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Xu J, Carney TE, Zhou R, Shepard C, Kanai Y. Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Simulating Nonequilibrium Electron Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5011-5029. [PMID: 38362887 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The explicit real-time propagation approach for time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) has increasingly become a popular first-principles computational method for modeling various time-dependent electronic properties of complex chemical systems. In this Perspective, we provide a nontechnical discussion of how this first-principles simulation approach has been used to gain novel physical insights into nonequilibrium electron dynamics phenomena in recent years. Following a concise overview of the RT-TDDFT methodology from a practical standpoint, we discuss our recent studies on the electronic stopping of DNA in water and the Floquet topological phase as examples. Our discussion focuses on how RT-TDDFT simulations played a unique role in deriving new scientific understandings. We then discuss existing challenges and some new advances at the frontier of RT-TDDFT method development for studying increasingly complex dynamic phenomena and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas E Carney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ruiyi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher Shepard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Hui D, Alqattan H, Zhang S, Pervak V, Chowdhury E, Hassan MT. Ultrafast optical switching and data encoding on synthesized light fields. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf1015. [PMID: 36812316 PMCID: PMC9946343 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modern electronics are founded on switching the electrical signal by radio frequency electromagnetic fields on the nanosecond time scale, limiting the information processing to the gigahertz speed. Recently, optical switches have been demonstrated using terahertz and ultrafast laser pulses to control the electrical signal and enhance the switching speed to the picosecond and a few hundred femtoseconds time scale. Here, we exploit the reflectivity modulation of the fused silica dielectric system in a strong light field to demonstrate the optical switching (ON/OFF) with attosecond time resolution. Moreover, we present the capability of controlling the optical switching signal with complex synthesized fields of ultrashort laser pulses for data binary encoding. This work paves the way for establishing optical switches and light-based electronics with petahertz speeds, several orders of magnitude faster than the current semiconductor-based electronics, opening a new realm in information technology, optical communications, and photonic processor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Hui
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Husain Alqattan
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simin Zhang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vladimir Pervak
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Enam Chowdhury
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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3
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Feizollah P, Berg MJ. Electromagnetically induced modification of gold optical properties. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:18374-18391. [PMID: 36221640 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The reflection of light from a metal film, i.e., a mirror, is among the most fundamental and well-understood effects in optics. If the film thickness is greater than the wavelength, reflection is strong and is explained in simple terms by the Fresnel equations. For film thickness much less than the wavelength, reflection is far weaker and more exotic effects become possible. This is especially so if the light illuminating the film is pulsed at the femtosecond time scale. In this work, a phenomenon is proposed where few-femtosecond laser pulses temporarily modify a thin metal film's optical properties via processes that appear linear and classical in nature. By casting a pulsed standing-wave pattern across the metal surface, we consider the possibility that conduction electrons are redistributed to create temporary regions of partly enhanced or reduced density without the excitation of inter-band transitions. The process would constitute a temporary change to the conductivity of the metal, and thus, may be observable as changes to the metal's transmittance and reflectance. In regions where the density is enhanced (reduced), the transmittance is decreased (increased). The concept is termed Electromagnetically Induced Modification (EIM) and is premised on the fact that the pulse length is shorter than the relaxation time of the conduction electrons. An experiment is conducted to test the concept by measuring the change in reflectance and transmittance of gold films with thickness ranging from 20-300 Angstrom. The results show that the film's transmittance decreases only when the standing-wave pattern is present. As the pulse length is increased, or as the film thickness is increased, the changes disappear. The changes show little dependence on the pulse intensity as it is varied by a factor of two. To gain further insight, the Drude theory is used to develop a simplified model for EIM, which qualitatively agrees with the observations. However, neither the experiment nor the model can prove the validity of the EIM concept. As such, an assessment is made for the potential of alternative well-known processes to explain the observations.
