1
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Adrian PJ, Bachmann B, Betti R, Birkel A, Heuer PV, Johnson MG, Kabadi NV, Knauer JP, Kunimune J, Li CK, Mannion OM, Petrasso RD, Regan SP, Rinderknecht HG, Stoeckl C, Séguin FH, Sorce A, Shah RC, Sutcliffe GD, Frenje JA. X-ray-imaging spectrometer (XRIS) for studies of residual kinetic energy and low-mode asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:113540. [PMID: 36461452 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A system of x-ray imaging spectrometer (XRIS) has been implemented at the OMEGA Laser Facility and is capable of spatially and spectrally resolving x-ray self-emission from 5 to 40 keV. The system consists of three independent imagers with nearly orthogonal lines of sight for 3D reconstructions of the x-ray emission region. The distinct advantage of the XRIS system is its large dynamic range, which is enabled by the use of tantalum apertures with radii ranging from 50 μm to 1 mm, magnifications of 4 to 35×, and image plates with any filtration level. In addition, XRIS is capable of recording 1-100's images along a single line of sight, facilitating advanced statistical inference on the detailed structure of the x-ray emitting regions. Properties such as P0 and P2 of an implosion are measured to 1% and 10% precision, respectively. Furthermore, Te can be determined with 5% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Birkel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P V Heuer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N V Kabadi
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Kunimune
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R C Shah
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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2
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Adrian PJ, Florido R, Grabowski PE, Mancini R, Bachmann B, Benedict LX, Johnson MG, Kabadi N, Lahmann B, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Regan SP, Séguin FH, Singleton RL, Sio H, Sutcliffe GD, Whitley HD, Frenje JA. Measurements of ion-electron energy-transfer cross section in high-energy-density plasmas. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:L053201. [PMID: 36559377 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.l053201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on measurements of the ion-electron energy-transfer cross section utilizing low-velocity ion stopping in high-energy-density plasmas at the OMEGA laser facility. These measurements utilize a technique that leverages the close relationship between low-velocity ion stopping and ion-electron equilibration. Shock-driven implosions of capsules filled with D^{3}He gas doped with a trace amount of argon are used to generate densities and temperatures in ranges from 1×10^{23} to 2×10^{24} cm^{-3} and from 1.4 to 2.5 keV, respectively. The energy loss of 1-MeV DD tritons and 3.7-MeV D^{3}He alphas that have velocities lower than the average velocity of the thermal electrons is measured. The energy loss of these ions is used to determine the ion-electron energy-transfer cross section, which is found to be in excellent agreement with quantum-mechanical calculations in the first Born approximation. This result provides an experimental constraint on ion-electron energy transfer in high-energy-density plasmas, which impacts the modeling of alpha heating in inertial confinement fusion implosions, magnetic-field advection in stellar atmospheres, and energy balance in supernova shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Florido
- iUNAT, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - P E Grabowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L X Benedict
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R L Singleton
- SavantX Research Center, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - H Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H D Whitley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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3
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Adrian PJ, Armstrong J, Birkel A, Chang C, Dannhoff S, Evans T, Johnson MG, Johnson TM, Kabadi N, Kunimune J, Li CK, Reichelt B, Regan SP, Pearcy J, Petrasso RD, Pien G, McCluskey M, Séguin FH, Sutcliffe GD, Frenje JA. In situ calibration of charged particle spectrometers on the OMEGA Laser Facility using 241Am and 226Ra sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:113534. [PMID: 36461490 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Charged particle spectrometry is a critical diagnostic to study inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas and high energy density plasmas. The OMEGA Laser Facility has two fixed magnetic charged particle spectrometers (CPSs) to measure MeV-ions. In situ calibration of these spectrometers was carried out using 241Am and 226Ra alpha emitters. The alpha emission spectrum from the sources was measured independently using surface-barrier detectors (SBDs). The energy dispersion and broadening of the CPS systems were determined by comparing the CPS measured alpha spectrum to that of the SBD. The calibration method significantly constrains the energy dispersion, which was previously obtained through the measurement of charged particle fusion products. Overall, a small shift of 100 keV was observed between previous and the calibration done in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Armstrong
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Birkel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Chang
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Dannhoff
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Evans
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Kunimune
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Reichelt
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Pearcy
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Pien
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M McCluskey
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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4
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Rinderknecht HG, Heuer PV, Kunimune J, Adrian PJ, Knauer JP, Theobald W, Fairbanks R, Brannon B, Ceurvorst L, Gopalaswamy V, Williams CA, Radha PB, Regan SP, Johnson MG, Séguin FH, Frenje JA. A knock-on deuteron imager for measurements of fuel and hotspot asymmetry in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:093507. [PMID: 36182458 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A knock-on deuteron imager (KoDI) has been implemented to measure the fuel and hotspot asymmetry of cryogenic inertial confinement fusion implosions on OMEGA. Energetic neutrons produced by D-T fusion elastically scatter ("knock on") deuterons from the fuel layer with a probability that depends on ρR. Deuterons above 10 MeV are produced by near-forward scattering, and imaging them is equivalent to time-integrated neutron imaging of the hotspot. Deuterons below 6 MeV are produced by a combination of side scattering and ranging in the fuel, and encode information about the spatial distribution of the dense fuel. The KoDI instrument consists of a multi-penumbral aperture positioned 10-20 cm from the implosion using a ten-inch manipulator and a detector pack at 350 cm from the implosion to record penumbral images with magnification of up to 35×. Range filters and the intrinsic properties of CR-39 are used to distinguish different charged-particle images by energy along the same line of sight. Image plates fielded behind the CR-39 record a 10 keV x-ray image using the same aperture. A maximum-likelihood reconstruction algorithm has been implemented to infer the source from the projected penumbral images. The effects of scattering and aperture charging on the instrument point-spread function are assessed. Synthetic data are used to validate the reconstruction algorithm and assess an appropriate termination criterion. Significant aperture charging has been observed in the initial experimental dataset, and increases with aperture distance from the implosion, consistent with a simple model of charging by laser-driven EMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P V Heuer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Kunimune
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Fairbanks
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Brannon
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - L Ceurvorst
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C A Williams
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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5
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Gatu Johnson M, Johnson TM, Lahmann BJ, Séguin FH, Sperry B, Bhandarkar N, Bionta RM, Casco E, Casey DT, Mackinnon AJ, Masters N, Moore A, Nikroo A, Hoppe M, Mohammed R, Sweet W, Freeman C, Picciotto V, Roumell J, Frenje JA. High-yield magnetic recoil neutron spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility for operation up to 60 MJ. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:083513. [PMID: 36050054 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), with neutron yields of order 1 × 1017, places new constraints on diagnostics used to characterize implosion performance. The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS), which is routinely used to measure yield, ion temperature (Tion), and down-scatter ratio (dsr), has been adapted to allow measurements of dsr up to 5 × 1017, and yield and Tion up to 2 × 1018 in the near term with new data processing techniques and conversion foil solutions. This paper presents a solution for extending MRS operation up to a yield of 2 × 1019 (60 MJ) by moving the spectrometer outside of the NIF shield wall. This will not only enhance the upper yield limit by 10× but also improve signal-to-background by 5×.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B J Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Sperry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Casco
