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Mahant S, Yadav S, Gilbert C, Kjærgaard ER, Jensen MM, Kessler T, Bilde M, Petters MD. An open-hardware community ice nucleation cold stage for research and teaching. HARDWAREX 2023; 16:e00491. [PMID: 38034102 PMCID: PMC10685009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles with rare specific properties act as nuclei for ice formation. The presence of ice nucleating particles in the atmosphere leads to heterogeneous freezing at warm temperatures and thus these particles play an important role in modulating microphysical properties of clouds. This work presents an ice nucleation cold stage instrument for measuring the concentration of ice nucleating particles in liquids. The cost is ∼ $10 k including an external chiller. Using a lower cost heat sink reduces the cost to ∼ $6 k. The instrument is suitable for studying ambient ice nucleating particle concentrations and laboratory-based process-level studies of ice nucleation. The design plans allow individuals to self-manufacture the cold-stage using 3D printing, off-the-shelf parts, and a handful of standard tools. Software to operate the instrument and analyze the data is also provided. The design is intended to be simple enough that a graduate student can build it as part of a course or thesis project. Costs are kept to a minimum to facilitate use in classroom demonstrations and laboratory classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunandan Mahant
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, USA
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu, J&K 181143, India
| | - Cameron Gilbert
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, USA
| | | | - Mads M. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tommy Kessler
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus D. Petters
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, USA
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2
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Consiglio AN, Ouyang Y, Powell-Palm MJ, Rubinsky B. An extreme value statistics model of heterogeneous ice nucleation for quantifying the stability of supercooled aqueous systems. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:064511. [PMID: 37565684 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity of water to remain in a metastable liquid state at temperatures below its equilibrium melting point holds significant potential for cryopreserving biological material such as tissues and organs. The benefits conferred are a direct result of progressively reducing metabolic expenditure due to colder temperatures while simultaneously avoiding the irreversible damage caused by the crystallization of ice. Unfortunately, the freezing of water in bulk systems of clinical relevance is dominated by random heterogeneous nucleation initiated by uncharacterized trace impurities, and the marked unpredictability of this behavior has prevented the implementation of supercooling outside of controlled laboratory settings and in volumes larger than a few milliliters. Here, we develop a statistical model that jointly captures both the inherent stochastic nature of nucleation using conventional Poisson statistics as well as the random variability of heterogeneous nucleation catalysis through bivariate extreme value statistics. Individually, these two classes of models cannot account for both the time-dependent nature of nucleation and the sample-to-sample variability associated with heterogeneous catalysis, and traditional extreme value models have only considered variations of the characteristic nucleation temperature. We conduct a series of constant cooling rate and isothermal nucleation experiments with physiological saline solutions and leverage the statistical model to evaluate the natural variability of kinetic and thermodynamic nucleation parameters. By quantifying freezing probability as a function of temperature, supercooled duration, and system volume while accounting for nucleation site variability, this study also provides a basis for the rational design of stable supercooled biopreservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Consiglio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yu Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew J Powell-Palm
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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3
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Huang W, Huang J, Guo Z, Liu W. Icephobic/anti-icing properties of superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102658. [PMID: 35381422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the winter, icing on solid surfaces is a typical occurrence that may create a slew of hassles and even tragedies. Anti-icing surfaces are one of the effective solutions for this kind of problem. The roughness of a superhydrophobic surface traps air and weakens the contact between the solid surface and liquid water, allowing water droplets to be removed before freezing. At present, the conventional anti-icing methods including mechanical or thermal technology are not only surface structure unfriendly but also have the obsessions of low efficiency, high energy consumption and high manufacturing costs. Hence, developing a way to remove ice by just modifying the surface shape or chemical composition with a low surface energy is extremely desirable. Numerous attempts have been made to investigate the evolution of ice nucleation and icing on superhydrophobic surfaces under the direction of the ice nucleation hypothesis. In this paper, the research progress of ice nucleation in recent years is reviewed from theoretical and application. The icephobic surfaces are described using the wettability and classical nucleation theories. The benefits and drawbacks of anti-icing superhydrophobic surface are summarized, as well as deicing methods. Finally, several applications of ice phobic materials are illustrated, and some problems and challenges in the research field are discussed. We believed that this review will be useful in guiding future water freezing initiatives.