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4
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Feng X, Wang F. Efficient treatment of low-frequency response and decoherence in a real-time evolution scheme. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:055303. [PMID: 35706268 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.055303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an improved real-time current-based approach for calculating the frequency-dependent dielectric function of a bulk periodic system, which can achieve a unified treatment of longitudinal and transverse macroscopic geometries on the same footing, and an improvement to make the approach of calculating dielectric function more robust for the avoidance of numerical divergencies at low frequency near zero in some specific cases. The validity of the improved approach implementation is verified by calculating the dielectric function of bulk periodic system in the ground in the longitudinal geometry, enabling the improved approach to be extended to excited bulk periodic systems in the transverse geometry. Further, a phenomenological description of decoherence has been incorporated within the framework of time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT). It is concluded that the decoherence model can suppress the numerical divergence of low frequency and grows the excitonic feature of silicon, although it adopts the approximate time-dependent exchange-correlation potential. Thus, the use of the decoherence TDDFT model opens pathways for handling the decoherence effects within the framework of TDDFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Feng
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Alqattan H, Hui D, Sennary MYS, Hassan M. Attosecond electronic delay response in dielectric materials. Faraday Discuss 2022; 237:317-326. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The advancement in the attosecond field and the generation of XUV attosecond pulses enabled the study of electron dynamics in solid-state by XUV and high harmonic generation spectroscopy1-4. Here, we...
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6
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Herperger KR, Krumland J, Cocchi C. Laser-Induced Electronic and Vibronic Dynamics in the Pyrene Molecule and Its Cation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9619-9631. [PMID: 34714646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrene is widely used as an optical probe thanks to its peculiar ultraviolet absorption and infrared emission features. Interestingly, this molecule is also an abundant component of the interstellar medium, where it is detected via its unique spectral fingerprints. In this work, we present a comprehensive first-principles study on the electronic and vibrational response of pyrene and its cation to ultrafast, coherent pulses in resonance with their optically active excitations in the ultraviolet region. The analysis of molecular symmetries, electronic structure, and linear optical spectra is used to interpret transient absorption spectra and kinetic energy spectral densities computed for the systems excited by ultrashort laser fields. By disentangling the effects of the electronic and vibrational dynamics via ad hoc simulations with stationary and moving ions, and, in specific cases, with the aid of auxiliary model systems, we rationalize that the nuclear motion is mainly harmonic in the neutral species, while strong anharmonic oscillations emerge in the cation, driven by electronic coherence. Our results provide additional insights into the ultrafast vibronic dynamics of pyrene and related compounds and set the stage for future investigations on more complex carbon-conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Herperger
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jannis Krumland
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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7
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Hekele J, Yao Y, Kanai Y, Blum V, Kratzer P. All-electron real-time and imaginary-time time-dependent density functional theory within a numeric atom-centered basis function framework. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:154801. [PMID: 34686041 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) is an attractive tool to model quantum dynamics by real-time propagation without the linear response approximation. Sharing the same technical framework of RT-TDDFT, imaginary-time time-dependent density functional theory (it-TDDFT) is a recently developed robust-convergence ground state method. Presented here are high-precision all-electron RT-TDDFT and it-TDDFT implementations within a numerical atom-centered orbital (NAO) basis function framework in the FHI-aims code. We discuss the theoretical background and technical choices in our implementation. First, RT-TDDFT results are validated against linear-response TDDFT results. Specifically, we analyze the NAO basis sets' convergence for Thiel's test set of small molecules and confirm the importance of the augmentation basis functions for adequate convergence. Adopting a velocity-gauge formalism, we next demonstrate applications for systems with periodic boundary conditions. Taking advantage of the all-electron full-potential implementation, we present applications for core level spectra. For it-TDDFT, we confirm that within the all-electron NAO formalism, it-TDDFT can successfully converge systems that are difficult to converge in the standard self-consistent field method. We finally benchmark our implementation for systems up to ∼500 atoms. The implementation exhibits almost linear weak and strong scaling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Hekele
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yi Yao
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Volker Blum
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Peter Kratzer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Shepard C, Zhou R, Yost DC, Yao Y, Kanai Y. Simulating electronic excitation and dynamics with real-time propagation approach to TDDFT within plane-wave pseudopotential formulation. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:100901. [PMID: 34525811 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We give a perspective on simulating electronic excitation and dynamics using the real-time propagation approach to time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) in the plane-wave pseudopotential formulation. RT-TDDFT is implemented in various numerical formalisms in recent years, and its practical application often dictates the most appropriate implementation of the theory. We discuss recent developments and challenges, emphasizing numerical aspects of studying real systems. Several applications of RT-TDDFT simulation are discussed to highlight how the approach is used to study interesting electronic excitation and dynamics phenomena in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Shepard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Ruiyi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Dillon C Yost