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Mohammed
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - W Sweet
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Freeman
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - V Picciotto
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - J Roumell
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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6
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Kabadi NV, Simpson R, Adrian PJ, Bose A, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Lahmann B, Li CK, Parker CE, Séguin FH, Sutcliffe GD, Petrasso RD, Atzeni S, Eriksson J, Forrest C, Fess S, Glebov VY, Janezic R, Mannion OM, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Stoeckl C, Kagan G, Hoppe M, Luo R, Schoff M, Shuldberg C, Sio HW, Sanchez J, Hopkins LB, Schlossberg D, Hahn K, Yeamans C. Thermal decoupling of deuterium and tritium during the inertial confinement fusion shock-convergence phase. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:L013201. [PMID: 34412205 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.l013201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of thin glass-shell shock-driven DT gas-filled capsule implosions was conducted at the OMEGA laser facility. These experiments generate conditions relevant to the central plasma during the shock-convergence phase of ablatively driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. The spectral temperatures inferred from the DTn and DDn spectra are most consistent with a two-ion-temperature plasma, where the initial apparent temperature ratio, T_{T}/T_{D}, is 1.5. This is an experimental confirmation of the long-standing conjecture that plasma shocks couple energy directly proportional to the species mass in multi-ion plasmas. The apparent temperature ratio trend with equilibration time matches expected thermal equilibration described by hydrodynamic theory. This indicates that deuterium and tritium ions have different energy distributions for the time period surrounding shock convergence in ignition-relevant ICF implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Kabadi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Simpson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Bose
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Atzeni
- Dipartimento SBAI, Universit'a degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza," Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - J Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Forrest
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Fess
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Janezic
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Kagan
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - R Luo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - C Shuldberg
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Sanchez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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7
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Lahmann B, Johnson MG, Frenje JA, Birkel AJ, Adrian PJ, Kabadi N, Kunimune JH, Johnson TM, Pearcy JA, Reichelt BL, Séguin FH, Sutcliffe G, Petrasso RD. Extension of charged-particle spectrometer capabilities for diagnosing implosions on OMEGA, Z, and the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:083506. [PMID: 34470381 DOI: 10.1063/5.0062584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
New designs and a new analysis technique have been developed for an existing compact charged-particle spectrometer on the NIF and OMEGA. The new analysis technique extends the capabilities of this diagnostic to measure arbitrarily shaped ion spectra down to 1 MeV with yields as low as 106. Three different designs are provided optimized for the measurement of DD protons, T3He deuterons, and 3He3He protons. The designs are highly customizable, and a generalized framework is provided for optimizing the design for alternative applications. Additionally, the understanding of the detector's response and uncertainties is greatly expanded upon. A new calibration procedure is also developed to increase the precision of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A J Birkel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J H Kunimune
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Pearcy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B L Reichelt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Adrian PJ, Frenje J, Aguirre B, Bachmann B, Birkel A, Johnson MG, Kabadi NV, Lahmann B, Li CK, Mannion OM, Martin W, Mohamed ZL, Regan SP, Rinderknecht HG, Scheiner B, Schmitt MJ, Séguin FH, Shah RC, Sio H, Sorce C, Sutcliffe GD, Petrasso RD. An x-ray penumbral imager for measurements of electron-temperature profiles in inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:043548. [PMID: 34243391 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hot-spot shape and electron temperature (Te) are key performance metrics used to assess the efficiency of converting shell kinetic energy into hot-spot thermal energy in inertial confinement fusion implosions. X-ray penumbral imaging offers a means to diagnose hot-spot shape and Te, where the latter can be used as a surrogate measure of the ion temperature (Ti) in sufficiently equilibrated hot spots. We have implemented a new x-ray penumbral imager on OMEGA. We demonstrate minimal line-of-sight variations in the inferred Te for a set of implosions. Furthermore, we demonstrate spatially resolved Te measurements with an average uncertainty of 10% with 6 μm spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Aguirre
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Birkel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N V Kabadi
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics: University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Z L Mohamed
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics: University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics: University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics: University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Scheiner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - M J Schmitt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R C Shah
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics: University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics: University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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9
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Gatu Johnson M, Aguirre B, Armstrong J, Fooks JA, Forrest C, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Hoppe M, Katz J, Knauer JP, Martin W, Parker CE, Reynolds HG, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Sorce C, Sperry B, Stoeckl C, Petrasso RD. Using millimeter-sized carbon-deuterium foils for high-precision deuterium-tritium neutron spectrum measurements in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion at the OMEGA laser facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:023503. [PMID: 33648107 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Millimeter-sized CD foils fielded close (order mm) to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions have been proposed as a game-changer for improving energy resolution and allowing time-resolution in neutron spectrum measurements using the magnetic recoil technique. This paper presents results from initial experiments testing this concept for direct drive ICF at the OMEGA Laser Facility. While the foils are shown to produce reasonable signals, inferred spectral broadening is seen to be high (∼5 keV) and signal levels are low (by ∼20%) compared to expectation. Before this type of foil is used for precision experiments, the foil mount must be improved, oxygen uptake in the foils must be better characterized, and impact of uncontrolled foil motion prior to detection must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Aguirre
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Armstrong
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Fooks
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Sperry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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10
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Lahmann B, Gatu Johnson M, Hahn KD, Frenje JA, Ampleford DJ, Jones B, Mangan MA, Maurer A, Ruiz CL, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. A neutron recoil-spectrometer for measuring yield and determining liner areal densities at the Z facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:073501. [PMID: 32752812 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-principle CR-39 based neutron-recoil-spectrometer was built and fielded on the Z facility. Data from this experiment match indium activation yields within a factor of 2 using simplified instrument response function models. The data also demonstrate the need for neutron shielding in order to infer liner areal densities. A new shielded design has been developed. The spectrometer is expected to achieve signal-to-background greater than 2 for the down-scattered neutron signal and greater than 30 for the primary signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Jones
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Mangan
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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11
