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Kirchner KA, Cassar DR, Zanotto ED, Ono M, Kim SH, Doss K, Bødker ML, Smedskjaer MM, Kohara S, Tang L, Bauchy M, Wilkinson CJ, Yang Y, Welch RS, Mancini M, Mauro JC. Beyond the Average: Spatial and Temporal Fluctuations in Oxide Glass-Forming Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 123:1774-1840. [PMID: 35511603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atomic structure dictates the performance of all materials systems; the characteristic of disordered materials is the significance of spatial and temporal fluctuations on composition-structure-property-performance relationships. Glass has a disordered atomic arrangement, which induces localized distributions in physical properties that are conventionally defined by average values. Quantifying these statistical distributions (including variances, fluctuations, and heterogeneities) is necessary to describe the complexity of glass-forming systems. Only recently have rigorous theories been developed to predict heterogeneities to manipulate and optimize glass properties. This article provides a comprehensive review of experimental, computational, and theoretical approaches to characterize and demonstrate the effects of short-, medium-, and long-range statistical fluctuations on physical properties (e.g., thermodynamic, kinetic, mechanical, and optical) and processes (e.g., relaxation, crystallization, and phase separation), focusing primarily on commercially relevant oxide glasses. Rigorous investigations of fluctuations enable researchers to improve the fundamental understanding of the chemistry and physics governing glass-forming systems and optimize structure-property-performance relationships for next-generation technological applications of glass, including damage-resistant electronic displays, safer pharmaceutical vials to store and transport vaccines, and lower-attenuation fiber optics. We invite the reader to join us in exploring what can be discovered by going beyond the average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Kirchner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel R Cassar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
- Ilum School of Science, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Edgar D Zanotto
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Madoka Ono
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Incorporated, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Karan Doss
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mikkel L Bødker
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Morten M Smedskjaer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Shinji Kohara
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Longwen Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mathieu Bauchy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Collin J Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Research and Development, GlassWRX, Beaufort, South Carolina 29906, United States
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rebecca S Welch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Matthew Mancini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John C Mauro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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2
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Song W, Li X, Wang M, Bauchy M, Micoulaut M. Dynamic and stress signatures of the rigid intermediate phase in glass-forming liquids. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:221101. [PMID: 32534532 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the evolution of enthalpic changes across the glass transition of model sodium silicate glasses (Na2O)x(SiO2)100-x, focusing on the detection of a flexible-rigid transition and a possible reversibility window in relationship with dynamic properties. We show that the hysteresis resulting from enthalpic relaxation during a numerical cooling-heating cycle is minimized for 12% ≤ x ≤ 20% Na2O, which echoes with the experimental observation. The key result is the identification of the physical features driving this anomalous behavior. The intermediate-flexible boundary is associated with a dynamic onset with increasing depolymerization that enhances the growing atomic motion with a reduced internal stress, whereas the intermediate-stressed rigid boundary exhibits a substantial increase in the temperature at which the relaxation is maximum. These results suggest an essentially dynamic origin for the intermediate phase observed in network glass-forming liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Song
- Physics of AmoRphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - X Li
- Physics of AmoRphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Wang
- Physics of AmoRphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Bauchy
- Physics of AmoRphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Micoulaut
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Yan L, Ravasio R, Brito C, Wyart M. Principles for Optimal Cooperativity in Allosteric Materials. Biophys J 2019; 114:2787-2798. [PMID: 29925016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric proteins transmit a mechanical signal induced by binding a ligand. However, understanding the nature of the information transmitted and the architectures optimizing such transmission remains a challenge. Here we show, using an in silico evolution scheme and theoretical arguments, that architectures optimized to be cooperative, which efficiently propagate energy, qualitatively differ from previously investigated materials optimized to propagate strain. Although we observe a large diversity of functioning cooperative architectures (including shear, hinge, and twist designs), they all obey the same principle of displaying a mechanism, i.e., an extended soft mode. We show that its optimal frequency decreases with the spatial extension L of the system as L-d/2, where d is the spatial dimension. For these optimal designs, cooperativity decays logarithmically with L for d = 2 and does not decay for d = 3. Overall, our approach leads to a natural explanation for several observations in allosteric proteins and indicates an experimental path to test if allosteric proteins lie close to optimality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yan