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
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9
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Sun J, Lee CW, Kononov A, Schleife A, Ullrich CA. Real-Time Exciton Dynamics with Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:077401. [PMID: 34459649 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.077401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Linear-response time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) can describe excitonic features in the optical spectra of insulators and semiconductors, using exchange-correlation (xc) kernels behaving as -1/k^{2} to leading order. We show how excitons can be modeled in real-time TDDFT, using an xc vector potential constructed from approximate, long-range corrected xc kernels. We demonstrate, for various materials, that this real-time approach is consistent with frequency-dependent linear response, gives access to femtosecond exciton dynamics following short-pulse excitations, and can be extended with some caution into the nonlinear regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyu Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cheng-Wei Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Alina Kononov
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - André Schleife
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Carsten A Ullrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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10
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Yamada A. Multiscale simulation of terahertz radiation process in benzimidazole crystal by impulsive stimulated Raman scattering. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244506. [PMID: 33380100 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive dynamics of coupled light wave and molecules in the terahertz wave generation process in an organic molecular crystal solid, 5,6-dichloro-2-methylbenzimidazole (DCMBI), induced by impulsive stimulated Raman scattering has been described by our previously developed multi-scale simulation, Maxwell + polarizable molecular dynamics method, where the propagation of macroscopic electromagnetic fields and microscopic molecular dynamics based on the force field model are numerically solved in the time domain. It has shown the behaviors of the excitation of Raman-active phonon modes by the irradiated pulse and terahertz radiation by molecular motions of infrared-active modes. Simulations of terahertz absorption and Raman spectroscopies of the DCMBI solid have also been performed to verify the applicability of the method to the terahertz optics. The calculated spectra are compared with the experimental measurements, showing good agreement. The detailed motions of the interacting electromagnetic fields and molecules occurred in the terahertz spectroscopies have also been provided, and the analyses have shown that rotational motions of the DCMBI molecules play key roles in the terahertz wave generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamada
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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11
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Krumland J, Valencia AM, Pittalis S, Rozzi CA, Cocchi C. Understanding real-time time-dependent density-functional theory simulations of ultrafast laser-induced dynamics in organic molecules. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:054106. [PMID: 32770886 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time time-dependent density functional theory, in conjunction with the Ehrenfest molecular dynamics scheme, is becoming a popular methodology to investigate ultrafast phenomena on the nanoscale. Thanks to recent developments, it is also possible to explicitly include in the simulations a time-dependent laser pulse, thereby accessing the transient excitation regime. However, the complexity entailed in these calculations calls for in-depth analysis of the accessible and yet approximate (either "dressed" or "bare") quantities in order to evaluate their ability to provide us with a realistic picture of the simulated processes. In this work, we analyze the ultrafast dynamics of three small molecules (ethylene, benzene, and thiophene) excited by a resonant laser pulse in the framework of the adiabatic local-density approximation. The electronic response to the laser perturbation in terms of induced dipole moment and excited-state population is compared to the results given by an exactly solvable two-level model. In this way, we can interpret the charge-carrier dynamics in terms of simple estimators, such as the number of excited electrons. From the computed transient absorption spectra, we unravel the appearance of nonlinear effects such as excited-state absorption and vibronic coupling. In this way, we observe that the laser excitation affects the vibrational spectrum by enhancing the anharmonicities therein, while the coherent vibrational motion contributes to stabilizing the electronic excitation already within a few tens of femtoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Krumland
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana M Valencia
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Caterina Cocchi
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Abstract
The sub-cycle interaction of light and matter is one of the key frontiers of inquiry made accessible by attosecond science. Here, we show that when light excites a pair of charge carriers inside of a solid, the transition probability is strongly localized to instants slightly after the extrema of the electric field. The extreme temporal localization is utilized in a simple electronic circuit to record the waveforms of infrared to ultraviolet light fields. This form of petahertz-bandwidth field metrology gives access to both the modulated transition probability and its temporal offset from the laser field, providing sub-fs temporal precision in reconstructing the sub-cycle electronic response of a solid state structure. Characterization of light pulses is important in order to understand their interaction with matter. Here the authors demonstrate a nonlinear photoconductive sampling method to measure electric field wave-forms in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet spectral ranges.