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Lahmann B, Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Glebov YY, Rinderknecht HG, Séguin FH, Sutcliffe G, Petrasso RD. CR-39 nuclear track detector response to inertial confinement fusion relevant ions. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:053502. [PMID: 32486747 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection properties of CR-39 were investigated for protons, deuterons, and tritons of various energies. Two models for the relationship between the track diameter and particle energy are presented and demonstrated to match experimental data for all three species. Data demonstrate that CR-39 has 100% efficiency for protons between 1 MeV and 4 MeV, deuterons between 1 MeV and 12.2 MeV, and tritons between 1 MeV and 10 MeV. The true upper bounds for deuterons and tritons exceed what could be measured in data. Simulations were developed to further explore the properties of CR-39 and suggest that the diameter-energy relationship of alpha particles cannot be captured by the conventional c-parameter model. These findings provide confidence in CR-39 track diameter based spectroscopy of all three species and provide invaluable insight for designing filtering for all CR-39 based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y Yu Glebov
- University of Rochester Laboratory For Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- University of Rochester Laboratory For Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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12
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Frenje JA, Florido R, Mancini R, Nagayama T, Grabowski PE, Rinderknecht H, Sio H, Zylstra A, Gatu Johnson M, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Regan SP. Experimental Validation of Low-Z Ion-Stopping Formalisms around the Bragg Peak in High-Energy-Density Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:015002. [PMID: 31012651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first accurate validation of low-Z ion-stopping formalisms in the regime ranging from low-velocity ion stopping-through the Bragg peak-to high-velocity ion stopping in well-characterized high-energy-density plasmas. These measurements were executed at electron temperatures and number densities in the range of 1.4-2.8 keV and 4×10^{23}-8×10^{23} cm^{-3}, respectively. For these conditions, it is experimentally demonstrated that the Brown-Preston-Singleton formalism provides a better description of the ion stopping than other formalisms around the Bragg peak, except for the ion stopping at v_{i}∼0.3v_{th}, where the Brown-Preston-Singleton formalism significantly underpredicts the observation. It is postulated that the inclusion of nuclear-elastic scattering, and possibly coupled modes of the plasma ions, in the modeling of the ion-ion interaction may explain the discrepancy of ∼20% at this velocity, which would have an impact on our understanding of the alpha energy deposition and heating of the fuel ions, and thus reduce the ignition threshold in an ignition experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Florido
- iUNAT-Departamento de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - R Mancini
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P E Grabowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Zylstra
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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13
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Parker CE, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Schlossberg DJ, Reynolds HG, Hopkins LB, Bionta R, Casey DT, Felker SJ, Hilsabeck TJ, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Mackinnon AJ, Robey H, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Wink CW, Petrasso RD. Implementation of the foil-on-hohlraum technique for the magnetic recoil spectrometer for time-resolved neutron measurements at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:113508. [PMID: 30501287 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The next-generation Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer, called MRSt, will provide time-resolved measurements of the deuterium-tritium-neutron spectrum from inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility. These measurements will provide critical information about the time evolution of the fuel assembly, hot-spot formation, and nuclear burn. The absolute neutron spectrum in the energy range of 12-16 MeV will be measured with high accuracy (∼5%), unprecedented energy resolution (∼100 keV) and, for the first time ever, time resolution (∼20 ps). Crucial to the design of the system is a CD conversion foil for the production of recoil deuterons positioned as close to the implosion as possible. The foil-on-hohlraum technique has been demonstrated by placing a 1-mm-diameter, 40-μm-thick CD foil on the hohlraum diagnostic band along the line-of-sight of the current time-integrated MRS system, which measured the recoil deuterons. In addition to providing validation of the foil-on-hohlraum technique for the MRSt design, substantial improvement of the MRS energy resolution has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H G Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S J Felker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C W Wink
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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14
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Gatu Johnson M, Katz J, Forrest C, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Li CK, Paguio R, Parker CE, Robillard C, Sangster TC, Schoff M, Séguin FH, Stoeckl C, Petrasso RD. Measurement of apparent ion temperature using the magnetic recoil spectrometer at the OMEGA laser facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10I129. [PMID: 30399924 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) at the OMEGA laser facility has been routinely used to measure deuterium-tritium (DT) yield and areal density in cryogenically layered implosions since 2008. Recently, operation of the OMEGA MRS in higher-resolution mode with a new smaller, thinner (4 cm2, 57 μm thick) CD2 conversion foil has also enabled inference of the apparent DT ion temperature (T ion) from MRS data. MRS-inferred T ion compares well with T ion as measured using neutron time-of-flight spectrometers, which is important as it demonstrates good understanding of the very different systematics associated with the two independent measurements. The MRS resolution in this configuration, ΔE MRS = 0.91 MeV FWHM, is still higher than that required for a high-precision T ion measurement. We show how fielding a smaller foil closer to the target chamber center and redesigning the MRS detector array could bring the resolution to ΔE MRS = 0.45 MeV, reducing the systematic T ion uncertainty by more than a factor of 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Robillard
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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15
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Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Hale GM, Brune CR, Bacher A, Casey DT, Li CK, McNabb D, Paris M, Petrasso RD, Sangster TC, Sayre DB, Séguin FH. Proton Spectra from ^{3}He+T and ^{3}He+^{3}He Fusion at Low Center-of-Mass Energy, with Potential Implications for Solar Fusion Cross Sections. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:222701. [PMID: 29286782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.222701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few-body nuclear physics often relies upon phenomenological models, with new efforts at the ab initio theory reported recently; both need high-quality benchmark data, particularly at low center-of-mass energies. We use high-energy-density plasmas to measure the proton spectra from ^{3}He+T and ^{3}He+^{3}He fusion. The data disagree with R-matrix predictions constrained by neutron spectra from T+T fusion. We present a new analysis of the ^{3}He+^{3}He proton spectrum; these benchmarked spectral shapes should be used for interpreting low-resolution data, such as solar fusion cross-section measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G M Hale
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C R Brune
- Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - A Bacher
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D McNabb
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Paris
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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16
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Wink CW, Frenje JA, Hilsabeck TJ, Bionta R, Khater HY, Gatu Johnson M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. Signal and background considerations for the MRSt on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D808. [PMID: 27910587 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer (MRSt) has been conceptually designed for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum at the National Ignition Facility. Using the MRSt, the goals are to measure the time-evolution of the spectrum with a time resolution of ∼20-ps and absolute accuracy better than 5%. To meet these goals, a detailed understanding and optimization of the signal and background characteristics are required. Through ion-optics, MCNP simulations, and detector-response calculations, it is demonstrated that the goals and a signal-to background >5-10 for the down-scattered neutron measurement are met if the background, consisting of ambient neutrons and gammas, at the MRSt is reduced 50-100 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Wink