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Kar A, Bhati A, Lokanathan M, Bahadur V. Faster Nucleation of Ice at the Three-Phase Contact Line: Influence of Interfacial Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12673-12680. [PMID: 34694119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the nucleation of ice is important in many areas including atmospheric sciences, cryopreservation, food science, and infrastructure protection. Presently, we conduct controlled experiments and analysis to uncover the influence of surface chemistry at the three-phase line on ice nucleation. We show that ice nucleation is faster upon replacing the air at the water-air interface with oils like silicone oil and almond oil. We show via statistically meaningful and carefully designed experiments that ice nucleation occurs at a higher temperature at an aluminum-water-silicone oil (or almond oil) interface as compared to an aluminum-water-air interface. We show that the location of ice nucleation can be controlled (in situations with multiple locations for ice nucleation) by controlling the interfacial chemistry at the three-phase line. We develop a model (which utilizes classical nucleation theory) to study the combined influence of two interfaces on a seed crystal of ice originating at the three-phase contact line. This model can evaluate the thermodynamic competition between nucleation at the three -phase line and heterogeneous nucleation at an interface. The model shows that three-phase contact lines usually result in a higher driving force than heterogeneous nucleation, which speeds up nucleation kinetics. Overall, our experiments and modeling uncover several useful insights into the influence of three-phase lines on nucleation during contact freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Kar
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Awan Bhati
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Manojkumar Lokanathan
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Vaibhav Bahadur
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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6
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Esmeryan KD, Stoimenov NI. Studying the Bulk and Contour Ice Nucleation of Water Droplets via Quartz Crystal Microbalances. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:463. [PMID: 33924179 PMCID: PMC8074365 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the stochastic and time-dependent character of the ice embryo formation and growth (i.e., a process that can be analyzed statistically, but cannot be predicted precisely), the heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols or macroscopic solid surfaces is still shrouded in mystery, regardless of the extremely active research and exponential progress within this scientific field. For instance, whether the icing appears from outside-in or inside-out is a subject of intense controversy, with practicability in designing passive icephobic coatings or improving the effectiveness of the cryopreservation technologies. Here, we propose an artful technique for quantitative analysis of the different modes of water freezing using super-nonwettable soot-coated quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). To achieve this goal, a set of 5 MHz QCMs are loaded one at a time with a 50 μL droplet, whose bulk or contour solidification is detected in real-time. The obtained experimental results show that our sensor devices recognize explicitly if the ice nuclei form predominantly at the liquid-solid interface or spread along the droplet's entire outer shell by triggering individual reproducible responses in terms of the direction of signal evolution in time. Our results may serve as a foundation for the future incorporation of QCM devices in different freezing assays, where gaining information about the ice adhesion forces and ice layer's thickness is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karekin Dikran Esmeryan
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Ivanov Stoimenov
- Department of Distributed Information and Control Systems, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl.2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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7
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Hussain S, Haji-Akbari A. Role of Nanoscale Interfacial Proximity in Contact Freezing in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2272-2284. [PMID: 33507741 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contact freezing is a mode of atmospheric ice nucleation in which a collision between a dry ice nucleating particle (INP) and a water droplet results in considerably faster heterogeneous nucleation. The molecular mechanism of such an enhancement is, however, still a mystery. While earlier studies had attributed it to collision-induced transient perturbations, recent experiments point to the pivotal role of nanoscale proximity of the INP and the free interface. By simulating the heterogeneous nucleation of ice within INP-supported nanofilms of two model water-like tetrahedral liquids, we demonstrate that such nanoscale proximity is sufficient for inducing rate increases commensurate with those observed in contact freezing experiments, but only if the free interface has a tendency to enhance homogeneous nucleation. Water is suspected of possessing this latter property, known as surface freezing propensity. Our findings therefore establish a connection between the surface freezing propensity and kinetic enhancement during contact nucleation. We also observe that faster nucleation proceeds through a mechanism markedly distinct from classical heterogeneous nucleation, involving the formation of hourglass-shaped crystalline nuclei that conceive at either interface and that have a lower free energy of formation due to the nanoscale proximity of the interfaces and the modulation of the free interfacial structure by the INP. In addition to providing valuable insights into the physics of contact nucleation, our findings can assist in improving the accuracy of heterogeneous nucleation rate measurements in experiments and in advancing our understanding of ice nucleation on nonuniform surfaces such as organic, polymeric, and biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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8
