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Dong H, Ye H, Hu M, Ma Z. Recent Developments in Fabrication Methods and Measurement Schemes for Optically Pumped Magnetic Gradiometers: A Comprehensive Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:59. [PMID: 38258178 PMCID: PMC10819856 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Optically pumped gradiometers have long been utilized in measurement in the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). With advancements in technologies such as laser diodes and microfabrication, integrated gradiometers with compact sizes have become available, enabling improvements in magnetoencephalography and fetal magnetocardiography within shielded spaces. Moreover, there is a growing interest in the potential of achieving biomagnetic source detection without shielding. This review focuses on recent developments in optically pumped magnetic field gradiometers, including various fabrication methods and measurement schemes. The strengths and weaknesses of different types of optically pumped gradiometers are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Dong
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.D.); (H.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Hangfei Ye
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.D.); (H.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Min Hu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.D.); (H.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Zongmin Ma
- National Key Laboratory for Dynamic Measurement Technology and School of Semiconductor and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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2
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Chuang YL, Ullah R, Yu IA. Optical-density enhanced quantum entanglement via four-wave mixing process. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13911-13922. [PMID: 37157266 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically propose a scheme to generate a strong continuous-variable quantum entangled light source in four-wave mixing (FWM) process by increasing the optical density of atomic medium. By properly choosing the input coupling field Rabi frequency and detuning, the optimized entanglement can be achieved to be better than -17 dB at an optical density of approximately 1, 000, which has been realized in atomic media. Besides, with the optimized one-photon detuning and coupling Rabi frequency, the optimum entanglement degree can be greatly enhanced with the increment of optical density. We also examine the effects of atomic decoherence rate and two-photon detuning on entanglement in a realistic setting, and evaluate the experimental feasibility. We find that the entanglement can be further improved by considering two-photon detuning. In addition, with optimum parameters the entanglement is robust against the decoherence. The strong entanglement provides a promising applications in continuous-variable quantum communications.
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3
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Wang H, Chen Z, Fu Z, Shi Y, Zhang X, Zhao C, Jin S, Jing J. Phase-insensitive amplifier gain estimation at Cramér-Rao bound for two-mode squeezed state of light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13552-13565. [PMID: 37157240 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phase-insensitive amplifiers (PIAs), as a class of important quantum devices, have found significant applications in the subtle manipulation of multiple quantum correlation and multipartite quantum entanglement. Gain is a very important parameter for quantifying the performance of a PIA. Its absolute value can be defined as the ratio of the output light beam power to the input light beam power, while its estimation precision has not been extensively investigated yet. Therefore, in this work, we theoretically study the estimation precision from the vacuum two-mode squeezed state (TMSS), the estimation precision of the coherent state, and the bright TMSS scenario, which has the following two advantages: it has more probe photons than the vacuum TMSS and higher estimation precision than the coherent state. The advantage in terms of estimation precision of the bright TMSS compared with the coherent state is researched. We first simulate the effect of noise from another PIA with gain M on the estimation precision of the bright TMSS, and we find that a scheme in which the PIA is placed in the auxiliary light beam path is more robust than two other schemes. Then, a fictitious beam splitter with transmission T is used to simulate the noise effects of propagation loss and imperfect detection, and the results show that a scheme in which the fictitious beam splitter is placed before the original PIA in the probe light beam path is the most robust. Finally, optimal intensity difference measurement is confirmed to be an accessible experimental technique to saturate estimation precision of the bright TMSS. Therefore, our present study opens a new avenue for quantum metrology based on PIAs.
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4
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Wu S, Bao G, Guo J, Chen J, Du W, Shi M, Yang P, Chen L, Zhang W. Quantum magnetic gradiometer with entangled twin light beams. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1760. [PMID: 37043567 PMCID: PMC10096575 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, optical magnetometry has experienced remarkable development and reached to an outstanding sensitivity. For magnetometry based on optical readout of atomic ensemble, the fundamental limitation of sensitivity is restricted by spin projection noise and photon shot noise. Meanwhile, in practical applications, ambient magnetic noise also greatly limits the sensitivity. To achieve the best sensitivity, it is essential to find an efficacious way to eliminate the noises from different sources, simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a quantum magnetic gradiometer with sub-shot-noise sensitivity using entangled twin beams with differential detection. The quantum enhancement spans a frequency range from 7 Hz to 6 MHz with maximum squeezing of 5.5 dB below the quantum noise limit. The sensitivity of gradiometer reaches 18 fT/cm[Formula: see text] at 20 Hz. Our study inspires future possibilities to use quantum-enhanced technology in developing sensitive magnetometry for practical applications in noisy and physically demanding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhe Wu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Guzhi Bao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jinxian Guo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Minwei Shi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Peiyu Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Liqing Chen
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atom, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 2013, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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Hu Q, Wang X, Zhang R, Ren Y, Liu S, Jing J. Enhancing and flattening multiplexed quantum entanglement by utilizing perfect vortex modes. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1782-1785. [PMID: 37221765 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a method for enhancing and flattening multiplexed entanglement in the four-wave mixing (FWM) process, which is implemented by replacing Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with perfect vortex (PV) modes. For the topological charge l ranging from -5 to 5, the entanglement degrees of orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed entanglement with PV modes are all larger than those of OAM multiplexed entanglement with LG modes. More importantly, for OAM multiplexed entanglement with PV modes, the degree of entanglement almost does not change with the topology value. In other words, we experimentally flatten the OAM multiplexed entanglement, which cannot be achieved in OAM multiplexed entanglement with LG modes based on the FWM process. In addition, we experimentally measure the entanglement with coherent superposition OAM modes. Our scheme provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, platform to construct an OAM multiplexed system and may find potential applications in realizing the parallel quantum information protocols.
