droplets and liquid jets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13438-13460. [PMID: 35510623 PMCID: PMC9176186 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article reviews specific challenges associated with photoemission spectroscopy of bulk liquid water, aqueous solutions, water droplets and water clusters. The main focus lies on retrieving accurate energetics and photoelectron angular information from measured photoemission spectra, and on the question how these quantities differ in different aqueous environments. Measured photoelectron band shapes, vertical binding energies (ionization energies), and photoelectron angular distributions are influenced by various phenomena. We discuss the influences of multiple energy-dependent electron scattering in aqueous environments, and we discuss different energy referencing methods, including the application of a bias voltage to access absolute energetics of solvent and solute. Recommendations how to account for or minimize the influence of electron scattering are provided. The example of the hydrated electron in different aqueous environments illustrates how one can account for electron scattering, while reliable methods addressing parasitic potentials and proper energy referencing are demonstrated for ionization from the outermost valence orbital of neat liquid water. This perspective article reviews specific challenges associated with photoemission spectroscopy of bulk liquid water, aqueous solutions, water droplets and water clusters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institute der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14196 Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Sotome H, Koga M, Sawada T, Miyasaka H. Femtosecond Dynamics of Stepwise Two-Photon Ionization in Solutions as Revealed by Pump-Repump-Probe Detection with Burst Mode of Photoexcitation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14187-14197. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03866d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pump-repump-probe spectroscopy with a burst mode of photoexcitation was applied to the direct observation of photoionization dynamics of perylene in the solution phase. The irradiation of the pump pulse train...
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7
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Yamamoto YI, Ishiyama T, Morita A, Suzuki T. Exploration of Gas-Liquid Interfaces for Liquid Water and Methanol Using Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Photoemission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10514-10526. [PMID: 34494839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a study using extreme UV (EUV) photoemission spectroscopy of the valence electronic structures of aqueous and methanol solutions using a 10 kHz EUV light source based on high-order harmonic generation and a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron spectrometer. Two aspects of the observed spectra are highlighted in this study. One is variation of the vertical ionization energy (VIE) for liquids as a function of the solute concentration, which is closely related to surface dipoles at the gas-liquid interface. The experimental results show that the VIE of liquid water increases slightly with increasing concentrations of NaCl and NaI and decreases with NaOH. The VIE of liquid methanol was also found to change slightly with NaI. On the other hand, tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and butylamine (BA) clearly reduce the VIE for liquid water, which is attributed to the formation of an electric double layer (EDL) by segregated solutes at the gas-liquid interface. As evidence for this, when the pH of an aqueous BA solution is reduced to protonate BA, the VIE shift gradually decreases because the protonated BA moves into the bulk to suppress the influence of the EDL. We computed the surface potentials for these solutions using molecular dynamics simulations, and the results supported our interpretation of the experimental results. Another observation is the variation of the relative energy and shape of individual photoelectron bands for solvents, which is related to alteration of the structure and constituents of the first solvation shell of ionized solvent molecules. All of the solutes cause changes in the photoelectron spectra at high concentration, one of the most prominent of which is the degree of splitting of the 3a1 band for liquid water and the 7a' band for liquid methanol, which are sensitive to hydrogen bonding in the liquids. The 3a1 splitting decreases with the increasing concentration of NaI, NaCl, and NaOH, indicating that Na+ penetrates into the hydrogen-bonding network to coordinate to a nonbonding electron of a water molecule. On the other hand, TBAI and BA cause smaller changes in the 3a1 splitting. Full interpretation of these spectroscopic features awaits extensive quantum chemical calculations and is beyond the scope of this study. However, these results illustrate the strong potential of EUV laser photoemission spectroscopy of liquids for exploration of interfacial and solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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8
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Abstract
![]()
Cluster-size-resolved
ultrafast dynamics of the solvated electron
in neutral water clusters with n = 3 to ∼200
molecules are studied with pump–probe time-of-flight mass spectrometry
after below band gap excitation. For the smallest clusters, no longer-lived
(>100–200 fs) hydrated electrons were detected, indicating
a minimum size of n ∼ 14 for being able to
sustain hydrated electrons. Larger clusters show a systematic increase
of the number of hydrated electrons per molecule on the femtosecond
to picosecond time scale. We propose that with increasing cluster
size the underlying dynamics is governed by more effective electron
formation processes combined with less effective electron loss processes,
such as ultrafast hydrogen ejection and recombination. It appears
unlikely that any size dependence of the solvent relaxation dynamics