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Riccardo Ravasio
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Brito
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matthieu Wyart
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Rens R, Lerner E. Rigidity and auxeticity transitions in networks with strong bond-bending interactions. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:114. [PMID: 31486002 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A widely studied model for gels or biopolymeric fibrous materials are networks with central force interactions, such as Hookean springs. Less commonly studied are materials whose mechanics are dominated by non-central force interactions such as bond-bending potentials. Inspired by recent experimental advancements in designing colloidal gels with tunable interactions, we study the micro- and macroscopic elasticity of two-dimensional planar graphs with strong bond-bending potentials, in addition to weak central forces. We introduce a theoretical framework that allows us to directly investigate the limit in which the ratio of characteristic central-force to bending stiffnesses vanishes. In this limit we show that a generic isostatic point exists at [Formula: see text], coinciding with the isostatic point of frames with central-force interactions in two dimensions. We further demonstrate the emergence of a stiffening transition when the coordination is increased towards the isostatic point, which shares similarities with the strain-induced stiffening transition observed in biopolymeric fibrous materials, and coincides with an auxeticity transition above which the material's Poisson's ratio approaches -1 when bond-bending interactions dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Rens
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edan Lerner
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Yildirim C, Raty JY, Micoulaut M. Decoding entangled transitions: Polyamorphism and stressed rigidity. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:244505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5034500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Can Yildirim
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, B5, Université de Liège, B4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Yves Raty
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, B5, Université de Liège, B4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Micoulaut
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Entropy favors heterogeneous structures of networks near the rigidity threshold. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1359. [PMID: 29636480 PMCID: PMC5893606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamical properties and mechanical functions of amorphous materials are governed by their microscopic structures, particularly the elasticity of the interaction networks, which is generally complicated by structural heterogeneity. This ubiquitous heterogeneous nature of amorphous materials is intriguingly attributed to a complex role of entropy. Here, we show in disordered networks that the vibrational entropy increases by creating phase-separated structures when the interaction connectivity is close to the onset of network rigidity. The stress energy, which conversely penalizes the heterogeneity, finally dominates a smaller vicinity of the rigidity threshold at the glass transition and creates a homogeneous intermediate phase. This picture of structures changing between homogeneous and heterogeneous phases by varying connectivity provides an interpretation of the transitions observed in chalcogenide glasses.
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Micoulaut M, Bauchy M. Evidence for Anomalous Dynamic Heterogeneities in Isostatic Supercooled Liquids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:145502. [PMID: 28430466 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.145502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon cooling, the dynamics of supercooled liquids exhibits a growing transient spatial distribution of relaxation times that is known as dynamic heterogeneities. The relationship between this now well-established crucial feature of the glass transition and some underlying liquid properties remains challenging and elusive in many respects. Here we report on computer simulations of liquids with a changing network structure (densified silicates), and show that there is a deep and important link between the mechanical nature characterized by topological constraints and the spatial extent of such fluctuations. This is not only revealed by a maximum in the dynamic correlation length ξ_{4} for fluctuations when the liquid becomes isostatically rigid, but also by a contraction of the volume of relaxing structural correlations upon the onset of stressed rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Micoulaut
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, Paris Sorbonne Universités-UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M Bauchy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1593, USA
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8
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Abstract
We introduce a numerical scheme to evolve functional elastic materials that can accomplish a specified mechanical task. In this scheme, the number of solutions, their spatial architectures, and the correlations among them can be computed. As an example, we consider an "allosteric" task, which requires the material to respond specifically to a stimulus at a distant active site. We find that functioning materials evolve a less-constrained trumpet-shaped region connecting the stimulus and active sites, and that the amplitude of the elastic response varies nonmonotonically along the trumpet. As previously shown for some proteins, we find that correlations appearing during evolution alone are sufficient to identify key aspects of this design. Finally, we show that the success of this architecture stems from the emergence of soft edge modes recently found to appear near the surface of marginally connected materials. Overall, our in silico evolution experiment offers a window to study the relationship between structure, function, and correlations emerging during evolution.