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13
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Covington C, Kidd D, Buckner H, Appel H, Varga K. Time propagation of the coupled Maxwell and Kohn-Sham equations using the Riemann-Silberstein formalism. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:053301. [PMID: 31869973 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.053301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The coupled Maxwell and time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations are solved using the Riemann-Silberstein vectors to represent the electromagnetic fields. Momentum-space time propagation of the Riemann-Silberstein vectors are proposed and test calculations are presented to show the accuracy of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Covington
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA and Department of Chemistry, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044, USA
| | | | - Haley Buckner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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14
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White AF, Chan GKL. Time-Dependent Coupled Cluster Theory on the Keldysh Contour for Nonequilibrium Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6137-6153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alec F. White
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, Umited States
| | - Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, Umited States
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15
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Lian C, Hu SQ, Guan MX, Meng S. Momentum-resolved TDDFT algorithm in atomic basis for real time tracking of electronic excitation. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:154104. [PMID: 30342439 DOI: 10.1063/1.5036543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast electronic dynamics in solids lies at the core of modern condensed matter and materials physics. To build up a practical ab initio method for studying solids under photoexcitation, we develop a momentum-resolved real-time time dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT) algorithm using numerical atomic basis, together with the implementation of both the length and vector gauge of the electromagnetic field. When applied to simulate elementary excitations in two-dimensional materials such as graphene, different excitation modes, only distinguishable in momentum space, are observed. The momentum-resolved rt-TDDFT is important and computationally efficient for the study of ultrafast dynamics in extended systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Qi Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xue Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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16
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Gräf S, Kunz C, Engel S, Derrien TJY, Müller FA. Femtosecond Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Fused Silica: The Impact of the Initial Substrate Temperature. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11081340. [PMID: 30072643 PMCID: PMC6119896 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation and properties of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) were investigated upon fs-laser irradiation of fused silica at different initial substrate temperatures, TS. For substrate heating between room temperature, TRT, and TS = 1200 °C, a continuous wave CO2 laser was used as the radiation source. The surface structures generated in the air environment at normal incidence with five successive fs-laser pulses (pulse duration, τ = 300 fs, laser wavelength, λ = 1025 nm, repetition frequency, frep = 1 kHz) were characterized by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 2D-Fourier transform analysis. The threshold fluence of fused silica was systematically investigated as a function of TS. It was shown that the threshold fluence for the formation of low-spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) decreases with increasing TS. The results reveal that the initial spatial period observed at TRT is notably increased by increasing TS, finally leading to the formation of supra-wavelength LIPSS. The findings are discussed in the framework of the electromagnetic interference theory, supplemented with an analysis based on thermo-convective instability occurring in the laser-induced molten layer. Our findings provide qualitative insights into the formation mechanisms of LIPSS, which allow improvements of the control of nanostructure formation to be made for corresponding applications of dielectric materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gräf
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Engel
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Thibault J-Y Derrien
- HiLASE Centre-Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnicí 828, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic.
| | - Frank A Müller
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
Ultrafast control of currents on the nanoscale is essential for future innovations in nanoelectronics. Recently it was experimentally demonstrated that strong non-resonant few-cycle 4 fs laser pulses can be used to induce phase-controllable currents along gold–silica–gold nanojunctions in the absence of a bias voltage. However, since the effect depends on a highly non-equilibrium state of matter, its microscopic origin is unclear and the subject of recent controversy. Here we present atomistically detailed (time-dependent non-equilibrium Green’s function) electronic transport simulations that recover the main experimental observations and offer a simple intuitive picture of the effect. The photoinduced currents are seen to arise due to a difference in effective silica-metal coupling for negative and positive field amplitudes induced by lasers with low temporal symmetry. These insights can be employed to interpret related experiments, and advance our ability to control electrons in matter using lasers. Strong non-resonant few-cycle laser pulses can be used to induce ultrafast phase-controllable currents along nanojunctions but the microscopic origin is unclear. Here, the authors present time-dependent quantum transport simulations that recover the experimental observations and offer an intuitive picture of the effect.