would be reflected in the observed time-resolved ion yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Long J, Qiu Z, Wei J, Li D, Song X, Jin B, Zhang B. Liquid-microjet photoelectron imaging spectrometry for liquid aqueous solutions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:065108. [PMID: 34243573 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new liquid-microjet photoelectron imaging (PEI) spectrometer has been constructed that combines the liquid-microjet technique with velocity-map imaging. This novel method enables us to simultaneously measure the energy and angular distributions of the photoelectrons produced from highly volatile liquid solutions. The capability of the spectrometer has been demonstrated by recording the photoelectron image of the aqueous 2-furfural. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the PEI of liquid aqueous solutions has succeeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyou Long
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Duoduo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Jin
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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10
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Koga M, Miyake Y, Hayasaka M, Sotome H, Miyasaka H. Slow photoionization via higher excited states of N,N-dimethylaniline in ethanol solution probed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy under two-pulse two-photon excitation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054304. [PMID: 33557537 DOI: 10.1063/5.0028018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoionization dynamics of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) from highly electronically excited states in ethanol solution was investigated by means of femtosecond two-pulse two-photon excitation transient absorption (2PE-TA) spectroscopy. The first pump pulse prepares the lowest singlet excited state (S1 state) of DMA, and the second one excites the S1 state into higher excited states. In the case with the second pulse at 500 nm, the ionization took place via a rapid channel (<100 fs) and a slow one with the time constant of ∼10 ps. The excitation wavelength effect of the second pulse indicated that a specific electronic state produced directly from higher excited states was responsible for the slow ionization. By integrating these results with the time evolution of the transient absorption spectra of the solvated electron in neat ethanol detected by the simultaneous two-photon excitation, it was revealed that the slow ionization of DMA in ethanol was regulated by the formation of the anionic species just before the completion of the solvation of the electron, leading to the solvated electron in the relaxed state. From these results, it was strongly suggested that the capture of the electron of the Rydberg-like state by the solvent or solvent cluster regulates the appearance of the cation radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Koga
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuto Miyake
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hayasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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11
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Ban L, West CW, Chasovskikh E, Gartmann TE, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Below Band Gap Formation of Solvated Electrons in Neutral Water Clusters? J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7959-7965. [PMID: 32878434 PMCID: PMC7536715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Below band gap formation of solvated electrons in neutral water clusters using pump-probe photoelectron imaging is compared with recent data for liquid water and with above band gap excitation studies in liquid and clusters. Similar relaxation times on the order of 200 fs and 1-2 ps are retrieved for below and above band gap excitation, in both clusters and liquid. The independence of the relaxation times from the generation process indicates that these times are dominated by the solvent response, which is significantly slower than the various solvated electron formation processes. The analysis of the temporal evolution of the vertical electron binding energy and the electron binding energy at half-maximum suggests a dependence of the solvation time on the binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Ban
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher W. West
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Egor Chasovskikh
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas E. Gartmann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Mukherjee M, Tripathi D, Dutta AK. Water mediated electron attachment to nucleobases: Surface-bound vs bulk solvated electrons. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044305. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0010509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madhubani Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Divya Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Achintya Kumar Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
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14
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Gartmann T, Ban L, Yoder BL, Hartweg S, Chasovskikh E, Signorell R. Relaxation Dynamics and Genuine Properties of the Solvated Electron in Neutral Water Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4777-4782. [PMID: 31382737 PMCID: PMC6734797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the solvation dynamics and the genuine binding energy and photoemission anisotropy of the solvated electron in neutral water clusters with a combination of time-resolved photoelectron velocity map imaging and electron scattering simulations. The dynamics was probed with a UV probe pulse following above-band-gap excitation by an EUV pump pulse. The solvation dynamics is completed within about 2 ps. Only a single band is observed in the spectra, with no indication for isomers with distinct binding energies. Data analysis with an electron scattering model reveals a genuine binding energy in the range of 3.55-3.85 eV and a genuine anisotropy parameter in the range of 0.51-0.66 for the ground-state hydrated electron. All of these observations coincide with those for liquid bulk, which is rather unexpected for an average cluster size of 300 molecules.