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - R Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Y Khater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Frenje JA, Hilsabeck TJ, Wink CW, Bell P, Bionta R, Cerjan C, Gatu Johnson M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. The magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRSt) for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D806. [PMID: 27910467 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The next-generation magnetic recoil spectrometer for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum has been conceptually designed for the National Ignition Facility. This spectrometer, called MRSt, represents a paradigm shift in our thinking about neutron spectrometry for inertial confinement fusion applications, as it will provide simultaneously information about the burn history and time evolution of areal density (ρR), apparent ion temperature (Ti), yield (Yn), and macroscopic flows during burn. From this type of data, an assessment of the evolution of the fuel assembly, hotspot, and alpha heating can be made. According to simulations, the MRSt will provide accurate data with a time resolution of ∼20 ps and energy resolution of ∼100 keV for total neutron yields above ∼1016. At lower yields, the diagnostic will be operated at a higher-efficiency, lower-energy-resolution mode to provide a time resolution of ∼20 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - C W Wink
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Sutcliffe GD, Milanese LM, Orozco D, Lahmann B, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Sio H, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Park HS, Rygg JR, Casey DT, Bionta R, Turnbull DP, Huntington CM, Ross JS, Zylstra AB, Rosenberg MJ, Glebov VY. A novel method to recover DD fusion proton CR-39 data corrupted by fast ablator ions at OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D812. [PMID: 27910586 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CR-39 detectors are used routinely in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments as a part of nuclear diagnostics. CR-39 is filtered to stop fast ablator ions which have been accelerated from an ICF implosion due to electric fields caused by laser-plasma interactions. In some experiments, the filtering is insufficient to block these ions and the fusion-product signal tracks are lost in the large background of accelerated ion tracks. A technique for recovering signal in these scenarios has been developed, tested, and implemented successfully. The technique involves removing material from the surface of the CR-39 to a depth beyond the endpoint of the ablator ion tracks. The technique preserves signal magnitude (yield) as well as structure in radiograph images. The technique is effective when signal particle range is at least 10 μm deeper than the necessary bulk material removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L M Milanese
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Orozco
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D P Turnbull
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C M Huntington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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19
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Zylstra AB, Park HS, Ross JS, Fiuza F, Frenje JA, Higginson DP, Huntington C, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Pollock B, Remington B, Rinderknecht HG, Ryutov D, Séguin FH, Turnbull D, Wilks SC. Proton pinhole imaging on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E704. [PMID: 27910515 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pinhole imaging of large (mm scale) carbon-deuterium (CD) plasmas by proton self-emission has been used for the first time to study the microphysics of shock formation, which is of astrophysical relevance. The 3 MeV deuterium-deuterium (DD) fusion proton self-emission from these plasmas is imaged using a novel pinhole imaging system, with up to five different 1 mm diameter pinholes positioned 25 cm from target-chamber center. CR39 is used as the detector medium, positioned at 100 cm distance from the pinhole for a magnification of 4 ×. A Wiener deconvolution algorithm is numerically demonstrated and used to interpret the images. When the spatial morphology is known, this algorithm accurately reproduces the size of features larger than about half the pinhole diameter. For these astrophysical plasma experiments on the National Ignition Facility, this provides a strong constraint on simulation modeling of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D P Higginson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Huntington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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20
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Lahmann B, Milanese LM, Han W, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Petrasso RD, Hahn KD, Jones B. Application of the coincidence counting technique to DD neutron spectrometry data at the NIF, OMEGA, and Z. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D801. [PMID: 27910525 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A compact neutron spectrometer, based on a CH foil for the production of recoil protons and CR-39 detection, is being developed for the measurements of the DD-neutron spectrum at the NIF, OMEGA, and Z facilities. As a CR-39 detector will be used in the spectrometer, the principal sources of background are neutron-induced tracks and intrinsic tracks (defects in the CR-39). To reject the background to the required level for measurements of the down-scattered and primary DD-neutron components in the spectrum, the Coincidence Counting Technique (CCT) must be applied to the data. Using a piece of CR-39 exposed to 2.5-MeV protons at the MIT HEDP accelerator facility and DD-neutrons at Z, a significant improvement of a DD-neutron signal-to-background level has been demonstrated for the first time using the CCT. These results are in excellent agreement with previous work applied to DT neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L M Milanese
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W Han
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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21
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Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Eckart MJ, Farrell MP, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hoppe M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Reynolds HG, Sayre DB, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Skulina K, Yeamans CB. High-resolution measurements of the DT neutron spectrum using new CD foils in the Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D816. [PMID: 27910455 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility measures the DT neutron spectrum from cryogenically layered inertial confinement fusion implosions. Yield, areal density, apparent ion temperature, and directional fluid flow are inferred from the MRS data. This paper describes recent advances in MRS measurements of the primary peak using new, thinner, reduced-area deuterated plastic (CD) conversion foils. The new foils allow operation of MRS at yields 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously possible, at a resolution down to ∼200 keV FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M P Farrell
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Skulina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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22
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Zylstra AB, Herrmann HW, Johnson MG, Kim YH, Frenje JA, Hale G, Li CK, Rubery M, Paris M, Bacher A, Brune CR, Forrest C, Glebov VY, Janezic R, McNabb D, Nikroo A, Pino J, Sangster TC, Séguin FH, Seka W, Sio H, Stoeckl C, Petrasso RD. Using Inertial Fusion Implosions to Measure the T+^{3}He Fusion Cross Section at Nucleosynthesis-Relevant Energies. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:035002. [PMID: 27472118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Light nuclei were created during big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). Standard BBN theory, using rates inferred from accelerator-beam data, cannot explain high levels of ^{6}Li in low-metallicity stars. Using high-energy-density plasmas we measure the T(^{3}He,γ)^{6}Li reaction rate, a candidate for anomalously high ^{6}Li production; we find that the rate is too low to explain the observations, and different than values used in common BBN models. This is the first data directly relevant to BBN, and also the first use of laboratory plasmas, at comparable conditions to astrophysical systems, to address a problem in nuclear astrophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H W Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y H Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Hale
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Rubery
- Plasma Physics Department, AWE plc, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - M Paris
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Bacher
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - C R Brune
- Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Janezic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D McNabb
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Pino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Rinderknecht HG, Rojas-Herrera J, Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Sio H, Sinenian N, Rosenberg MJ, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Filkins T, Steidle JA, Steidle JA, Traynor N, Freeman C. Impact of x-ray dose on track formation and data analysis for CR-39-based proton diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:123511. [PMID: 26724031 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear track detector CR-39 is used extensively for charged particle diagnosis, in particular proton spectroscopy, at inertial confinement fusion facilities. These detectors can absorb x-ray doses from the experiments in the order of 1-100 Gy, the effects of which are not accounted for in the previous detector calibrations. X-ray dose absorbed in the CR-39 has previously been shown to affect the track size of alpha particles in the detector, primarily due to a measured reduction in the material bulk etch rate [Rojas-Herrera et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 033501 (2015)]. Similar to the previous findings for alpha particles, protons with energies in the range 0.5-9.1 MeV are shown to produce tracks that are systematically smaller as a function of the absorbed x-ray dose in the CR-39. The reduction of track size due to x-ray dose is found to diminish with time between exposure and etching if the CR-39 is stored at ambient temperature, and complete recovery is observed after two weeks. The impact of this effect on the analysis of data from existing CR-39-based proton diagnostics on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility is evaluated and best practices are proposed for cases in which the effect of x rays is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Rinderknecht