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Liang Y, Yang R, Zhang J, Zhang T. Hexapartite steering based on a four-wave-mixing process with a spatially structured pump. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:11775-11787. [PMID: 37155804 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering has been widely studied, for realizing safer quantum communication. The steering properties of six spatially separated beams from the four-wave-mixing process with a spatially structured pump are investigated. Behaviors of all (1+i)/(i+1)-mode (i=1,2,3) steerings are understandable, if the role of the corresponding relative interaction strengths are taken into account. Moreover, stronger collective multipartite steerings including five modes can be obtained in our scheme, which has potential applications in ultra-secure multiuser quantum networks when the issue of trust is critical. By further discussing about all monogamy relations, it is noticed that the type-IV monogamy relations, which are naturally included in our model, are conditionally satisfied. Matrix representation is used to express the steerings for the first time, which is very useful to understand the monogamy relations intuitively. Different steering properties obtained in this compact phase-insensitive scheme have potential applications for different kinds of quantum communication tasks.
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7
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Luo B, Yan J, Jiang Y, Li S, Li Y, Zhang S, Li F, Cai Y, Zhang Y. Experimental realization of multimode nonlinear parametric amplification from cascading four-wave mixing of dressed atoms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6982-6995. [PMID: 36823944 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear parametric process is of great significance for achieving high-quality coherent optical signals and quantum correlated photons. With the development of classical and quantum information processing, the study of the properties of parametric processes is evolving in complex scenarios of multimode, which is limited in conventional nonlinear media due to strict phase matching, e.g. nonlinear crystals. Here we study the dressing-energy-level-cascaded four-wave mixing process to generate multimode optical parametric signals. Via cascading double-Λ type configuration of 85Rb D1 line, the non-degenerate energy-level-cascaded FWM is constructed to generate multimode self-parametric amplification. Moreover, with the dressing effects based on atomic coherence, the spatial and frequency multimode characteristics of energy-level-cascaded FWM parametric amplification, i.e., the modes number and pattern, are actively modulated by the pump fields detuning. Also, the spatial modes from the coupling of two coexisting spontaneous parametric FWMs can be controlled to reach tremendous scalability via the atomic coherence and Kerr non-linearity. The atomic coherence effects and unique phase-matching symmetry nature allow flexible modulation of the multimode property of the generated parametric signals within a nonlinear device, which paves a way for multimode classical and quantum information processing.
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Li J, Zeng J, Li F, Zhang Y, Cai Y. Optimal bright multimode quantum squeezing via multi-seeding energy-level cascaded four-wave mixing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:39762-39774. [PMID: 36298921 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum Squeezing is one of the most important quantum resources in quantum optics and quantum information. In particular, multimode quantum squeezing, with ultra-low quantum fluctuations and quantum correlations amongst many optical modes, is essential for realizing multipartite entanglement and quantum precision measurements. In this paper, we propose an all-optically controlled scheme to generate three-mode bright quantum correlated beams from energy-level cascaded four-wave mixing (ELC-FWM). By using a linear modes transform approach, the input-output relation and the covariance matrix of the produced states are obtained. Moreover, single-, double- and triple-seeding conditions are investigated to measure the quantum squeezing properties. We find that various permutations of two- and three-mode quadrature squeezing can be generated and optimized to reach the corresponding limit, via only modulating the ratio of the multiple seeds, without need of any post-operating linear optics, e.g., beam splitters. Such weak seeding light controlled scheme suggests the modulation and the optimization of multimode quantum states might be operated at photons-level, providing a reconfigurable and integrated strategy for complex quantum information processing and quantum metrology.
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9
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Kala V, Filip R, Marek P. Cubic nonlinear squeezing and its decoherence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31456-31471. [PMID: 36242226 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Squeezed states of the harmonic oscillator are a common resource in applications of quantum technology. If the noise is suppressed in a nonlinear combination of quadrature operators below threshold for all possible up-to-quadratic Hamiltonians, the quantum states are non-Gaussian and we refer to the noise reduction as nonlinear squeezing. Non-Gaussian aspects of quantum states are often more vulnerable to decoherence due to imperfections appearing in realistic experimental implementations. Therefore, a stability of nonlinear squeezing is essential. We analyze the behavior of quantum states with cubic nonlinear squeezing under loss and dephasing. The properties of nonlinear squeezed states depend on their initial parameters which can be optimized and adjusted to achieve the maximal robustness for the potential applications.
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10
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Multi-Mode Correlation in a Concurrent Parametric Amplifier. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A concurrent parametric amplifier consisting of two pump beams is used to investigate the possibility of generating multi-mode correlation and entanglement. The existence of three-mode entanglement is demonstrated by analyzing the violation degree of three-mode entanglement criteria, including the sufficient criterion, i.e., two-condition and optimal single-condition criterion, and necessary and sufficient criterion, i.e., positivity under partial transposition (PPT) criterion. Besides, two-mode entanglement generated from any pair is also studied by using the Duan criterion and PPT criterion. We find that three-mode entanglement and two-mode entanglement of the two pairs are present in the whole parameter region. Our results pave the way for the realization and application of multi-mode correlation and entanglement based on the concurrent parametric amplifiers.