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Maeda N. Brief Overview of Ice Nucleation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020392. [PMID: 33451150 PMCID: PMC7828621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleation of ice is vital in cloud physics and impacts on a broad range of matters from the cryopreservation of food, tissues, organs, and stem cells to the prevention of icing on aircraft wings, bridge cables, wind turbines, and other structures. Ice nucleation thus has broad implications in medicine, food engineering, mineralogy, biology, and other fields. Nowadays, the growing threat of global warming has led to intense research activities on the feasibility of artificially modifying clouds to shift the Earth’s radiation balance. For these reasons, nucleation of ice has been extensively studied over many decades and rightfully so. It is thus not quite possible to cover the whole subject of ice nucleation in a single review. Rather, this feature article provides a brief overview of ice nucleation that focuses on several major outstanding fundamental issues. The author’s wish is to aid early researchers in ice nucleation and those who wish to get into the field of ice nucleation from other disciplines by concisely summarizing the outstanding issues in this important field. Two unresolved challenges stood out from the review, namely the lack of a molecular-level picture of ice nucleation at an interface and the limitations of classical nucleation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Maeda
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, School of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, University of Alberta, 7-207 Donadeo ICE, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G1H9, Canada
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9
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Abstract
The reason why ice nucleation is more efficient by contact nucleation than by immersion nucleation has been elusive for over half a century. Six proposed mechanisms are summarized in this study. Among them, the pressure perturbation hypothesis, which arose from recent experiments, can qualitatively explain nearly all existing results relevant to contact nucleation. To explore the plausibility of this hypothesis in a more quantitative fashion and to guide future investigations, this study assessed the magnitude of pressure perturbation needed to cause contact nucleation and the associated spatial scales. The pressure perturbations needed were estimated using measured contact nucleation efficiencies for illite and kaolinite, obtained from previous experiments, and immersion freezing temperatures, obtained from well-established parameterizations. Pressure perturbations were obtained by assuming a constant pressure perturbation or a Gaussian distribution of the pressure perturbation. The magnitudes of the pressure perturbations needed were found to be physically reasonable, being achievable through possible mechanisms, including bubble formation and breakup, Laplace pressure arising from the distorted contact line, and shear. The pressure perturbation hypothesis provides a physically based and experimentally constrainable foundation for parameterizing contact nucleation that may be useful in future cloud-resolving models.
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10
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Shevkunov SV. The Structure of Water Condensate Nuclei in the Field of Surface Crystalline Defects on the Basal Face of β-AgI. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476619030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Shevkunov SV. Water Vapor Nucleation on a Surface with Nanoscopic Grooves. 1. Molecular Mechanisms of Adhesion. COLLOID JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x1903013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Holden MA, Whale TF, Tarn MD, O’Sullivan D, Walshaw RD, Murray BJ, Meldrum FC, Christenson HK. High-speed imaging of ice nucleation in water proves the existence of active sites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav4316. [PMID: 30746490 PMCID: PMC6358314 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how surfaces direct nucleation is a complex problem that limits our ability to predict and control crystal formation. We here address this challenge using high-speed imaging to identify and quantify the sites at which ice nucleates in water droplets on the two natural cleavage faces of macroscopic feldspar substrates. Our data show that ice nucleation only occurs at a few locations, all of which are associated with micron-size surface pits. Similar behavior is observed on α-quartz substrates that lack cleavage planes. These results demonstrate that substrate heterogeneities are the salient factor in promoting nucleation and therefore prove the existence of active sites. We also provide strong evidence that the activity of these sites derives from a combination of surface chemistry and nanoscale topography. Our results have implications for the nucleation of many materials and suggest new strategies for promoting or inhibiting nucleation across a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Holden
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.A.H.); (F.C.M.); (H.K.C.)
| | - Thomas F. Whale
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark D. Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel O’Sullivan
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | - Fiona C. Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.A.H.); (F.C.M.); (H.K.C.)
| | - Hugo K. Christenson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.A.H.); (F.C.M.); (H.K.C.)