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15
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Röder A, Petersen J, Issler K, Fischer I, Mitrić R, Poisson L. Exploring the Excited-State Dynamics of Hydrocarbon Radicals, Biradicals, and Carbenes Using Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Field-Induced Surface Hopping Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10643-10662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Röder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jens Petersen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Issler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Poisson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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16
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Riley JW, Wang B, Parkes MA, Fielding HH. Design and characterization of a recirculating liquid-microjet photoelectron spectrometer for multiphoton ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083104. [PMID: 31472605 DOI: 10.1063/1.5099040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new recirculating liquid-microjet photoelectron spectrometer for multiphoton ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is described. A recirculating system is essential for studying samples that are only available in relatively small quantities. The reduction in background pressure when using the recirculating system compared to a liquid-nitrogen cold-trap results in a significant improvement in the quality of the photoelectron spectra. Moreover, the recirculating system results in a negligible streaming potential. The instrument design, operation, and characterization are described in detail, and its performance is illustrated by comparing a photoelectron spectrum of aqueous phenol recorded using the recirculating system with one recorded using a liquid nitrogen cold-trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie W Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bingxing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Parkes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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17
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Karashima S, Suzuki T. Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Reaction in a Hydrophobic Tetrabutylammonium Iodide Molecular Layer in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:3769-3775. [PMID: 30827113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy of the charge-transfer-to-solvent reaction in a segregated TBAI (tetrabutylammonium iodide) molecular layer in aqueous solution. The reaction times and electron binding energies of transient species vary with TBAI concentration from a very low value of 1 × 10-3 mol L-1, which is in contrast to NaI solution exhibiting no concentration (0.01-1.0 mol L-1) dependence. The result from soft X-ray N(1s) spectroscopy indicates that the photoelectron intensity in TBAI aqueous solution is about 70 times enhanced as compared to that in NH4Cl aqueous solution for an identical salt concentration, and TBA+ drags I- to the surface region. At high TBAI concentrations, electrons released from I- are trapped and held in the TBAI molecular layer owing to electrostatic attraction by TBA+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho , Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho , Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
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18
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LaForge AC, Michiels R, Bohlen M, Callegari C, Clark A, von Conta A, Coreno M, Di Fraia M, Drabbels M, Huppert M, Finetti P, Ma J, Mudrich M, Oliver V, Plekan O, Prince KC, Shcherbinin M, Stranges S, Svoboda V, Wörner HJ, Stienkemeier F. Real-Time Dynamics of the Formation of Hydrated Electrons upon Irradiation of Water Clusters with Extreme Ultraviolet Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:133001. [PMID: 31012607 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Free electrons in a polar liquid can form a bound state via interaction with the molecular environment. This so-called hydrated electron state in water is of fundamental importance, e.g., in cellular biology or radiation chemistry. Hydrated electrons are highly reactive radicals that can either directly interact with DNA or enzymes, or form highly excited hydrogen (H^{*}) after being captured by protons. Here, we investigate the formation of the hydrated electron in real-time employing extreme ultraviolet femtosecond pulses from a free electron laser, in this way observing the initial steps of the hydration process. Using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy we find formation timescales in the low picosecond range and resolve the prominent dynamics of forming excited hydrogen states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C LaForge
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - R Michiels
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Bohlen
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Clark
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A von Conta
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Di Fraia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Drabbels
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Huppert
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - J Ma
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Mudrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - V Oliver
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - K C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Shcherbinin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Stranges
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy, and Tasc IOM-CNR, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - V Svoboda
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F Stienkemeier
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Barnes JV, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Magic Numbers for the Photoelectron Anisotropy in Li-Doped Dimethyl Ether Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2379-2386. [PMID: 30811202 PMCID: PMC6441944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photoelectron velocity
map imaging of Li(CH3OCH3)n clusters (1 ≤ n ≤ 175) is used
to search for magic numbers related
to the photoelectron anisotropy. Comparison with density functional
calculations reveals magic numbers at n = 4, 5, and
6, resulting from the symmetric charge distribution with high s-character
of the highest occupied molecular orbital. Since each of these three
cluster sizes correspond to the completion of a first coordination
shell, they can be considered as “isomeric motifs of the first
coordination shell”. Differences in the photoelectron anisotropy,
the vertical ionization energies and the enthalpies of vaporization