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11
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Liu S, Lou Y, Jing J. Phase manipulated two-mode entangled state from a phase-sensitive amplifier. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38971-38978. [PMID: 34809269 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phase manipulation of the two-mode entangled state, which can flexibly control the combination of quadrature components on demand, is important for continuous variable (CV) quantum information and quantum metrology. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the phase manipulation of entangled state by using a phase-sensitive amplifier (PSA) based on four-wave mixing (FWM) process. The entanglement with different phase space squeezing orientations can be generated by directly changing the phase of the PSA. Our scheme is concise and can be expanded to generate multi-parties entangled states on demand. Our results here pave the way to realize a phase-coded quantum key distribution protocol and squeezing-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
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12
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Yang Z, Jahanbozorgi M, Jeong D, Sun S, Pfister O, Lee H, Yi X. A squeezed quantum microcomb on a chip. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4781. [PMID: 34362920 PMCID: PMC8346494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical microresonator-based frequency comb (microcomb) provides a versatile platform for nonlinear physics studies and has wide applications ranging from metrology to spectroscopy. The deterministic quantum regime is an unexplored aspect of microcombs, in which unconditional entanglements among hundreds of equidistant frequency modes can serve as critical ingredients to scalable universal quantum computing and quantum networking. Here, we demonstrate a deterministic quantum microcomb in a silica microresonator on a silicon chip. 40 continuous-variable quantum modes, in the form of 20 simultaneously two-mode squeezed comb pairs, are observed within 1 THz optical span at telecommunication wavelengths. A maximum raw squeezing of 1.6 dB is attained. A high-resolution spectroscopy measurement is developed to characterize the frequency equidistance of quantum microcombs. Our demonstration offers the possibility to leverage deterministically generated, frequency multiplexed quantum states and integrated photonics to open up new avenues in fields of spectroscopy, quantum metrology, and scalable, continuous-variable-based quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mandana Jahanbozorgi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dongin Jeong
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Shuman Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Olivier Pfister
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hansuek Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Xu Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Wang H, Fu Z, Ni Z, Zhang X, Zhao C, Jin S, Jing J. Nonlinear interferometric surface-plasmon-resonance sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:11194-11206. [PMID: 33820237 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A nonlinear interferometer can be constructed by replacing the beam splitter in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with four-wave mixing (FWM) process. Meanwhile, the conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors can be extensively used to infer the information of refractive index of the sample to be measured via either angle demodulation technique or intensity demodulation technique. Combined with a single FWM process, a quantum SPR sensor has been realized, whose noise floor is reduced below standard quantum limit with sensitivity unobtainable with classical SPR sensor. Therefore, in this work we have theoretically proposed a nonlinear interferometric SPR sensor, in which a conventional SPR sensor is placed inside nonlinear interferometer, which is called as I-type nonlinear interferometric SPR sensor. We demonstrate that near resonance angle I-type nonlinear interferometric SPR sensor has the following advantages: its degree of intensity-difference squeezing, estimation precision ratio, and signal-noise-ratio are improved by the factors of 4.6 dB, 2.3 dB, and 4.6 dB respectively than that obtained with a quantum SPR sensor based on a single FWM process. In addition, the theoretical principle of this work can also be expanded to other types of sensing, such as bending, pressure, and temperature sensors based on a nonlinear interferometer.
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Chuang YL, Lee RK, Yu IA. Generation of quantum entanglement based on electromagnetically induced transparency media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3928-3942. [PMID: 33770982 DOI: 10.1364/oe.413217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement is an essential ingredient for the absolute security of quantum communication. Generation of continuous-variable entanglement or two-mode squeezing between light fields based on the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been systematically investigated in this work. Here, we propose a new scheme to enhance the degree of entanglement between probe and coupling fields of coherent-state light by introducing a two-photon detuning in the EIT system. This proposed scheme is more efficient than the conventional one, utilizing the ground-state relaxation (population decay or dephasing) rate to produce entanglement or two-mode squeezing which adds far more excess fluctuation or noise to the system. In addition, maximum degree of entanglement at a given optical depth can be achieved with a wide range of the coupling Rabi frequency and the two-photon detuning, showing our scheme is robust and flexible. It is also interesting to note that while EIT is the effect in the perturbation limit, i.e. the probe field being much weaker than the coupling field and treated as a perturbation, there exists an optimum ratio of the probe to coupling intensities to achieve the maximum entanglement. Our proposed scheme can advance the continuous-variable-based quantum technology and may lead to applications in quantum communication utilizing squeezed light.
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Cai Y, Hao L, Zhang D, Liu Y, Luo B, Zheng Z, Li F, Zhang Y. Multimode entanglement generation with dual-pumped four-wave-mixing of Rubidium Atoms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25278-25292. [PMID: 32907052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multimode entanglement is essential for the generation of quantum networks, which plays a central role in quantum information processing and quantum metrology. Here, we study the spatial multimode entanglement characteristics of the large scale quantum states via a dual-pumped four-wave-mixing (FWM) process of Rubidium atomics vapors. A linear mode transform approach is applied to solve the four- and six-mode Gaussian states and the analytical input-output relations are presented. Moreover, via reconstructing the full covariance matrix of the produced states, versatile entanglement with from two up to six modes is analyzed. The results show that most of the 1 versus n-mode and m versus n-mode states are entangled, and the amount of entanglement can be regulated due to the competitions of mode components caused by different interaction strengths of co-existing FWMs. Our study could be applied for any multimode Gaussian states with a quadratic Hamiltonian.