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13
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Sosso GC, Whale TF, Holden MA, Pedevilla P, Murray BJ, Michaelides A. Unravelling the origins of ice nucleation on organic crystals. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8077-8088. [PMID: 30542556 PMCID: PMC6238755 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02753f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic molecules such as steroids or amino acids form crystals that can facilitate the formation of ice - arguably the most important phase transition on earth. However, the origin of the ice nucleating ability of organic crystals is still largely unknown. Here, we combine experiments and simulations to unravel the microscopic details of ice formation on cholesterol, a prototypical organic crystal widely used in cryopreservation. We find that cholesterol - which is also a substantial component of cell membranes - is an ice nucleating agent more potent than many inorganic substrates, including the mineral feldspar (one of the most active ice nucleating materials in the atmosphere). Scanning electron microscopy measurements reveal a variety of morphological features on the surfaces of cholesterol crystals: this suggests that the topography of the surface is key to the broad range of ice nucleating activity observed (from -4 to -20 °C). In addition, we show via molecular simulations that cholesterol crystals aid the formation of ice nuclei in a unconventional fashion. Rather than providing a template for a flat ice-like contact layer (as found in the case of many inorganic substrates), the flexibility of the cholesterol surface and its low density of hydrophilic functional groups leads to the formation of molecular cages involving both water molecules and terminal hydroxyl groups of the cholesterol surface. These cages are made of 6- and, surprisingly, 5-membered hydrogen bonded rings of water and hydroxyl groups that favour the nucleation of hexagonal as well as cubic ice (a rare occurrence). We argue that the phenomenal ice nucleating activity of steroids such as cholesterol (and potentially of many other organic crystals) is due to (i) the ability of flexible hydrophilic surfaces to form unconventional ice-templating structures and (ii) the different nucleation sites offered by the diverse topography of the crystalline surfaces. These findings clarify how exactly organic crystals promote the formation of ice, thus paving the way toward deeper understanding of ice formation in soft and biological matter - with obvious reverberations on atmospheric science and cryobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele C Sosso
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Thomas F Whale
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Mark A Holden
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
- Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Philipp Pedevilla
- Thomas Young Centre , London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre , London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , UK
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14
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Losey DJ, Sihvonen SK, Veghte DP, Chong E, Freedman MA. Acidic processing of fly ash: chemical characterization, morphology, and immersion freezing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1581-1592. [PMID: 30339168 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00319j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fly ash can undergo aging in the atmosphere through interactions with sulfuric acid and water. These reactions could result in chemical and physical changes that could affect the cloud condensation or ice nucleation activity of fly ash particles. To explore this process, different water and acid treated fly ash types were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), selected area diffraction (SAED), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Then, their immersion freezing activity was assessed. With water and acid treatment, a wide variety of metals were leached, depending on the starting composition of the fly ash. Acid treatment resulted in the formation of gypsum, Ca(SO4)·2H2O, for fly ash containing Ca as well as morphological changes. The immersion freezing activity was also assessed for each fly ash system to compare the effects of water and acid processing. Our results support the assertion that fly ash can serve as a cloud condensation or ice nucleus to affect climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delanie J Losey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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15
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Yang F, Cruikshank O, He W, Kostinski A, Shaw RA. Nonthermal ice nucleation observed at distorted contact lines of supercooled water drops. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:023103. [PMID: 29548219 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.023103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is the crucial step for ice formation in atmospheric clouds and therefore underlies climatologically relevant precipitation and radiative properties. Progress has been made in understanding the roles of temperature, supersaturation, and material properties, but an explanation for the efficient ice nucleation occurring when a particle contacts a supercooled water drop has been elusive for over half a century. Here, we explore ice nucleation initiated at constant temperature and observe that mechanical agitation induces freezing of supercooled water drops at distorted contact lines. Results show that symmetric motion of supercooled water on a vertically oscillating substrate does not freeze, no matter how we agitate it. However, when the moving contact line is distorted with the help of trace amounts of oil or inhomogeneous pinning on the substrate, freezing can occur at temperatures much higher than in a static droplet, equivalent to ∼10^{10} increase in nucleation rate. Several possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the observations. One plausible explanation among them, decreased pressure due to interface curvature, is explored theoretically and compared with the observational results quasiquantitatively. Indeed, the observed freezing-temperature increase scales with contact line speed in a manner consistent with the pressure hypothesis. Whatever the mechanism, the experiments demonstrate a strong preference for ice nucleation at three-phase contact lines compared to the two-phase interface, and they also show that movement and distortion of the contact line are necessary contributions to stimulating the nucleation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Owen Cruikshank