between Li(CH3OCH3)n and Na(CH3OCH3)n can be rationalized in terms of differences in their solvation shells,
atomic ionization energies, polarizabilities, metal–oxygen
bonds, ligand–ligand interactions and by cooperative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan V Barnes
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
A cavity or excluded-volume structure best explains the experimental properties of the aqueous or “hydrated” electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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21
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Issler K, Röder A, Hirsch F, Poisson L, Fischer I, Mitrić R, Petersen J. Excited state dynamics and time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of para-xylylene. Faraday Discuss 2018; 212:83-100. [PMID: 30238117 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the excited-state dynamics of para-xylylene using a combination of field-induced surface hopping (FISH) simulations and time-resolved ionisation experiments. Our simulations predict an ultrafast decay of the initially excited bright state (S2/S3) to the S1 state on a sub-100 fs time scale, followed by return to the ground state within ∼1 ps. This is accompanied by a transient change of the biradical character of the molecule, as monitored by calculating natural orbital occupation numbers. Specifically, the initially low biradicality is increased by electronic excitation as well as by vibrational activation. Experimentally, para-xylylene was generated by pyrolysis from [2,2]paracyclophane and excited with 266 nm radiation into the S2/S3 bright state. The subsequent dynamics were followed using ionisation as the probe step, with both mass spectra and photoelectron spectra recorded as a function of pump-probe delay. The observed decay of photoelectron and photoion intensities closely matches the theoretical predictions and is consistent with the sequential mechanism found in the simulations. This mechanism exhibits characteristic signatures in both time-resolved mass and photoelectron spectra, in particular in the appearance of fragment ions that are exclusively generated from the S1 state. This allows for a separation of the S2 and S1 dynamics in the photoelectron and mass spectra. An excellent agreement between the observed and the simulated ion signal is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Issler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Anja Röder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany. and LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Florian Hirsch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Lionel Poisson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Petersen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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22
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Gartmann TE, Hartweg S, Ban L, Chasovskikh E, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Electron scattering in large water clusters from photoelectron imaging with high harmonic radiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16364-16371. [PMID: 29872831 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-energy electron scattering in water clusters (H2O)n with average cluster sizes of n < 700 is investigated by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using high harmonic radiation at photon energies of 14.0, 20.3, and 26.5 eV for ionization from the three outermost valence orbitals. The measurements probe the evolution of the photoelectron anisotropy parameter β as a function of cluster size. A remarkably steep decrease of β with increasing cluster size is observed, which for the largest clusters reaches liquid bulk values. Detailed electron scattering calculations reveal that neither gas nor condensed phase scattering can explain the cluster data. Qualitative agreement between experiment and simulations is obtained with scattering calculations that treat cluster scattering as an intermediate case between gas and condensed phase scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gartmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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23
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Coons MP, Herbert JM. Quantum chemistry in arbitrary dielectric environments: Theory and implementation of nonequilibrium Poisson boundary conditions and application to compute vertical ionization energies at the air/water interface. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222834. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5023916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Guo H, Zheng Q, Saidi WA, Zhao J. Tuning Solvated Electrons by Polar-Nonpolar Oxide Heterostructure. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3049-3056. [PMID: 29767527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solvated electron states at the oxide/aqueous interface represent the lowest energy charge-transfer pathways, thereby playing an important role in photocatalysis and electronic device applications. However, their energies are usually higher than the conduction band minimum (CBM), which makes the solvated electrons difficult to utilize in charge-transfer processes. Thus it is essential to stabilize the energy of the solvated electron states. Taking LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) oxide heterostructure with H2O-adsorbed monolayer as a prototypical system, we show using DFT and ab initio time-dependent nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation that the energy and dynamics of solvated electrons can be tuned by the electric field in the polar-nonpolar oxide heterostructure. In particular, for LAO/STO with p-type interface, the CBM is contributed by the solvated electron state when LAO is thicker than four unit cells. Furthermore, the solvated electron band minimum can be partially occupied when LAO is thicker than eight unit cells. We propose that the tunability of solvated electron states can be achieved on polar-nonpolar oxide heterostructure surfaces as well as on ferroelectric oxides, which is important for charge and proton transfer at oxide/aqueous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Hongli Guo
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Qijing Zheng
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Jin Zhao
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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25