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Yu M, Shen H, Li J. Magnetostrictively Induced Stationary Entanglement between Two Microwave Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:213604. [PMID: 32530657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.213604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a scheme to entangle two microwave fields by using the nonlinear magnetostrictive interaction in a ferrimagnet. The magnetostrictive interaction enables the coupling between a magnon mode (spin wave) and a mechanical mode in the ferrimagnet, and the magnon mode simultaneously couples to two microwave cavity fields via the magnetic dipole interaction. The magnon-phonon coupling is enhanced by directly driving the ferrimagnet with a strong red-detuned microwave field, and the driving photons are scattered onto two sidebands induced by the mechanical motion. We show that two cavity fields can be prepared in a stationary entangled state if they are, respectively, resonant with two mechanical sidebands. The present scheme illustrates a new mechanism for creating entangled states of optical fields and enables potential applications in quantum information science and quantum tasks that require entangled microwave fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Heng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628CJ, Netherlands
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Wang H, Zhang K, Ni Z, Jing J. Enhancement of quantum correlations using correlation injection scheme in a cascaded four-wave mixing processes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:10633-10647. [PMID: 32225644 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum correlations and entanglement shared among multiple quantum beams are important for both fundamental science and the development of quantum technologies. The enhancement for them is necessary and important to implement the specific quantum tasks and goals. Here, we report a correlation injection scheme (CIS) which is an effective method to enhance the quantum correlations and entanglement in the symmetrical cascaded four-wave mixing processes, and the properties of quantum correlations and entanglement can be characterized by the values of the degree of intensity-difference squeezing (DS) and the smallest symplectic eigenvalues, respectively. Our results show that the CIS can enhance the quantum correlations and entanglement under certain conditions, while for other conditions it can only decrease the values of the DS and the smallest symplectic eigenvalues to the level of standard quantum limit, respectively. We believe that our scheme is experimentally accessible and will contribute to a deeper understanding of the manipulations of the quantum correlations and entanglement in various quantum networks.
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18
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Zhang K, Wang W, Liu S, Pan X, Du J, Lou Y, Yu S, Lv S, Treps N, Fabre C, Jing J. Reconfigurable Hexapartite Entanglement by Spatially Multiplexed Four-Wave Mixing Processes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:090501. [PMID: 32202860 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multipartite entanglement serves as a vital resource for quantum information processing. Generally, its generation requires complex beam splitting processes which limit scalability. A promising trend is to integrate multiple nonlinear processes into a single device via frequency or time multiplexing. The generated states in these schemes are useful for quantum computation. However, they are confined in one or two beams and hard to be spatially separated for applications in quantum communication. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a scheme to generate spatially separated hexapartite entangled states by means of spatially multiplexing seven concurrent four-wave mixing processes. In addition, we show that the entanglement structure characterized by subsystem entanglement distribution can be modified by appropriately shaping the pump characteristics. Such reconfigurability of the entanglement structure gives the possibility to target a desired multipartite entangled state for a specific quantum communication protocol. Our results here provide a new platform for generating large scale spatially separated reconfigurable multipartite entangled beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaozhou Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jinjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanbo Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shuchao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Nicolas Treps
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Claude Fabre
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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19
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Li S, Pan X, Ren Y, Liu H, Yu S, Jing J. Deterministic Generation of Orbital-Angular-Momentum Multiplexed Tripartite Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:083605. [PMID: 32167349 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.083605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the experimental generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed multipartite entanglement with cascaded four-wave mixing processes in a continuous variable (CV) system. In particular, we implement the simultaneous generation of 9 sets of OAM multiplexed tripartite entanglement over 27 Laguerre-Gauss (LG) modes, as well as 20 sets of OAM multiplexed bipartite entanglement over 40 LG modes, which show the rich entanglement structure of the system. In addition, we also generate tripartite entanglement of three types of coherent OAM superposition modes. Such OAM multiplexed multipartite entanglement opens the avenue to construct CV parallel quantum network for realizing parallel quantum information protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaozhou Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huanzhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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20
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Qiu J, Wang Z, Ding D, Li W, Yu B. Highly efficient vortex four-wave mixing in asymmetric semiconductor quantum wells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:2975-2986. [PMID: 32121974 DOI: 10.1364/oe.379245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is an important property of vortex light, which provides a valuable tool to manipulate the light-matter interaction in the study of classical and quantum optics. Here we propose a scheme to generate vortex light fields via four-wave mixing (FWM) in asymmetric semiconductor quantum wells. By tailoring the probe-field and control-field detunings, we can effectively manipulate the helical phase and intensity of the FWM field. Particularly, when probe field and control field have identical detuning, we find that both the absorption and phase twist of the generated FWM field are significantly suppressed. Consequently, the highly efficient vortex FWM is realized, where the maximum conversion efficiency reaches around 50%. Our study provides a tool to transfer vortex wavefronts from input to output fields in an efficient way, which may find potential applications in solid-state quantum optics and quantum information processing.