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Weilue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Alex Kostinski
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Raymond A Shaw
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
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16
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Shevkunov SV. Mechanism of Cohesion of Monomolecular Water Film
with the β-AgI Crystal Surface under Thermal Fluctuations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Campbell JM, Christenson HK. Nucleation- and Emergence-Limited Growth of Ice from Pores. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:165701. [PMID: 29756921 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.165701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation of ice from vapor on atmospheric aerosols has been attributed to the condensation and freezing of supercooled water in small pores. Here we use wedge pores on mica to directly observe the growth of ice in confinement prior to the growth of bulk crystals. We report a transition in behavior with a decreasing temperature: At low temperatures, the limiting step is not nucleation but a free energy barrier associated with the growth of ice through a narrow pore mouth to become a bulk phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Campbell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo K Christenson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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18
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Shevkunov SV. The Effect of Temperature on Nucleation of Condensed Water Phase on the Surface of a β-AgI Crystal. 2. Formation Work. COLLOID JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x18020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Whale TF, Holden MA, Kulak AN, Kim YY, Meldrum FC, Christenson HK, Murray BJ. The role of phase separation and related topography in the exceptional ice-nucleating ability of alkali feldspars. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:31186-31193. [PMID: 29139499 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04898j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of crystal nucleation is a limiting factor in many fields, not least in the atmospheric sciences. It was recently found that feldspar, a component of airborne desert dust, plays a dominant role in triggering ice formation in clouds, but the origin of this effect was unclear. By investigating the structure/property relationships of a wide range of feldspars, we demonstrate that alkali feldspars with certain microtextures, related to phase separation into Na and K-rich regions, show exceptional ice-nucleating abilities in supercooled water. We found no correlation between ice-nucleating efficiency and the crystal structures or the chemical compositions of these active feldspars, which suggests that specific topographical features associated with these microtextures are key in the activity of these feldspars. That topography likely acts to promote ice nucleation, improves our understanding of ice formation in clouds, and may also enable the design and manufacture of bespoke nucleating materials for uses such as cloud seeding and cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Whale
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Pach E, Rodriguez L, Verdaguer A. Substrate Dependence of the Freezing Dynamics of Supercooled Water Films: A High-Speed Optical Microscope Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:818-826. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pach
- Catalan Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Campus UAB,
Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Rodriguez
- Catalan Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Campus UAB,
Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Verdaguer
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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21
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Guo HY, Li B, Feng XQ. Line tension effects on the wetting of nanostructures: an energy method. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:384001. [PMID: 28699624 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7f37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning property of micro/nano-structured solid surfaces require a stable Cassie-Baxter (CB) wetting state at the liquid-solid interface. We present an energy method to investigate how the three-phase line tension affects the CB wetting state on nanostructured materials. For some nanostructures, the line tension may engender a distinct energy barrier, which restricts the position of the three-phase contact line and affects the stability of the CB wetting state. We ascertain the upper and lower limits of the critical pressure at the CB-Wenzel transition. Our results suggest that superhydrophobicity on nanostructures can be modulated by tailoring the line tension and harnessing the curvature effect. This study also provides new insights into the sinking phenomena observed in the nanoparticle-floating experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Guo
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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22
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Haji-Akbari A, Debenedetti PG. Perspective: Surface freezing in water: A nexus of experiments and simulations. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:060901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
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23