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Schalk O, Boguslavskiy AE. Anisotropy in Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9612-9618. [PMID: 29190096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient absorption anisotropy is a well-established technique in time-resolved liquid phase spectroscopy. Here, we show how the technique is applied in the gas phase for time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and what type of additional information can be obtained as compared to other techniques. We exemplify its use by presenting results on rotational revivals in pyrazine after excitation at 324 nm and provide new insights into two recent experiments: (i) the difference between Rydberg and valence state excitation after one- and two-photon absorption in butadiene and (ii) excitation to the two lowest lying vibronic modes of the degenerate π3p Rydberg state in 1-azabicyclo[2.2.0]octane. Going forward, we expect the technique to be used on a regular basis, especially with the advent of high harmonic probe sources and liquid beam setups where other techniques to extract polarization-dependent information such as velocity map imaging cannot easily be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schalk
- National Research Council Canada , 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm University , Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- National Research Council Canada , 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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26
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Farr EP, Zho CC, Challa JR, Schwartz BJ. Temperature dependence of the hydrated electron’s excited-state relaxation. II. Elucidating the relaxation mechanism through ultrafast transient absorption and stimulated emission spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:074504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Farr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Chen-Chen Zho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jagannadha R. Challa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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27
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Nishitani J, West CW, Suzuki T. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of liquid water at 29.5 eV. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044014. [PMID: 28405592 PMCID: PMC5384855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of liquid water was performed using extreme ultraviolet radiation at 29.5 eV and a time-of-flight photoelectron spectrometer. SiC/Mg coated mirrors were employed to select the single-order 19th harmonic from laser high harmonics, which provided a constant photon flux for different laser polarizations. The instrument was tested by measuring photoemission anisotropy for rare gases and water molecules and applied to a microjet of an aqueous NaI solution. The solute concentration was adjusted to eliminate an electric field gradient around the microjet. The observed photoelectron spectra were analyzed considering contributions from liquid water, water vapor, and an isotropic background. The anisotropy parameters of the valence bands (1b1, 3a1, and 1b2) of liquid water are considerably smaller than those of gaseous water, which is primarily attributed to electron scattering in liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Christopher W West
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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28
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Luckhaus D, Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T, Signorell R. Genuine binding energy of the hydrated electron. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603224. [PMID: 28508051 PMCID: PMC5409453 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The unknown influence of inelastic and elastic scattering of slow electrons in water has made it difficult to clarify the role of the solvated electron in radiation chemistry and biology. We combine accurate scattering simulations with experimental photoemission spectroscopy of the hydrated electron in a liquid water microjet, with the aim of resolving ambiguities regarding the influence of electron scattering on binding energy spectra, photoelectron angular distributions, and probing depths. The scattering parameters used in the simulations are retrieved from independent photoemission experiments of water droplets. For the ground-state hydrated electron, we report genuine values devoid of scattering contributions for the vertical binding energy and the anisotropy parameter of 3.7 ± 0.1 eV and 0.6 ± 0.2, respectively. Our probing depths suggest that even vacuum ultraviolet probing is not particularly surface-selective. Our work demonstrates the importance of quantitative scattering simulations for a detailed analysis of key properties of the hydrated electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Luckhaus
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yo-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Hartweg S, Yoder BL, Garcia GA, Nahon L, Signorell R. Size-Resolved Photoelectron Anisotropy of Gas Phase Water Clusters and Predictions for Liquid Water. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:103402. [PMID: 28339280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the first measurements of size-resolved photoelectron angular distributions for the valence orbitals of neutral water clusters with up to 20 molecules. A systematic decrease of the photoelectron anisotropy is found for clusters with up to 5-6 molecules, and most remarkably, convergence of the anisotropy for larger clusters. We suggest the latter to be the result of a local short-range scattering potential that is fully described by a unit of 5-6 molecules. The cluster data and a detailed electron scattering model are used to predict the anisotropy of slow photoelectrons in liquid water. Reasonable agreement with experimental liquid jet data is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hartweg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Gunina AO, Krylov AI. Probing Electronic Wave Functions of Sodium-Doped Clusters: Dyson Orbitals, Anisotropy Parameters, and Ionization Cross-Sections. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9841-9856. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia O. Gunina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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31