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21
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Liu S, Lou Y, Jing J. Experimental characterization of multiple quantum correlated beams in two-beam pumped cascaded four-wave mixing process. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:37999-38005. [PMID: 31878571 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.037999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally explore the relationships between the number of multiple quantum correlated beams generated by two-beam pumped cascaded four-wave mixing (CFWM) process and the system parameters, such as the angle between the two pump beams, one-photon detuning and two-photon detuning. We find that all of three system parameters can influence the number of multiple quantum correlated beams. Under the optimal system parameters, we can observe the emission of up to 14 quantum correlated beams with the intensity-difference squeezing of -6.29 ± 0.20 dB (-7.93 ± 0.64 dB after accounting for losses) from such CFWM scheme. Our results may find potential applications in building multi-user quantum network and multi-parameter quantum metrology.
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22
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Liu Y, Cai Y, Xiang Y, Li F, Zhang Y, He Q. Tripartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering with linear and nonlinear beamsplitters in four-wave mixing of Rubidium atoms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:33070-33079. [PMID: 31878381 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.033070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering is an essential resource for secure one-sided device-independent quantum secret sharing. Here, we analyze the EPR steering properties exhibited in three-mode Gaussian states created by four-wave mixing (FWM) in Rubidium atoms combined with a linear beamsplitter and a nonlinear beamsplitter (second FWM), respectively. By quantifying Gaussian steerability based on a measure determined by the covariance matrix of the produced states, we compare the performance of two schemes to achieve one-way, collective, and genuine tripartite steering, as well as the monogamy constraints for distributing steering among three parties. We show that the scheme with nonlinear beamsplitter is feasible to create stronger bipartite steering and genuine tripartite steering and has more flexibility to manipulate the monogamy relation through the cooperation of the two cascaded FWM processes.
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23
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Karigowda A, K V A, Nayak PK, Sudha S, Sanders BC, Bretenaker F, Narayanan A. Phase-sensitive amplification of an optical field using microwaves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:32111-32121. [PMID: 31684429 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report phase-sensitive amplification (PSA) of a near-infrared electromagnetic field using room-temperature 85Rb atoms possessing ground-state coherence. Our novelty is in achieving significant optical PSA by manipulating the intensity and phase of a frequency-separated microwave field. PSA is obtained by inducing a three-wave mixing nonlinear process utilising a three-level cyclic scheme in the D1 manifold. We achieve a near-ideal PSA with a gain of 7 dB over a range of 500 kHz bandwidth with very low pump-field intensities and with low optical depths. Such a hybrid, ground-state-coherence-assisted PSA is the first such demonstration using atomic ensembles.
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24
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Liu S, Lou Y, Jing J. Interference-Induced Quantum Squeezing Enhancement in a Two-beam Phase-Sensitive Amplifier. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:113602. [PMID: 31573253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a method for realizing quantum squeezing enhancement which is induced by the interference in a two-beam phase-sensitive amplifier (PSA) based on a four-wave mixing process. Compared to the normal phase-insensitive amplifier with an intensity-difference squeezing (IDS) of 8.97±0.24 dB or 8.76±0.26 dB, the IDS of our two-beam PSA is enhanced to 10.13±0.21 dB under the same experimental situation. Furthermore, we study how various parameters influence the quantum squeezing enhancement of the PSA. These results clearly show that the physical mechanism inducing the IDS enhancement of the two-beam PSA is its intrinsic interference nature. Our results may find potential applications in improving the fidelity of quantum information processing and the precision of quantum metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanbo Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
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25
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Liu W, Ma R, Zeng L, Qin Z, Su X. Quantum beam splitter for orbital angular momentum of light: quantum correlation by four-wave mixing operated in a nonamplifying regime. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2053-2056. [PMID: 30985809 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nondegenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) process based on a double-Λ scheme in hot alkali metal vapor is a versatile tool in quantum state engineering, quantum imaging, and quantum precision measurements. In this Letter, we investigate the generation of quantum correlated twin beams which carry nonzero orbital angular momentums (OAMs) based on the FWM process in hot cesium vapor. The amplified probe beam and the newly generated conjugate beam in the FWM process have the same and opposite topological charge as the seed beam, respectively. We also explore the FWM process operated in a nonamplifying regime where quantum correlated twin beams carrying OAMs can still be generated. In this regime, the FWM process plays the role of quantum beam splitter for the OAM of light; that is, a device that can split a coherent light beam carrying OAM into quantum-correlated twin beams carrying OAMs. More generally, our setup can be used as a quantum beam splitter of images.