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Micoulaut M. Relaxation and physical aging in network glasses: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:066504. [PMID: 27213928 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/6/066504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the description of glassy relaxation and aging are reviewed for the wide class of network-forming materials such as GeO2, Ge x Se1-x , silicates (SiO2-Na2O) or borates (B2O3-Li2O), all of which have an important usefulness in domestic, geological or optoelectronic applications. A brief introduction of the glass transition phenomenology is given, together with the salient features that are revealed both from theory and experiments. Standard experimental methods used for the characterization of the slowing down of the dynamics are reviewed. We then discuss the important role played by aspects of network topology and rigidity for the understanding of the relaxation of the glass transition, while also permitting analytical predictions of glass properties from simple and insightful models based on the network structure. We also emphasize the great utility of computer simulations which probe the dynamics at the molecular level, and permit the calculation of various structure-related functions in connection with glassy relaxation and the physics of aging which reveal the non-equilibrium nature of glasses. We discuss the notion of spatial variations of structure which leads to the concept of 'dynamic heterogeneities', and recent results in relation to this important topic for network glasses are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Micoulaut
- Paris Sorbonne Universités, LPTMC-UPMC, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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10
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Yan L, Wyart M. Adaptive elastic networks as models of supercooled liquids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:022310. [PMID: 26382409 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.022310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamics and dynamics of supercooled liquids correlate with their elasticity. In particular for covalent networks, the jump of specific heat is small and the liquid is strong near the threshold valence where the network acquires rigidity. By contrast, the jump of specific heat and the fragility are large away from this threshold valence. In a previous work [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 6307 (2013)], we could explain these behaviors by introducing a model of supercooled liquids in which local rearrangements interact via elasticity. However, in that model the disorder characterizing elasticity was frozen, whereas it is itself a dynamic variable in supercooled liquids. Here we study numerically and theoretically adaptive elastic network models where polydisperse springs can move on a lattice, thus allowing for the geometry of the elastic network to fluctuate and evolve with temperature. We show numerically that our previous results on the relationship between structure and thermodynamics hold in these models. We introduce an approximation where redundant constraints (highly coordinated regions where the frustration is large) are treated as an ideal gas, leading to analytical predictions that are accurate in the range of parameters relevant for real materials. Overall, these results lead to a description of supercooled liquids, in which the distance to the rigidity transition controls the number of directions in phase space that cost energy and the specific heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yan
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University 4 Washington Place, New York, 10003, New York, USA
| | - Matthieu Wyart
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Ellenbroek WG, Hagh VF, Kumar A, Thorpe MF, van Hecke M. Rigidity loss in disordered systems: three scenarios. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:135501. [PMID: 25884127 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.135501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We reveal significant qualitative differences in the rigidity transition of three types of disordered network materials: randomly diluted spring networks, jammed sphere packings, and stress-relieved networks that are diluted using a protocol that avoids the appearance of floppy regions. The marginal state of jammed and stress-relieved networks are globally isostatic, while marginal randomly diluted networks show both overconstrained and underconstrained regions. When a single bond is added to or removed from these isostatic systems, jammed networks become globally overconstrained or floppy, whereas the effect on stress-relieved networks is more local and limited. These differences are also reflected in the linear elastic properties and point to the highly effective and unusual role of global self-organization in jammed sphere packings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter G Ellenbroek
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Varda F Hagh
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA
| | - Avishek Kumar
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA
| | - M F Thorpe
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, England
| | - Martin van Hecke
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Densified network glasses and liquids with thermodynamically reversible and structurally adaptive behaviour. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6398. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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