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Nowakowski PJ, Woods DA, Verlet JRR. Charge Transfer to Solvent Dynamics at the Ambient Water/Air Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4079-4085. [PMID: 27684095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electron-transfer reactions at ambient aqueous interfaces represent one of the most fundamental and ubiquitous chemical reactions. Here the dynamics of the charge transfer to solvent (CTTS) reaction from iodide was probed at the ambient water/air interface by phase-sensitive transient second-harmonic generation. Using the three allowed polarization combinations, distinctive dynamics assigned to the CTTS state evolution and to the subsequent solvating electron-iodine contact pair have been resolved. The CTTS state is asymmetrically solvated in the plane of the surface, while the subsequent electron solvation dynamics are very similar to those observed in the bulk, although slightly faster. Between 3 and 30 ps, a small phase shift distinguishes an electron bound in a contact pair with iodine and a free hydrated electron at the water/air interface. Our results suggest that the hydrated electron is fully solvated in a region of reduced water density at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł J Nowakowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - David A Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jan R R Verlet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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32
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Glover WJ, Schwartz BJ. Short-Range Electron Correlation Stabilizes Noncavity Solvation of the Hydrated Electron. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:5117-5131. [PMID: 27576177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydrated electron, e-(aq), has often served as a model system to understand the influence of condensed-phase environments on electronic structure and dynamics. Despite over 50 years of study, however, the basic structure of e-(aq) is still the subject of controversy. In particular, the structure of e-(aq) was long assumed to be an electron localized within a solvent cavity, in a manner similar to halide solvation. Recently, however, we suggested that e-(aq) occupies a region of enhanced water density with little or no discernible cavity. The potential we developed was only subtly different from those that give rise to a cavity solvation motif, which suggests that the driving forces for noncavity solvation involve subtle electron-water attractive interactions at close distances. This leads to the question of how dispersion interactions are treated in simulations of the hydrated electron. Most dispersion potentials are ad hoc or are not designed to account for the type of close-contact electron-water overlap that might occur in the condensed phase, and where short-range dynamic electron correlation is important. To address this, in this paper we develop a procedure to calculate the potential energy surface between a single water molecule and an excess electron with high-level CCSD(T) electronic structure theory. By decomposing the electron-water potential into its constituent energetic contributions, we find that short-range electron correlation provides an attraction of comparable magnitude to the mean-field interactions between the electron and water. Furthermore, we find that by reoptimizing a popular cavity-forming one-electron model potential to better capture these attractive short-range interactions, the enhanced description of correlation predicts a noncavity e-(aq) with calculated properties in better agreement with experiment. Although much attention has been placed on the importance of long-range dispersion interactions in water cluster anions, our study reveals that largely unexplored short-range correlation effects are crucial in dictating the solvation structure of the condensed-phase hydrated electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Glover
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai , Shanghai, 200122, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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33
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Okuyama H, Suzuki YI, Karashima S, Suzuki T. Charge-transfer-to-solvent reactions from I− to water, methanol, and ethanol studied by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:074502. [PMID: 27544114 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Okuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsucho, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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34
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Coons MP, You ZQ, Herbert JM. The Hydrated Electron at the Surface of Neat Liquid Water Appears To Be Indistinguishable from the Bulk Species. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10879-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhi-Qiang You
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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35
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Casey JR, Schwartz BJ, Glover WJ. Free Energies of Cavity and Noncavity Hydrated Electrons Near the Instantaneous Air/Water Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3192-3198. [PMID: 27479028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the hydrated electron at the air/water interface are computed for both a cavity and a noncavity model using mixed quantum/classical molecular dynamics simulation. We take advantage of our recently developed formalism for umbrella sampling with a restrained quantum expectation value to calculate free-energy profiles of the hydrated electron's position relative to the water surface. We show that it is critical to use an instantaneous description of the air/water interface rather than the Gibbs' dividing surface to obtain accurate potentials of mean force. We find that noncavity electrons, which prefer to encompass several water molecules, avoid the interface where water molecules are scarce. In contrast, cavity models of the hydrated electron, which prefer to expel water, have a local free-energy minimum near the interface. When the cavity electron occupies this minimum, its absorption spectrum is quite red-shifted, its binding energy is significantly lowered, and its dynamics speed up quite a bit compared with the bulk, features that have not been found by experiment. The surface activity of the electron therefore serves as a useful test of cavity versus noncavity electron solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - William J Glover
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai , Shanghai 200122, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062, China
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36
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Nanofocusing, shadowing, and electron mean free path in the photoemission from aerosol droplets. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Elkins MH, Williams HL, Neumark DM. Isotope effect on hydrated electron relaxation dynamics studied with time-resolved liquid jet photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:184503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4948546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H. Elkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Holly L. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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38
