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Gatu Johnson M, Adrian PJ, Appelbe BD, Crilly AJ, Forrest CJ, Glebov VY, Green LM, Haines BM, Kabadi NV, Kagan G, Keenan BD, Kunimune J, Li CK, Mannion OM, Petrasso RD, Séguin FH, Sio HW, Stoeckl C, Sutcliffe GD, Taitano WT, Frenje JA. Impact of mid-Z gas fill on dynamics and performance of shock-driven implosions at the OMEGA laser. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:065201. [PMID: 39020911 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.065201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Shock-driven implosions with 100% deuterium (D_{2}) gas fill compared to implosions with 50:50 nitrogen-deuterium (N_{2}D_{2}) gas fill have been performed at the OMEGA laser facility to test the impact of the added mid-Z fill gas on implosion performance. Ion temperature (T_{ion}) as inferred from the width of measured DD-neutron spectra is seen to be 34%±6% higher for the N_{2}D_{2} implosions than for the D_{2}-only case, while the DD-neutron yield from the D_{2}-only implosion is 7.2±0.5 times higher than from the N_{2}D_{2} gas fill. The T_{ion} enhancement for N_{2}D_{2} is observed in spite of the higher Z, which might be expected to lead to higher radiative loss, and higher shock strength for the D_{2}-only versus N_{2}D_{2} implosions due to lower mass, and is understood in terms of increased shock heating of N compared to D, heat transfer from N to D prior to burn, and limited amount of ion-electron-equilibration-mediated additional radiative loss due to the added higher-Z material. This picture is supported by interspecies equilibration timescales for these implosions, constrained by experimental observables. The one-dimensional (1D) kinetic Vlasov-Fokker-Planck code ifp and the radiation hydrodynamic simulation codes hyades (1D) and xrage [1D, two-dimensional (2D)] are brought to bear to understand the observed yield ratio. Comparing measurements and simulations, the yield loss in the N_{2}D_{2} implosions relative to the pure D_{2}-fill implosion is determined to result from the reduced amount of D_{2} in the fill (fourfold effect on yield) combined with a lower fraction of the D_{2} fuel being hot enough to burn in the N_{2}D_{2} case. The experimental yield and T_{ion} ratio observations are relatively well matched by the kinetic simulations, which suggest interspecies diffusion is responsible for the lower fraction of hot D_{2} in the N_{2}D_{2} relative to the D_{2}-only case. The simulated absolute yields are higher than measured; a comparison of 1D versus 2D xrage simulations suggest that this can be explained by dimensional effects. The hydrodynamic simulations suggest that radiative losses primarily impact the implosion edges, with ion-electron equilibration times being too long in the implosion cores. The observations of increased T_{ion} and limited additional yield loss (on top of the fourfold expected from the difference in D content) for the N_{2}D_{2} versus D_{2}-only fill suggest it is feasible to develop the platform for studying CNO-cycle-relevant nuclear reactions in a plasma environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | | | | | | | - G Kagan
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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2
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Chu F, LaJoie AL, Keenan BD, Webster L, Langendorf SJ, Gilmore MA. Experimental Measurements of Ion Diffusion Coefficients and Heating in a Multi-Ion-Species Plasma Shock. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:145101. [PMID: 37084442 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.145101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Collisional plasma shocks generated from supersonic flows are an important feature in many astrophysical and laboratory high-energy-density plasmas. Compared to single-ion-species plasma shocks, plasma shock fronts with multiple ion species contain additional structure, including interspecies ion separation driven by gradients in species concentration, temperature, pressure, and electric potential. We present time-resolved density and temperature measurements of two ion species in collisional plasma shocks produced by head-on merging of supersonic plasma jets, allowing determination of the ion diffusion coefficients. Our results provide the first experimental validation of the fundamental inter-ion-species transport theory. The temperature separation, a higher-order effect reported here, is valuable for advancements in modeling HED and ICF experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A L LaJoie
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - B D Keenan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Webster
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - S J Langendorf
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M A Gilmore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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3
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Kabadi NV, Simpson R, Adrian PJ, Bose A, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Lahmann B, Li CK, Parker CE, Séguin FH, Sutcliffe GD, Petrasso RD, Atzeni S, Eriksson J, Forrest C, Fess S, Glebov VY, Janezic R, Mannion OM, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Stoeckl C, Kagan G, Hoppe M, Luo R, Schoff M, Shuldberg C, Sio HW, Sanchez J, Hopkins LB, Schlossberg D, Hahn K, Yeamans C. Thermal decoupling of deuterium and tritium during the inertial confinement fusion shock-convergence phase. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:L013201. [PMID: 34412205 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.l013201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of thin glass-shell shock-driven DT gas-filled capsule implosions was conducted at the OMEGA laser facility. These experiments generate conditions relevant to the central plasma during the shock-convergence phase of ablatively driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. The spectral temperatures inferred from the DTn and DDn spectra are most consistent with a two-ion-temperature plasma, where the initial apparent temperature ratio, T_{T}/T_{D}, is 1.5. This is an experimental confirmation of the long-standing conjecture that plasma shocks couple energy directly proportional to the species mass in multi-ion plasmas. The apparent temperature ratio trend with equilibration time matches expected thermal equilibration described by hydrodynamic theory. This indicates that deuterium and tritium ions have different energy distributions for the time period surrounding shock convergence in ignition-relevant ICF implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Kabadi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Simpson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Bose
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Atzeni
- Dipartimento SBAI, Universit'a degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza," Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - J Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Forrest
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Fess
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Janezic
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Kagan
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - R Luo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - C Shuldberg