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Rojas-Herrera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Sinenian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Filkins
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | | | - Jessica A Steidle
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - N Traynor
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - C Freeman
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
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24
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Frenje JA, Grabowski PE, Li CK, Séguin FH, Zylstra AB, Gatu Johnson M, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Sangster TC. Measurements of Ion Stopping Around the Bragg Peak in High-Energy-Density Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:205001. [PMID: 26613448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, quantitative measurements of ion stopping at energies around the Bragg peak (or peak ion stopping, which occurs at an ion velocity comparable to the average thermal electron velocity), and its dependence on electron temperature (T(e)) and electron number density (n(e)) in the range of 0.5-4.0 keV and 3×10(22) to 3×10(23) cm(-3) have been conducted, respectively. It is experimentally demonstrated that the position and amplitude of the Bragg peak varies strongly with T(e) with n(e). The importance of including quantum diffraction is also demonstrated in the stopping-power modeling of high-energy-density plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P E Grabowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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25
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Rygg JR, Zylstra AB, Séguin FH, LePape S, Bachmann B, Craxton RS, Garcia EM, Kong YZ, Gatu-Johnson M, Khan SF, Lahmann BJ, McKenty PW, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Sayre DB, Sio HW. Note: A monoenergetic proton backlighter for the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:116104. [PMID: 26628185 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A monoenergetic, isotropic proton source suitable for proton radiography applications has been demonstrated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A deuterium and helium-3 gas-filled glass capsule was imploded with 39 kJ of laser energy from 24 of NIF's 192 beams. Spectral, spatial, and temporal measurements of the 15-MeV proton product of the (3)He(d,p)(4)He nuclear reaction reveal a bright (10(10) protons/sphere), monoenergetic (ΔE/E = 4%) spectrum with a compact size (80 μm) and isotropic emission (∼13% proton fluence variation and <0.4% mean energy variation). Simultaneous measurements of products produced by the D(d,p)T and D(d,n)(3)He reactions also show 2 × 10(10) isotropically distributed 3-MeV protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Y Z Kong
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B J Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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26
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Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Grabowski PE, Li CK, Collins GW, Fitzsimmons P, Glenzer S, Graziani F, Hansen SB, Hu SX, Johnson MG, Keiter P, Reynolds H, Rygg JR, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. Measurement of charged-particle stopping in warm dense plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:215002. [PMID: 26066441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.215002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured the stopping of energetic protons in an isochorically heated solid-density Be plasma with an electron temperature of ∼32 eV, corresponding to moderately coupled [(e^{2}/a)/(k_{B}T_{e}+E_{F})∼0.3] and moderately degenerate [k_{B}T_{e}/E_{F}∼2] "warm-dense matter" (WDM) conditions. We present the first high-accuracy measurements of charged-particle energy loss through dense plasma, which shows an increased loss relative to cold matter, consistent with a reduced mean ionization potential. The data agree with stopping models based on an ad hoc treatment of free and bound electrons, as well as the average-atom local-density approximation; this work is the first test of these theories in WDM plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P E Grabowski
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - S Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - F Graziani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Keiter
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - H Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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27
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Rosenberg MJ, Li CK, Fox W, Zylstra AB, Stoeckl C, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Petrasso RD. Slowing of Magnetic Reconnection Concurrent with Weakening Plasma Inflows and Increasing Collisionality in Strongly Driven Laser-Plasma Experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:205004. [PMID: 26047236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.205004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An evolution of magnetic reconnection behavior, from fast jets to the slowing of reconnection and the establishment of a stable current sheet, has been observed in strongly driven, β≲20 laser-produced plasma experiments. This process has been inferred to occur alongside a slowing of plasma inflows carrying the oppositely directed magnetic fields as well as the evolution of plasma conditions from collisionless to collisional. High-resolution proton radiography has revealed unprecedented detail of the forced interaction of magnetic fields and super-Alfvénic electron jets (V_{jet}∼20V_{A}) ejected from the reconnection region, indicating that two-fluid or collisionless magnetic reconnection occurs early in time. The absence of jets and the persistence of strong, stable magnetic fields at late times indicates that the reconnection process slows down, while plasma flows stagnate and plasma conditions evolve to a cooler, denser, more collisional state. These results demonstrate that powerful initial plasma flows are not sufficient to force a complete reconnection of magnetic fields, even in the strongly driven regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W Fox
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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28
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Waugh CJ, Rosenberg MJ, Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Sangster TC, Stoeckl C. A method for in situ absolute DD yield calibration of neutron time-of-flight detectors on OMEGA using CR-39-based proton detectors. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:053506. [PMID: 26026524 DOI: 10.1063/1.4919290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutron time of flight (nTOF) detectors are used routinely to measure the absolute DD neutron yield at OMEGA. To check the DD yield calibration of these detectors, originally calibrated using indium activation systems, which in turn were cross-calibrated to NOVA nTOF detectors in the early 1990s, a direct in situ calibration method using CR-39 range filter proton detectors has been successfully developed. By measuring DD neutron and proton yields from a series of exploding pusher implosions at OMEGA, a yield calibration coefficient of 1.09 ± 0.02 (relative to the previous coefficient) was determined for the 3m nTOF detector. In addition, comparison of these and other shots indicates that significant reduction in charged particle flux anisotropies is achieved when bang time occurs significantly (on the order of 500 ps) after the trailing edge of the laser pulse. This is an important observation as the main source of the yield calibration error is due to particle anisotropies caused by field effects. The results indicate that the CR-39-nTOF in situ calibration method can serve as a valuable technique for calibrating and reducing the uncertainty in the DD absolute yield calibration of nTOF detector systems on OMEGA, the National Ignition Facility, and laser megajoule.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Waugh
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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29
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Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Li CK, Hoffman NM, Kagan G, Zylstra AB, Sio H, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Amendt P, Bellei C, Wilks S, Delettrez J, Glebov VY, Stoeckl C, Sangster TC, Meyerhofer DD, Nikroo A. Ion thermal decoupling and species separation in shock-driven implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:025001. [PMID: 25635549 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous reduction of the fusion yields by 50% and anomalous scaling of the burn-averaged ion temperatures with the ion-species fraction has been observed for the first time in D^{3}He-filled shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions. Two ion kinetic mechanisms are used to explain the anomalous observations: thermal decoupling of the D and ^{3}He populations and diffusive species separation. The observed insensitivity of ion temperature to a varying deuterium fraction is shown to be a signature of ion thermal decoupling in shock-heated plasmas. The burn-averaged deuterium fraction calculated from the experimental data demonstrates a reduction in the average core deuterium density, as predicted by simulations that use a diffusion model. Accounting for each of these effects in simulations reproduces the observed yield trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N M Hoffman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G Kagan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Bellei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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30