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18
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Abstract
High-harmonic generation in isolated atoms and molecules has been widely utilized in extreme ultraviolet photonics and attosecond pulse metrology. Recently, high-harmonic generation has been observed in solids, which could lead to important applications such as all-optical methods to image valance charge density and reconstruct electronic band structures, as well as compact extreme ultraviolet light sources. So far these studies are confined to crystalline solids; therefore, decoupling the respective roles of long-range periodicity and high density has been challenging. Here we report the observation of high-harmonic generation from amorphous fused silica. We decouple the role of long-range periodicity by comparing harmonics generated from fused silica and crystalline quartz, which contain the same atomic constituents but differ in long-range periodicity. Our results advance current understanding of the strong-field processes leading to high-harmonic generation in solids with implications for the development of robust and compact extreme ultraviolet light sources. Although higher harmonic generation from solids has become of interest in many fields, its observation is typically limited to crystalline solids. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher harmonics can be generated from amorphous solids.
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19
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Jiang S, Yu C, Yuan G, Wu T, Wang Z, Lu R. Quantum-trajectory analysis for charge transfer in solid materials induced by strong laser fields. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:275702. [PMID: 28585526 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dependence of charge transfer on the intensity of driving laser field when SiO2 crystal is irradiated by an 800 nm laser. It is surprising that the direction of charge transfer undergoes a sudden reversal when the driving laser intensity exceeds critical values with different carrier-envelope phases. By applying quantum-trajectory analysis, we find that the Bloch oscillation plays an important role in charge transfer in solids. Also, we study the interaction of a strong laser with gallium nitride (GaN), which is widely used in optoelectronics. A pump-probe scheme is applied to control the quantum trajectories of the electrons in the conduction band. The signal of charge transfer is controlled successfully by means of a theoretically proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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20
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Liao SL, Ho TS, Rabitz H, Chu SI. Time-Local Equation for the Exact Optimized Effective Potential in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:243001. [PMID: 28665665 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.243001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing challenge in the time-dependent density functional theory is to efficiently solve the exact time-dependent optimized effective potential (TDOEP) integral equation derived from orbital-dependent functionals, especially for the study of nonadiabatic dynamics in time-dependent external fields. In this Letter, we formulate a completely equivalent time-local TDOEP equation that admits a unique real-time solution in terms of time-dependent Kohn-Sham and effective memory orbitals. The time-local formulation is numerically implemented, with the incorporation of exponential memory loss to address the unaccounted for correlation component in the exact-exchange-only functional, to enable the study of the many-electron dynamics of a one-dimensional hydrogen chain. It is shown that the long time behavior of the electric dipole converges correctly and the zero-force theorem is fulfilled in the current implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lun Liao
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Tak-San Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Herschel Rabitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Shih-I Chu
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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21
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Tancogne-Dejean N, Mücke OD, Kärtner FX, Rubio A. Impact of the Electronic Band Structure in High-Harmonic Generation Spectra of Solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:087403. [PMID: 28282201 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.087403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate analytic model describing the microscopic mechanism of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in solids is derived. Extensive first-principles simulations within a time-dependent density-functional framework corroborate the conclusions of the model. Our results reveal that (i) the emitted HHG spectra are highly anisotropic and laser-polarization dependent even for cubic crystals; (ii) the harmonic emission is enhanced by the inhomogeneity of the electron-nuclei potential; the yield is increased for heavier atoms; and (iii) the cutoff photon energy is driver-wavelength independent. Moreover, we show that it is possible to predict the laser polarization for optimal HHG in bulk crystals solely from the knowledge of their electronic band structure. Our results pave the way to better control and optimize HHG in solids by engineering their band structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver D Mücke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Han D, Bang J, Xie W, Meunier V, Zhang S. Phonon-Enabled Carrier Transport of Localized States at Non-Polar Semiconductor Surfaces: A First-Principles-Based Prediction. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3548-3553. [PMID: 27552528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electron-phonon coupling can hamper carrier transport either by scattering or by the formation of mass-enhanced polarons. Here, we use time-dependent density functional theory-molecular dynamics simulations to show that phonons can also promote the transport of excited carriers. Using nonpolar InAs (110) surface as an example, we identify phonon-mediated coupling between electronic states close in energy as the origin for the enhanced transport. In particular, the coupling causes localized excitons in the resonant surface states to propagate into bulk with velocities as high as 10(6) cm/s. The theory also predicts temperature enhanced carrier transport, which may be observable in ultrathin nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Junhyeok Bang