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Liu K, Wang C, Ma J, Shi G, Yao X, Fang H, Song Y, Wang J. Janus effect of antifreeze proteins on ice nucleation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14739-14744. [PMID: 27930318 PMCID: PMC5187720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614379114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of ice nucleation at the molecular level remains largely unknown. Nature endows antifreeze proteins (AFPs) with the unique capability of controlling ice formation. However, the effect of AFPs on ice nucleation has been under debate. Here we report the observation of both depression and promotion effects of AFPs on ice nucleation via selectively binding the ice-binding face (IBF) and the non-ice-binding face (NIBF) of AFPs to solid substrates. Freezing temperature and delay time assays show that ice nucleation is depressed with the NIBF exposed to liquid water, whereas ice nucleation is facilitated with the IBF exposed to liquid water. The generality of this Janus effect is verified by investigating three representative AFPs. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis shows that the Janus effect can be established by the distinct structures of the hydration layer around IBF and NIBF. Our work greatly enhances the understanding of the mechanism of AFPs at the molecular level and brings insights to the fundamentals of heterogeneous ice nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China;
| | - Ji Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Shi
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Fang
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China;
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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24
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Pandey R, Usui K, Livingstone RA, Fischer SA, Pfaendtner J, Backus EHG, Nagata Y, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Schmüser L, Mauri S, Scheel JF, Knopf DA, Pöschl U, Bonn M, Weidner T. Ice-nucleating bacteria control the order and dynamics of interfacial water. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501630. [PMID: 27152346 PMCID: PMC4846457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating organisms play important roles in the environment. With their ability to induce ice formation at temperatures just below the ice melting point, bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae attack plants through frost damage using specialized ice-nucleating proteins. Besides the impact on agriculture and microbial ecology, airborne P. syringae can affect atmospheric glaciation processes, with consequences for cloud evolution, precipitation, and climate. Biogenic ice nucleation is also relevant for artificial snow production and for biomimetic materials for controlled interfacial freezing. We use interface-specific sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to show that hydrogen bonding at the water-bacteria contact imposes structural ordering on the adjacent water network. Experimental SFG data and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that ice-active sites within P. syringae feature unique hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterns to enhance ice nucleation. The freezing transition is further facilitated by the highly effective removal of latent heat from the nucleation site, as apparent from time-resolved SFG spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pandey
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kota Usui
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ruth A. Livingstone
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sean A. Fischer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lars Schmüser
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergio Mauri
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan F. Scheel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55218 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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25
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Freedman MA. Potential Sites for Ice Nucleation on Aluminosilicate Clay Minerals and Related Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3850-3858. [PMID: 26722881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Few aerosol particles in clouds nucleate the formation of ice. The surface sites available for nucleus formation, which can include surface defects and functional groups, determine in part the activity of an aerosol particle toward ice formation. Although ice nucleation on particles has been widely studied, exploration of the specific sites at which the initial germ forms has been limited, but is important for predicting the microphysical properties of clouds, which impact climate. This Perspective focuses on what is currently known about surface sites for ice nucleation on aluminosilicate clay minerals, which are commonly found in ice residuals, as well as related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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26
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Abstract
Water is unlikely to crystallize homogeneously at temperatures greater than -34 °C. Freezing at higher temperatures is heterogeneous-catalyzed by the presence of a second substance. If that substance is at an air-water interface, then the mode is called contact freezing, and it typically will trigger nucleation at a higher temperature than if the substance were wholly immersed within the liquid. We find that the impact of salt particles initiates freezing in experiments using water droplets at supercoolings of 9 to 16 °C. These results show that contact freezing nuclei need not be effective as immersion mode nuclei. We discuss our results in the context of proposed mechanisms of contact freezing. Finally, we use the time scales for diffusion of heat and of ions and the propagation of a sound wave through the droplet to estimate that contact freezing occurs within 10 ns of impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Niehaus
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University , 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Will Cantrell
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University , 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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27
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Fu QT, Liu EJ, Wilson P, Chen Z. Ice nucleation behaviour on sol–gel coatings with different surface energy and roughness. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation tends to occur at the three-phase contact line instead of on the liquid/solid contact interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. T. Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - E. J. Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - P. Wilson
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- University of Tasmania
- Tasmania 7000
- Australia
| | - Z. Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
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