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Sio H, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Zylstra AB, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Li CK, Petrasso RD. A technique for extending by ∼10(3) the dynamic range of compact proton spectrometers for diagnosing ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility and OMEGA. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E119. [PMID: 25430298 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wedge Range Filter (WRF) proton spectrometers are routinely used on OMEGA and the NIF for diagnosing ρR and ρR asymmetries in direct- and indirect-drive implosions of D(3)He-, D2-, and DT-gas-filled capsules. By measuring the optical opacity distribution in CR-39 due to proton tracks in high-yield applications, as opposed to counting individual tracks, WRF dynamic range can be extended by 10(2) for obtaining the spectral shape, and by 10(3) for mean energy (ρR) measurement, corresponding to proton fluences of 10(8) and 10(9) cm(-2), respectively. Using this new technique, ρR asymmetries can be measured during both shock and compression burn (proton yield ∼10(8) and ∼10(12), respectively) in 2-shock National Ignition Facility implosions with the standard WRF accuracy of ±∼10 mg/cm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sio
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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31
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Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Khater HY, Sayre DB, Knauer JP, Sangster TC, Herrmann HW, Kilkenny JD. Measurements of fuel and ablator ρR in Symmetry-Capsule implosions with the Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E104. [PMID: 25430283 DOI: 10.1063/1.4886418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) measures the neutron spectrum in the energy range of 4-20 MeV. This paper describes MRS measurements of DT-fuel and CH-ablator ρR in DT gas-filled symmetry-capsule implosions at the NIF. DT-fuel ρR's of 80-140 mg/cm(2) and CH-ablator ρR's of 400-680 mg/cm(2) are inferred from MRS data. The measurements were facilitated by an improved correction of neutron-induced background in the low-energy part of the MRS spectrum. This work demonstrates the accurate utilization of the complete MRS-measured neutron spectrum for diagnosing NIF DT implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Y Khater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H W Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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32
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Rosenberg MJ, Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Rinderknecht HG, Johnson MG, Waugh CJ, Séguin FH, Sio H, Sinenian N, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Hohenberger M, Stoeckl C, Sangster TC, Yeamans CB, LePape S, Mackinnon AJ, Bionta RM, Talison B, Casey DT, Landen OL, Moran MJ, Zacharias RA, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A. A compact proton spectrometer for measurement of the absolute DD proton spectrum from which yield and ρR are determined in thin-shell inertial-confinement-fusion implosions. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:103504. [PMID: 25362390 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A compact, step range filter proton spectrometer has been developed for the measurement of the absolute DD proton spectrum, from which yield and areal density (ρR) are inferred for deuterium-filled thin-shell inertial confinement fusion implosions. This spectrometer, which is based on tantalum step-range filters, is sensitive to protons in the energy range 1-9 MeV and can be used to measure proton spectra at mean energies of ∼1-3 MeV. It has been developed and implemented using a linear accelerator and applied to experiments at the OMEGA laser facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Modeling of the proton slowing in the filters is necessary to construct the spectrum, and the yield and energy uncertainties are ±<10% in yield and ±120 keV, respectively. This spectrometer can be used for in situ calibration of DD-neutron yield diagnostics at the NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C J Waugh
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Sinenian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Talison
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Moran
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R A Zacharias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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33
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Zylstra AB, Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Sio HW, Li CK, Petrasso RD, McCluskey M, Mastrosimone D, Glebov VY, Forrest C, Stoeckl C, Sangster TC. A compact neutron spectrometer for characterizing inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA and the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:063502. [PMID: 24985814 DOI: 10.1063/1.4880203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A compact spectrometer for measurements of the primary deuterium-tritium neutron spectrum has been designed and implemented on the OMEGA laser facility [T. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. This instrument uses the recoil spectrometry technique, where neutrons produced in an implosion elastically scatter protons in a plastic foil, which are subsequently detected by a proton spectrometer. This diagnostic is currently capable of measuring the yield to ~±10% accuracy, and mean neutron energy to ~±50 keV precision. As these compact spectrometers can be readily placed at several locations around an implosion, effects of residual fuel bulk flows during burn can be measured. Future improvements to reduce the neutron energy uncertainty to ±15-20 keV are discussed, which will enable measurements of fuel velocities to an accuracy of ~±25-40 km/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M McCluskey
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Mastrosimone
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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34
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Rosenberg MJ, Rinderknecht HG, Hoffman NM, Amendt PA, Atzeni S, Zylstra AB, Li CK, Séguin FH, Sio H, Johnson MG, Frenje JA, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Stoeckl C, Seka W, Marshall FJ, Delettrez JA, Sangster TC, Betti R, Goncharov VN, Meyerhofer DD, Skupsky S, Bellei C, Pino J, Wilks SC, Kagan G, Molvig K, Nikroo A. Exploration of the transition from the hydrodynamiclike to the strongly kinetic regime in shock-driven implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:185001. [PMID: 24856701 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.185001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Clear evidence of the transition from hydrodynamiclike to strongly kinetic shock-driven implosions is, for the first time, revealed and quantitatively assessed. Implosions with a range of initial equimolar D3He gas densities show that as the density is decreased, hydrodynamic simulations strongly diverge from and increasingly overpredict the observed nuclear yields, from a factor of ∼2 at 3.1 mg/cm3 to a factor of 100 at 0.14 mg/cm3. (The corresponding Knudsen number, the ratio of ion mean-free path to minimum shell radius, varied from 0.3 to 9; similarly, the ratio of fusion burn duration to ion diffusion time, another figure of merit of kinetic effects, varied from 0.3 to 14.) This result is shown to be unrelated to the effects of hydrodynamic mix. As a first step to garner insight into this transition, a reduced ion kinetic (RIK) model that includes gradient-diffusion and loss-term approximations to several transport processes was implemented within the framework of a one-dimensional radiation-transport code. After empirical calibration, the RIK simulations reproduce the observed yield trends, largely as a result of ion diffusion and the depletion of the reacting tail ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N M Hoffman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Atzeni
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Via A Scarpa, 14-16, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Skupsky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Bellei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Pino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G Kagan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Molvig
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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35
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Rinderknecht HG, Sio H, Li CK, Zylstra AB, Rosenberg MJ, Amendt P, Delettrez J, Bellei C, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Betti R, Glebov VY, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, Stoeckl C, Landen O, Smalyuk VA, Wilks S, Greenwood A, Nikroo A. First observations of nonhydrodynamic mix at the fuel-shell interface in shock-driven inertial confinement implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:135001. [PMID: 24745431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.135001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A strong nonhydrodynamic mechanism generating atomic fuel-shell mix has been observed in strongly shocked inertial confinement fusion implosions of thin deuterated-plastic shells filled with 3He gas. These implosions were found to produce D3He-proton shock yields comparable to implosions of identical shells filled with a hydroequivalent 50∶50 D3He gas mixture. Standard hydrodynamic mixing cannot explain this observation, as hydrodynamic modeling including mix predicts a yield an order of magnitude lower than was observed. Instead, these results can be attributed to ion diffusive mix at the fuel-shell interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Bellei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Greenwood