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26
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Peřina J. Waves in spatio-spectral and -temporal coherence of evolving ultra-intense twin beams. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4256. [PMID: 30862907 PMCID: PMC6414532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Waves in the spatio-spectral and -temporal coherence of evolving ultra-intense twin beams are predicted: Twin beams with low intensities attain maximal coherence in the beam center until certain threshold intensity is reached. Then the area of maximal coherence moves with increasing intensity from the beam center towards its edges leaving the beam center with low coherence (the first coherence wave). For even larger intensities, a new coherence maximum is gradually built in the beam center with the increasing intensity and, later, it again moves towards the beam edges forming the second coherence wave. Rotationally-symmetric twin beams are analyzed within a three-dimensional model that couples spectral and spatial degrees of freedom. Relation between the twin-beam coherence and its local density of modes during the nonlinear evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Peřina
- Joint Laboratory of Optics of Palacký University and Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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27
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Adwaith KV, Karigowda A, Manwatkar C, Bretenaker F, Narayanan A. Coherent microwave-to-optical conversion by three-wave mixing in a room temperature atomic system. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:33-36. [PMID: 30645538 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally observe coherent generation of a near-infrared optical field through a three-wave mixing phenomenon in an atomic energy level scheme of Rb85 atoms. This nonlinear generation process in a centro-symmetric thermally broadened atomic system is made possible through a novel interaction between induced electric and magnetic dipoles. The two-photon and three-photon coherence present in our scheme eliminates excited state decoherence. Thus, our scheme represents a minimal optical decoherence scheme which could be used to transfer quantum states between microwave-to-optical frequency regimes with near-unit fidelity.
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28
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Fabrication of Random Microwell Arrays as Pseudo-Thermal Speckle Light Source. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9060256. [PMID: 30424189 PMCID: PMC6187683 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantum correlated imaging using the intensity fluctuations of thermal light possesses advantages of high resolution and strong anti-interference ability. The common method to produce pseudo-thermal light source is using a rotary ground glass and transmission of laser beam. In the present work, we propose a method for the fabrication of microwell arrays with randomly varied diameters, which could be used as a new structural element for pseudo-thermal speckle light source. If these are etched with random sizes then they may also have random and complex varying curvatures (diffusion limited etching) leading to random destructive interference of the coherent beam which could be a good thing. The microwell arrays, with diameters randomly varying from 5 μm to 40 μm, height varying from 200 nm to 20 μm, were fabricated by photolithography combined with acid etching. The experimental conditions are simple and can be scaled up to for large structures. The produced microwell arrays can transform the laser beam to a pseudo-thermal light source with a certain divergent angle by rational designing of mask and adjustable process parameters.
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29
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Wang L, Lv S, Jing J. Quantum steering in cascaded four-wave mixing processes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17457-17465. [PMID: 28789237 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum steering is used to describe the "spooky action-at-a-distance" nonlocality raised in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, which is important for understanding entanglement distribution and constructing quantum networks. Here, in this paper, we study an experimentally feasible scheme for generating quantum steering based on cascaded four-wave-mixing (FWM) processes in hot rubidium (Rb) vapor. Quantum steering, including bipartite steering and genuine tripartite steering among the output light fields, is theoretically analyzed. We find the corresponding gain regions in which the bipartite and tripartite steering exist. The results of bipartite steering can be used to establish a hierarchical steering model in which one beam can steer the other two beams in the whole gain region; however, the other two beams cannot steer the first beam simultaneously. Moreover, the other two beams cannot steer with each other in the whole gain region. More importantly, we investigate the gain dependence of the existence of the genuine tripartite steering and we find that the genuine tripartite steering exists in most of the whole gain region in the ideal case. Also we discuss the effect of losses on the genuine tripartite steering. Our results pave the way to experimental demonstration of quantum steering in cascaded FWM process.
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30
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Strong Coherent Light Amplification with Double Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Coherences. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5796. [PMID: 28725027 PMCID: PMC5517660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate coherent amplification of probe field in a tripod-type atoms driven by strong coupling, signal and weak probe fields. We suppress linear and nonlinear atomic absorptions for resonant and near resonant probe via double electromagnetically induced transparency (DEIT). Combining these advantages of suppressed absorption along with temperature- or atomic-density-controlled transfer of population(ToP) between hyperfine ground states, we can induce near-resonant amplification of probe through stimulated Raman scattering(SRS) pumped by low-intensity signal field. The increased population difference of initial and final states of SRS due to increased ToP rate, together with reduced absorption at the second EIT window in an optically thick Cesium vapor, gives rise to highly effective coherent amplification.
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31
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Zheng Z, Wang H, Cheng B, Jing J. Entanglement in a four-wave mixing process. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2754-2757. [PMID: 28708161 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate different kinds of entanglement in a four-wave mixing process with a degenerate pump. After analyses on means and quantum fluctuations of the three output beams (Stokes, anti-Stokes, and pump), we verify the existence of genuine tripartite entanglement, and quantify bipartite, two-mode, as well as tripartite entanglement with the covariance matrix. We find out that the input pump power and the nonlinear coupling strength are the physical origins to enhance entanglement at a given photon loss.