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Sanchez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Zhang S, Hu SX. Species Separation and Hydrogen Streaming upon Shock Release from Polystyrene under Inertial Confinement Fusion Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:105001. [PMID: 32955319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shock release from inertial confinement fusion (ICF) shells poses a great challenge to single-fluid hydrodynamic equations, especially for describing materials composed of different ion species. This has been evidenced by a recent experiment [Haberberger et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 235001 (2019)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.123.235001], in which low-density plasmas (10^{19} to 10^{20} cm^{-3}) are measured to move far ahead of what radiation-hydrodynamic simulations predict. To understand such experimental observations, we have performed large-scale nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations of shock release in polystyrene (CH) at experimental conditions. These simulations revealed that upon shock releasing from the back surface of a CH foil, hydrogen can stream out of the bulk of the foil due to its mass being lighter than carbon. This released hydrogen, exhibiting a much broader velocity distribution than carbon, forms low-density plasmas moving in nearly constant velocities ahead of the in-flight shell, which is in quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements. Such kinetic effect of species separation is currently missing in single-fluid radiation-hydrodynamics codes for ICF simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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5
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Sadler JD, Lu Y, Spiers B, Mayr MW, Savin A, Wang RHW, Aboushelbaya R, Glize K, Bingham R, Li H, Flippo KA, Norreys PA. Kinetic simulations of fusion ignition with hot-spot ablator mix. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:033206. [PMID: 31640053 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.033206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inertial confinement fusion fuel suffers increased x-ray radiation losses when carbon from the capsule ablator mixes into the hot-spot. Here, we present one- and two-dimensional ion Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations that resolve hot-spot self-heating in the presence of a localized spike of carbon mix, totalling 1.9% of the hot-spot mass. The mix region cools and contracts over tens of picoseconds, increasing its α particle stopping power and radiative losses. This makes a localized mix region more severe than an equal amount of uniformly distributed mix. There is also a purely kinetic effect that reduces fusion reactivity by several percent, since faster ions in the tail of the distribution are absorbed by the mix region. Radiative cooling and contraction of the spike induces fluid motion, causing neutron spectrum broadening. This artificially increases the inferred experimental ion temperatures and gives line of sight variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sadler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Yingchao Lu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Benjamin Spiers
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Marko W Mayr
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Savin
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Robin H W Wang
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Ramy Aboushelbaya
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Glize
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bingham
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Li
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Kirk A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Peter A Norreys
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.,Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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6
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Sagert I, Even WP, Strother TT. Two-dimensional implosion simulations with a kinetic particle code. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:053206. [PMID: 28618628 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.053206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We perform two-dimensional implosion simulations using a Monte Carlo kinetic particle code. The application of a kinetic transport code is motivated, in part, by the occurrence of nonequilibrium effects in inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions, which cannot be fully captured by hydrodynamic simulations. Kinetic methods, on the other hand, are able to describe both continuum and rarefied flows. We perform simple two-dimensional disk implosion simulations using one-particle species and compare the results to simulations with the hydrodynamics code rage. The impact of the particle mean free path on the implosion is also explored. In a second study, we focus on the formation of fluid instabilities from induced perturbations. We find good agreement with hydrodynamic studies regarding the location of the shock and the implosion dynamics. Differences are found in the evolution of fluid instabilities, originating from the higher resolution of rage and statistical noise in the kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sagert
- XTD-IDA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - W P Even
- CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Department of Physical Science, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah 84720, USA
| | - T T Strother
- XTD-IDA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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7
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Gatu Johnson M, Knauer JP, Cerjan CJ, Eckart MJ, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Kilkenny JD, Munro DH, Sayre DB, Spears BK, Bionta RM, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Callahan D, Casey DT, Döppner T, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Hurricane O, Kritcher A, LePape S, Ma T, Mackinnon A, Meezan N, Patel P, Petrasso RD, Ralph JE, Springer PT, Yeamans CB. Indications of flow near maximum compression in layered deuterium-tritium implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:021202. [PMID: 27627237 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.021202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of burn dynamics in implosions of cryogenically layered deuterium (D) and tritium (T) filled capsules, obtained partly through precision diagnosis of these experiments, is essential for assessing the impediments to achieving ignition at the National Ignition Facility. We present measurements of neutrons from such implosions. The apparent ion temperatures T_{ion} are inferred from the variance of the primary neutron spectrum. Consistently higher DT than DD T_{ion} are observed and the difference is seen to increase with increasing apparent DT T_{ion}. The line-of-sight rms variations of both DD and DT T_{ion} are small, ∼150eV, indicating an isotropic source. The DD neutron yields are consistently high relative to the DT neutron yields given the observed T_{ion}. Spatial and temporal variations of the DT temperature and density, DD-DT differential attenuation in the surrounding DT fuel, and fluid motion variations contribute to a DT T_{ion} greater than the DD T_{ion}, but are in a one-dimensional model insufficient to explain the data. We hypothesize that in a three-dimensional interpretation, these effects combined could explain the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C J Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D H Munro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B K Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E J Bond
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P T Springer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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