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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36
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Rosenberg MJ, Séguin FH, Waugh CJ, Rinderknecht HG, Orozco D, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Sio H, Zylstra AB, Sinenian N, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Stoeckl C, Hohenberger M, Sangster TC, LePape S, Mackinnon AJ, Bionta RM, Landen OL, Zacharias RA, Kim Y, Herrmann HW, Kilkenny JD. Empirical assessment of the detection efficiency of CR-39 at high proton fluence and a compact, proton detector for high-fluence applications. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:043302. [PMID: 24784597 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors are widely used in physics and in many inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, and under ideal conditions these detectors have 100% detection efficiency for ∼0.5-8 MeV protons. When the fluence of incident particles becomes too high, overlap of particle tracks leads to under-counting at typical processing conditions (5 h etch in 6N NaOH at 80 °C). Short etch times required to avoid overlap can cause under-counting as well, as tracks are not fully developed. Experiments have determined the minimum etch times for 100% detection of 1.7-4.3-MeV protons and established that for 2.4-MeV protons, relevant for detection of DD protons, the maximum fluence that can be detected using normal processing techniques is ≲3 × 10(6) cm(-2). A CR-39-based proton detector has been developed to mitigate issues related to high particle fluences on ICF facilities. Using a pinhole and scattering foil several mm in front of the CR-39, proton fluences at the CR-39 are reduced by more than a factor of ∼50, increasing the operating yield upper limit by a comparable amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C J Waugh
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Orozco
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Sinenian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R A Zacharias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H W Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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37
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Li CK, Ryutov DD, Hu SX, Rosenberg MJ, Zylstra AB, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Casey DT, Johnson MG, Manuel MJE, Rinderknecht HG, Petrasso RD, Amendt PA, Park HS, Remington BA, Wilks SC, Betti R, Froula DH, Knauer JP, Meyerhofer DD, Drake RP, Kuranz CC, Young R, Koenig M. Structure and dynamics of colliding plasma jets. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:235003. [PMID: 24476281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.235003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoenergetic-proton radiographs of laser-generated, high-Mach-number plasma jets colliding at various angles shed light on the structures and dynamics of these collisions. The observations compare favorably with results from 2D hydrodynamic simulations of multistream plasma jets, and also with results from an analytic treatment of electron flow and magnetic field advection. In collisions of two noncollinear jets, the observed flow structure is similar to the analytic model's prediction of a characteristic feature with a narrow structure pointing in one direction and a much thicker one pointing in the opposite direction. Spontaneous magnetic fields, largely azimuthal around the colliding jets and generated by the well-known ∇T(e)×∇n(e) Biermann battery effect near the periphery of the laser spots, are demonstrated to be "frozen in" the plasma (due to high magnetic Reynolds number Re(M)∼5×10(4)) and advected along the jet streamlines of the electron flow. These studies provide novel insight into the interactions and dynamics of colliding plasma jets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J-E Manuel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P A Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R P Drake
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C C Kuranz
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R Young
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M Koenig
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, UMR 7605, CNRS-CEA-Université Paris VI-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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38
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Casey DT, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Katz J, Magoon J, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, Shoup M, Ulreich J, Ashabranner RC, Bionta RM, Carpenter AC, Felker B, Khater HY, LePape S, MacKinnon A, McKernan MA, Moran M, Rygg JR, Yeoman MF, Zacharias R, Leeper RJ, Fletcher K, Farrell M, Jasion D, Kilkenny J, Paguio R. The magnetic recoil spectrometer for measurements of the absolute neutron spectrum at OMEGA and the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:043506. [PMID: 23635195 DOI: 10.1063/1.4796042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The neutron spectrum produced by deuterium-tritium (DT) inertial confinement fusion implosions contains a wealth of information about implosion performance including the DT yield, ion-temperature, and areal-density. The Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer (MRS) has been used at both the OMEGA laser facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure the absolute neutron spectrum from 3 to 30 MeV at OMEGA and 3 to 36 MeV at the NIF. These measurements have been used to diagnose the performance of cryogenic target implosions to unprecedented accuracy. Interpretation of MRS data requires a detailed understanding of the MRS response and background. This paper describes ab initio characterization of the system involving Monte Carlo simulations of the MRS response in addition to the commission experiments for in situ calibration of the systems on OMEGA and the NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Casey
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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39
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Robey H, Celliers P, Kline J, Mackinnon A, Boehly T, Landen O, Eggert J, Hicks D, Pape SL, Farley D, Bowers M, Krauter K, Munro D, Jones O, Milovich J, Clark D, Spears B, Town RJ, Haan SW, Dixit S, Schneider M, Dewald E, Widmann K, Moody J, Döppner T, Radousky H, Nikroo A, Kroll J, Hamza A, Horner J, Bhandarkar S, Dzenitis E, Alger E, Giraldez E, Castro C, Moreno K, Haynam C, LaFortune K, Widmayer C, Shaw M, Jancaitis K, Parham T, Holunga D, Walters C, Haid B, Malsbury T, Trummer D, Coffee K, Burr B, Berzins L, Choate C, Brereton S, Azevedo S, Chandrasekaran H, Glenzer S, Caggiano J, Knauer J, Frenje J, Casey D, Johnson MG, Séguin FH, Young B, Edwards M, Wonterghem BV, Kilkenny J, MacGowan B, Atherton L, Lindl J, Meyerhofer D, Moses E. Shock timing on the National Ignition Facility: The first precision tuning series. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135902005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Rosenberg MJ, Ross JS, Li CK, Town RPJ, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Froula DH, Petrasso RD. Characterization of single and colliding laser-produced plasma bubbles using Thomson scattering and proton radiography. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 86:056407. [PMID: 23214896 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.056407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved measurements of electron and ion temperatures using Thomson scattering have been combined with proton radiography data for comprehensive characterization of individual laser-produced plasma bubbles or the interaction of bubble pairs, where reconnection of azimuthal magnetic fields occurs. Measurements of ion and electron temperatures agree with lasnex simulations of single plasma bubbles, which include the physics of magnetic fields. There is negligible difference in temperatures between a single plasma bubble and the interaction region of bubble pairs, although the ion temperature may be slightly higher due to the collision of expanding plasmas. These results are consistent with reconnection in a β∼8 plasma, where the release of magnetic energy (<5% of the electron thermal energy) does not appreciably affect the hydrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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41
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Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Rosenberg MJ, Rinderknecht HG, Johnson MG, Casey DT, Sinenian N, Manuel MJE, Waugh CJ, Sio HW, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Friedrich S, Knittel K, Bionta R, McKernan M, Callahan D, Collins GW, Dewald E, Döppner T, Edwards MJ, Glenzer S, Hicks DG, Landen OL, London R, Mackinnon A, Meezan N, Prasad RR, Ralph J, Richardson M, Rygg JR, Sepke S, Weber S, Zacharias R, Moses E, Kilkenny J, Nikroo A, Sangster TC, Glebov V, Stoeckl C, Olson R, Leeper RJ, Kline J, Kyrala G, Wilson D. Charged-particle spectroscopy for diagnosing shock ρR and strength in NIF implosions. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D901. [PMID: 23126905 DOI: 10.1063/1.4729672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The compact Wedge Range Filter (WRF) proton spectrometer was developed for OMEGA and transferred to the National Ignition Facility (NIF) as a National Ignition Campaign diagnostic. The WRF measures the spectrum of protons from D-(3)He reactions in tuning-campaign implosions containing D and (3)He gas; in this work we report on the first proton spectroscopy measurement on the NIF using WRFs. The energy downshift of the 14.7-MeV proton is directly related to the total ρR through the plasma stopping power. Additionally, the shock proton yield is measured, which is a metric of the final merged shock strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