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32
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Khan GA, Li C, Raza F, Ahmed N, Mahesar AR, Ahmed I, Zhang Y. Correlation and squeezing for optical transistor and intensity for router applications in Pr 3+:YSO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:15059-15066. [PMID: 28561103 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01884c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We realized an optical transistor and router utilizing multi-order fluorescence and spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing. Specifically, the optical routing action was derived from the results of splitting in the intensity signal due to a dressing effect, whereas the transistor as a switch and amplifier was realized by a switching correlation and squeezing via a nonlinear phase. A substantial enhancement of the optical contrast was observed for switching applications using correlation and squeezing contrary to the intensity signal. Moreover, the controlling parameters were also configured to devise a control mechanism for the optical transistor and router.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas Khan
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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33
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Liu Z, Ahmed I, Abdisa G, Jiang Z, Fan S, Wang H, Zhang Y. Hybrid Three-Mode Correlation and Squeezing in a Pr 3+:YSO Crystal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1743. [PMID: 28496156 PMCID: PMC5431891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the generation of three-mode hybrid intensity-noise correlation and intensity-difference squeezing of spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SP-FWM) and fourth-order fluorescence (FL) signals in the heteronuclear-like (three-level Λ-type) molecular structure of a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 (Pr3+:YSO) crystal using the nonlinear cross-Kerr effect under a polarized dressing effect. In the semi-classical view of a Kerr nonlinear medium, the amplitude of two-mode hybrid correlations of this kind is subject to a limit determined by the hybrid maximally entangled state. Whereas the degree of correlation and squeezing is determined by the dressing effects of the input laser fields participating in the SP-FWM process. We also find that the variations in magnitude of three-mode hybrid intensity-noise correlation and intensity-difference squeezing are consistent with nonlinear cross-Kerr processes. Such a three-mode hybrid signal may have potential applications in long-distance communication, dense coding, all-optical communication and quantum storage on photonic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongchen Liu
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR.,Electrical Engineering Department, Sukkur IBA, Sukkur, 65200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Garuma Abdisa
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zihai Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuwei Fan
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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34
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Cao L, Du J, Feng J, Qin Z, Marino AM, Kolobov MI, Jing J. Experimental observation of quantum correlations in four-wave mixing with a conical pump. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1201-1204. [PMID: 28362729 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Generation of multimode quantum states has drawn much attention recently due to its importance for both fundamental science and the future development of quantum technologies. Here, by using a four-wave mixing process with a conical pump beam, we have experimentally observed about -3.8 dB of intensity-difference squeezing between a single-axial probe beam and a conical conjugate beam. The multi-spatial-mode nature of the generated quantum-correlated beams has been shown by comparing the variation tendencies of the intensity-difference noise of the probe and conjugate beams under global attenuation and local cutting attenuation. Due to its compactness, phase-insensitive nature, and easy scalability, our scheme may find potential applications in quantum imaging, quantum information processing, and quantum metrology.
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35
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Wang L, Jing J. Phase-sensitive cascaded four-wave mixing processes for generating continuous-variable entanglement. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:2398-2404. [PMID: 28375344 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.002398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement shared by different parties enhances their capabilities to communicate, which is the core content of continuous-variable quantum optics and quantum information science. Here, we study an experimentally feasible scheme for generating quantum entanglement of bipartite and tripartite cases based on phase-sensitive cascaded four-wave mixing processes in rubidium vapor. Quantum entanglement of bipartite and tripartite cases in our system, which can be manipulated by the phases and the intensity gains of the input beams, is predicted. We also find a sufficient optimal single-condition criterion to give a valid description for genuine tripartite quantum entanglement in our system. The sufficient optimal single-condition criterion is convenient and can be extended to genuine multipartite entanglement.
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36
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Multi-mode of Four and Six Wave Parametric Amplified Process. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43689. [PMID: 28255163 PMCID: PMC5334647 DOI: 10.1038/srep43689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple quantum modes in correlated fields are essential for future quantum information processing and quantum computing. Here we report the generation of multi-mode phenomenon through parametric amplified four- and six-wave mixing processes in a rubidium atomic ensemble. The multi-mode properties in both frequency and spatial domains are studied. On one hand, the multi-mode behavior is dominantly controlled by the intensity of external dressing effect, or nonlinear phase shift through internal dressing effect, in frequency domain; on the other hand, the multi-mode behavior is visually demonstrated from the images of the biphoton fields directly, in spatial domain. Besides, the correlation of the two output fields is also demonstrated in both domains. Our approach supports efficient applications for scalable quantum correlated imaging.
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37
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Characterization of Pairwise Correlations from Multiple Quantum Correlated Beams Generated from Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing Processes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40410. [PMID: 28071759 PMCID: PMC5223188 DOI: 10.1038/srep40410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We theoretically characterize the performance of the pairwise correlations (PCs) from multiple quantum correlated beams based on the cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. The presence of the PCs with quantum corre- lation in these systems can be verified by calculating the degree of intensity difference squeezing for any pair of all the output fields. The quantum correlation characteristics of all the PCs under different cascaded schemes are also discussed in detail and the repulsion effect between PCs in these cascaded FWM processes is theoretically predicted. Our results open the way for the classification and application of quantum states generated from the cascaded FWM processes.
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38
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Lukens JM, Peters NA, Pooser RC. Naturally stable Sagnac-Michelson nonlinear interferometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5438-5441. [PMID: 27906207 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferometers measure a wide variety of dynamic processes by converting a phase change into an intensity change. Nonlinear interferometers, making use of nonlinear media in lieu of beamsplitters, promise substantial improvement in the quest to reach the ultimate sensitivity limits. Here we demonstrate a new nonlinear interferometer utilizing a single parametric amplifier for mode mixing-conceptually, a nonlinear version of the conventional Michelson interferometer with its arms collapsed together. We observe up to 99.9% interference visibility and find evidence for noise reduction based on phase-sensitive gain. Our configuration utilizes fewer components than previous demonstrations and requires no active stabilization, offering new capabilities for practical nonlinear interferometric-based sensors.