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Karashima S, Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T. Resolving Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Hydrated Electrons Using Ultrafast Photoemission Anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:137601. [PMID: 27082002 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.137601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied ultrafast nonadiabatic dynamics of excess electrons trapped in the band gap of liquid water using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Anisotropic photoemission from the first excited state was discovered, which enabled unambiguous identification of nonadiabatic transition to the ground state in 60 fs in H_{2}O and 100 fs in D_{2}O. The photoelectron kinetic energy distribution exhibited a rapid spectral shift in ca. 20 fs, which is ascribed to the librational response of a hydration shell to electronic excitation. Photoemission anisotropy indicates that the electron orbital in the excited state is depolarized in less than 40 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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39
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Ellis JL, Hickstein DD, Xiong W, Dollar F, Palm BB, Keister KE, Dorney KM, Ding C, Fan T, Wilker MB, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Dukovic G, Jimenez JL, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Materials Properties and Solvated Electron Dynamics of Isolated Nanoparticles and Nanodroplets Probed with Ultrafast Extreme Ultraviolet Beams. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:609-615. [PMID: 26807653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present ultrafast photoemission measurements of isolated nanoparticles in vacuum using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light produced through high harmonic generation. Surface-selective static EUV photoemission measurements were performed on nanoparticles with a wide array of compositions, ranging from ionic crystals to nanodroplets of organic material. We find that the total photoelectron yield varies greatly with nanoparticle composition and provides insight into material properties such as the electron mean free path and effective mass. Additionally, we conduct time-resolved photoelectron yield measurements of isolated oleylamine nanodroplets, observing that EUV photons can create solvated electrons in liquid nanodroplets. Using photoemission from a time-delayed 790 nm pulse, we observe that a solvated electron is produced in an excited state and subsequently relaxes to its ground state with a lifetime of 151 ± 31 fs. This work demonstrates that femotosecond EUV photoemission is a versatile surface-sensitive probe of the properties and ultrafast dynamics of isolated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Franklin Dollar
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - K Ellen Keister
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chengyuan Ding
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tingting Fan
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Molly B Wilker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyle J Schnitzenbaumer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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40
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Yamamoto YI, Karashima S, Adachi S, Suzuki T. Wavelength Dependence of UV Photoemission from Solvated Electrons in Bulk Water, Methanol, and Ethanol. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1153-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yo-ichi Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Adachi
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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41
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West AHC, Yoder BL, Luckhaus D, Signorell R. Solvated Electrons in Clusters: Magic Numbers for the Photoelectron Anisotropy. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12376-82. [PMID: 26355269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. C. West
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Luckhaus
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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42
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Elkins MH, Williams HL, Neumark DM. Dynamics of electron solvation in methanol: Excited state relaxation and generation by charge-transfer-to-solvent. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:234501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4922441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H. Elkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Holly L. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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43
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Goldmann M, Miguel-Sánchez J, West AHC, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Electron mean free path from angle-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy of aerosol particles. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:224304. [PMID: 26071707 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Goldmann
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Miguel-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam H. C. West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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West AHC, Yoder BL, Luckhaus D, Saak CM, Doppelbauer M, Signorell R. Angle-Resolved Photoemission of Solvated Electrons in Sodium-Doped Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1487-1492. [PMID: 26263156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the unpaired electron in sodium-doped water, methanol, ammonia, and dimethyl ether clusters is presented. The experimental observations and the complementary calculations are consistent with surface electrons for the cluster size range studied. Evidence against internally solvated electrons is provided by the photoelectron angular distribution. The trends in the ionization energies seem to be mainly determined by the degree of hydrogen bonding in the solvent and the solvation of the ion core. The onset ionization energies of water and methanol clusters do not level off at small cluster sizes but decrease slightly with increasing cluster size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H C West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Luckhaus
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clara-Magdalena Saak
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Doppelbauer
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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