- Spin Engineering Physics Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiyu Xie
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - ShengBai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Li Y, He S, Russakoff A, Varga K. Accurate time propagation method for the coupled Maxwell and Kohn-Sham equations. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:023314. [PMID: 27627419 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.023314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate method for time propagation of the coupled Maxwell and time-dependent Kohn-Sham (TDKS) equation is presented. The new approach uses a simultaneous fourth-order Runge-Kutta-based propagation of the vector potential and the Kohn-Sham orbitals. The approach is compared to the conventional fourth-order Taylor propagation and predictor-corrector methods. The calculations show several computational and numerical advantages, including higher computational performance, greater stability, better accuracy, and faster convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
- Department of Physics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shenglai He
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Arthur Russakoff
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Lee JD, Yun WS, Park N. Rectifying the Optical-Field-Induced Current in Dielectrics: Petahertz Diode. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:057401. [PMID: 26894731 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigating a theoretical model of the optical-field-induced current in dielectrics driven by strong few-cycle laser pulses, we propose an asymmetric conducting of the current by forming a heterojunction made of two distinct dielectrics with a low hole mass (m_{h}^{*}≪m_{e}^{*}) and low electron mass (m_{e}^{*}≪m_{h}^{*}), respectively. This proposition introduces the novel concept of a petahertz (10^{15} Hz) diode to rectify the current in the petahertz domain, which should be a key ingredient for the electric signal manipulation of future light-wave electronics. Further, we suggest the candidate dielectrics for the heterojunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lee
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Korea
| | - Won Seok Yun
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Korea
| | - Noejung Park
- School of Natural Science and Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, Korea
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Sato SA, Taniguchi Y, Shinohara Y, Yabana K. Nonlinear electronic excitations in crystalline solids using meta-generalized gradient approximation and hybrid functional in time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:224116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4937379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke A. Sato
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Taniguchi
- Center for Computational Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- Department of Medical and General Sciences, Nihon Institute of Medical Science, 1276 Shimogawara, Moroyama-Machi, Iruma-Gun, Saitama 350-0435, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shinohara
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yabana
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- Center for Computational Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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Yakovlev VS, Stockman MI, Krausz F, Baum P. Atomic-scale diffractive imaging of sub-cycle electron dynamics in condensed matter. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14581. [PMID: 26412407 PMCID: PMC4585944 DOI: 10.1038/srep14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For interaction of light with condensed-matter systems, we show with simulations that ultrafast electron and X-ray diffraction can provide a time-dependent record of charge-density maps with sub-cycle and atomic-scale resolutions. Using graphene as an example material, we predict that diffraction can reveal localised atomic-scale origins of optical and electronic phenomena. In particular, we point out nontrivial relations between microscopic electric current and density in undoped graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S. Yakovlev
- Center for Nano-Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mark I. Stockman
- Center for Nano-Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ferenc Krausz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Baum
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Pati AP, Wahyutama IS, Pfeiffer AN. Subcycle-resolved probe retardation in strong-field pumped dielectrics. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7746. [PMID: 26166755 PMCID: PMC4510967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of a bulk dielectric to an intense few-cycle laser pulse is not solely determined by the pulse envelope, but also by ultrafast processes occuring during each optical cycle. Here, a method is presented for measuring the retardation of a probe pulse in a strong-field pumped, bulk dielectric with subcycle resolution in the pump–probe delay. Comparisons to model calculations show that the measurement is sensitive to the timing of the electronic Kerr response. When conduction band states are transiently populated at the crests of the laser field, the measurement is also sensitive to the interband dephasing time. At the ultrafast timescale the propagation of light pulses through a dielectric material is not only determined by the envelope, but also by nonlinear interactions that evolve within one optical cycle. Here, the authors demonstrate a method to determine the subcycle-resolved delay to a probe pulse in ultrafast, high-field pump–probe experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Prakash Pati
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Imam Setiawan Wahyutama
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Nikolaus Pfeiffer
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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Xu Z, Kitchin JR. Tuning oxide activity through modification of the crystal and electronic structure: from strain to potential polymorphs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:28943-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure-sensitivity of oxide catalysts is explored using density functional theory. The potential activities of undiscovered, oxide polymorphs are evaluated for use in the oxygen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - John R. Kitchin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
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