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39
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Lugani J, Banerjee C, Maynard MA, Neveu P, Xie W, Ghosh R, Bretenaker F, Goldfarb F. Phase-sensitive amplification via coherent population oscillations in metastable helium at room temperature. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4731-4734. [PMID: 28005879 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report our experimental results on phase-sensitive amplification (PSA) in a nondegenerate signal-idler configuration using ultranarrow coherent population oscillations in metastable helium at room temperature. We achieved a high PSA gain of nearly 7 with a bandwidth of 200 kHz by using the system at resonance in a single-pass scheme. Further, the measured minimum gain is close to the ideal value, showing that we have a nearly pure PSA. This is also confirmed from our phase-to-phase transfer curves measurements, illustrating that we have a nearly perfect squeezer, which is interesting for a variety of applications.
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Wang H, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Jing J. Generation of tripartite entanglement from cascaded four-wave mixing processes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:23459-23470. [PMID: 27828409 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.023459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the possibility of an experimentally feasible cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) system [Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 023602 (2014)] to generate tripartite entanglement. We verify that genuine tripartite entanglement is present in this system by calculating the covariances of three output beams and then considering the violations of the inequalities of the three-mode entanglement criteria, such as two-condition criterion, single-condition criterion, optimal single-condition criterion and the positivity under partial transposition (PPT) criterion. We also consider the possibilities of the bipartite entanglement of any pair of the three output beams using the Duan-Giedke-Cirac-Zoller criterion and PPT criterion. We find that the tripartite entanglement and the bipartite entanglement for the two pairs are present in the whole gain region. The entanglement characteristics under different entanglement criteria are also considered. Our results pave the way for the realization and application of multipartite entanglement based on the cascaded FWM processes.
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Ahmed I, Zhang Z, Wen F, Zhang D, Li C, Wang R, Zhang Y. Switching Correlation and Noise Level in Pr(3+):YSO Crystal via Dressing Nonlinear Phase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33568. [PMID: 27650423 PMCID: PMC5030705 DOI: 10.1038/srep33568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate that the intensity noise correlation and the noise level of intensity-difference and intensity-sum in Stokes and anti-Stokes channel can be well controlled by the relative nonlinear phase in spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing process. By modulating the relative nonlinear phase, including self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation, switching the correlation into anti-correlation and the relative intensity noise level between the intensity-difference and intensity-sum are realized. We also show that the variation tendencies of the relative intensity noise level and the corresponding intensity fluctuations correlation are in accordance with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmed
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education &School of Science &Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education &School of Science &Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education &School of Science &Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Da Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education &School of Science &Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Changbiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education &School of Science &Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education &School of Science &Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education &School of Science &Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Triple-mode squeezing with dressed six-wave mixing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25554. [PMID: 27169878 PMCID: PMC4864425 DOI: 10.1038/srep25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of proof-of-principle triple-mode squeezing is proposed via spontaneous parametric six-wave mixing process in an atomic-cavity coupled system. Special attention is focused on the role of dressed state and nonlinear gain on triple-mode squeezing process. Using the dressed state theory, we find that optical squeezing and Autler-Towns splitting of cavity mode can be realized with nonlinear gain, while the efficiency and the location of maximum squeezing point can be effectively shaped by dressed state in atomic ensemble. Our proposal can find applications in multi-channel communication and multi-channel quantum imaging.
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Krapick S, Brecht B, Herrmann H, Quiring V, Silberhorn C. On-chip generation of photon-triplet states. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:2836-2849. [PMID: 26906852 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.002836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient sources of many-partite non-classical states are key for the advancement of quantum technologies and for the fundamental testing of quantum mechanics. We demonstrate the generation of time-correlated photon triplets at telecom wavelengths via pulsed cascaded parametric down-conversion in a monolithically integrated source. By detecting the generated states with success probabilities of (6.25 ± 1.09) × 10(-11) per pump pulse at injected powers as low as 10 μW, we benchmark the efficiency of the complete system and deduce its high potential for scalability. Our source is unprecedentedly long-term stable, it overcomes interface losses intrinsically due to its monolithic architecture, and the photon-triplet states dominate uncorrelated noise significantly. These results mark crucial progress towards the proliferation of robust, scalable, synchronized and miniaturized quantum technology.
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Yang X, Xue B, Zhang J, Zhu S. A universal quantum information processor for scalable quantum communication and networks. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6629. [PMID: 25316514 PMCID: PMC4197420 DOI: 10.1038/srep06629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Entanglement provides an essential resource for quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum networks. How to conveniently and efficiently realize the generation, distribution, storage, retrieval, and control of multipartite entanglement is the basic requirement for realistic quantum information processing. Here, we present a theoretical proposal to efficiently and conveniently achieve a universal quantum information processor (QIP) via atomic coherence in an atomic ensemble. The atomic coherence, produced through electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the Λ-type configuration, acts as the QIP and has full functions of quantum beam splitter, quantum frequency converter, quantum entangler, and quantum repeater. By employing EIT-based nondegenerate four-wave mixing processes, the generation, exchange, distribution, and manipulation of light-light, atom-light, and atom-atom multipartite entanglement can be efficiently and flexibly achieved in a deterministic way with only coherent light fields. This method greatly facilitates the operations in quantum information processing, and holds promising applications in realistic scalable quantum communication and quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihua Yang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bolin Xue
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shiyao Zhu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
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