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42
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Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Casey DT, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso R, Ashabranner R, Bionta RM, Bleuel DL, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Carpenter A, Cerjan CJ, Clancy TJ, Doeppner T, Eckart MJ, Edwards MJ, Friedrich S, Glenzer SH, Haan SW, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett SP, Jones OS, Kyrala G, Le Pape S, Lerche RA, Landen OL, Ma T, MacKinnon AJ, McKernan MA, Moran MJ, Moses E, Munro DH, McNaney J, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington B, Rygg JR, Sepke SM, Smalyuk V, Spears B, Springer PT, Yeamans CB, Farrell M, Jasion D, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A, Paguio R, Knauer JP, Glebov VY, Sangster TC, Betti R, Stoeckl C, Magoon J, Shoup MJ, Grim GP, Kline J, Morgan GL, Murphy TJ, Leeper RJ, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Nelson AJ. Neutron spectrometry--an essential tool for diagnosing implosions at the National Ignition Facility (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D308. [PMID: 23126835 DOI: 10.1063/1.4728095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
DT neutron yield (Y(n)), ion temperature (T(i)), and down-scatter ratio (dsr) determined from measured neutron spectra are essential metrics for diagnosing the performance of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A suite of neutron-time-of-flight (nTOF) spectrometers and a magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRS) have been implemented in different locations around the NIF target chamber, providing good implosion coverage and the complementarity required for reliable measurements of Y(n), T(i), and dsr. From the measured dsr value, an areal density (ρR) is determined through the relationship ρR(tot) (g∕cm(2)) = (20.4 ± 0.6) × dsr(10-12 MeV). The proportionality constant is determined considering implosion geometry, neutron attenuation, and energy range used for the dsr measurement. To ensure high accuracy in the measurements, a series of commissioning experiments using exploding pushers have been used for in situ calibration of the as-built spectrometers, which are now performing to the required accuracy. Recent data obtained with the MRS and nTOFs indicate that the implosion performance of cryogenically layered DT implosions, characterized by the experimental ignition threshold factor (ITFx), which is a function of dsr (or fuel ρR) and Y(n), has improved almost two orders of magnitude since the first shot in September, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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43
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Casey DT, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Katz J, Knauer JP, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, Bionta RM, Bleuel DL, Döppner T, Glenzer S, Hartouni E, Hatchett SP, Le Pape S, Ma T, MacKinnon A, McKernan MA, Moran M, Moses E, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington BA, Smalyuk V, Yeamans CB, Kline J, Kyrala G, Chandler GA, Leeper RJ, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Nelson AJ, Fletcher K, Kilkenny J, Farrell M, Jasion D, Paguio R. Measuring the absolute deuterium-tritium neutron yield using the magnetic recoil spectrometer at OMEGA and the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D912. [PMID: 23126915 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRS) has been installed and extensively used on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) for measurements of the absolute neutron spectrum from inertial confinement fusion implosions. From the neutron spectrum measured with the MRS, many critical implosion parameters are determined including the primary DT neutron yield, the ion temperature, and the down-scattered neutron yield. As the MRS detection efficiency is determined from first principles, the absolute DT neutron yield is obtained without cross-calibration to other techniques. The MRS primary DT neutron measurements at OMEGA and the NIF are shown to be in excellent agreement with previously established yield diagnostics on OMEGA, and with the newly commissioned nuclear activation diagnostics on the NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Casey
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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44
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Casey DT, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Manuel MJE, Sinenian N, Zylstra AB, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Radha PB, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, McNabb DP, Amendt PA, Boyd RN, Hatchett SP, Quaglioni S, Rygg JR, Thompson IJ, Bacher AD, Herrmann HW, Kim YH. Measurements of the T(t,2n)4He neutron spectrum at low reactant energies from inertial confinement implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:025003. [PMID: 23030170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the neutron spectrum from the T(t,2n)4He (tt) reaction have been conducted using inertial confinement fusion implosions at the OMEGA laser facility. In these experiments, deuterium-tritium (DT) gas-filled capsules were imploded to study the tt reaction in thermonuclear plasmas at low reactant center-of-mass (c.m.) energies. In contrast to accelerator experiments at higher c.m. energies (above 100 keV), these results indicate a negligible n + 5He reaction channel at a c.m. energy of 23 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Casey
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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45
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Manuel MJE, Li CK, Séguin FH, Frenje J, Casey DT, Petrasso RD, Hu SX, Betti R, Hager JD, Meyerhofer DD, Smalyuk VA. First measurements of Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields in laser-produced plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:255006. [PMID: 23004611 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.255006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The first experimental demonstration of Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields due to the Biermann battery effect has been made. Experiments with laser-irradiated plastic foils were performed to investigate these illusive fields using a monoenergetic proton radiography system. Path-integrated B field strength measurements were inferred from radiographs and found to increase from 10 to 100 T μm during the linear growth phase for 120 μm perturbations. Proton fluence modulations were corrected for Coulomb scattering using measured areal density profiles from x-ray radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J-E Manuel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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46
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Manuel MJE, Zylstra AB, Rinderknecht HG, Casey DT, Rosenberg MJ, Sinenian N, Li CK, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. Source characterization and modeling development for monoenergetic-proton radiography experiments on OMEGA. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:063506. [PMID: 22755626 DOI: 10.1063/1.4730336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A monoenergetic proton source has been characterized and a modeling tool developed for proton radiography experiments at the OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Comm. 133, 495 (1997)] laser facility. Multiple diagnostics were fielded to measure global isotropy levels in proton fluence and images of the proton source itself provided information on local uniformity relevant to proton radiography experiments. Global fluence uniformity was assessed by multiple yield diagnostics and deviations were calculated to be ∼16% and ∼26% of the mean for DD and D(3)He fusion protons, respectively. From individual fluence images, it was found that the angular frequencies of ≳50 rad(-1) contributed less than a few percent to local nonuniformity levels. A model was constructed using the Geant4 [S. Agostinelli et al., Nuc. Inst. Meth. A 506, 250 (2003)] framework to simulate proton radiography experiments. The simulation implements realistic source parameters and various target geometries. The model was benchmarked with the radiographs of cold-matter targets to within experimental accuracy. To validate the use of this code, the cold-matter approximation for the scattering of fusion protons in plasma is discussed using a typical laser-foil experiment as an example case. It is shown that an analytic cold-matter approximation is accurate to within ≲10% of the analytic plasma model in the example scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J-E Manuel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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47
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Robey HF, Celliers PM, Kline JL, Mackinnon AJ, Boehly TR, Landen OL, Eggert JH, Hicks D, Le Pape S, Farley DR, Bowers MW, Krauter KG, Munro DH, Jones OS, Milovich JL, Clark D, Spears BK, Town RPJ, Haan SW, Dixit S, Schneider MB, Dewald EL, Widmann K, Moody JD, Döppner TD, Radousky HB, Nikroo A, Kroll JJ, Hamza AV, Horner JB, Bhandarkar SD, Dzenitis E, Alger E, Giraldez E, Castro C, Moreno K, Haynam C, LaFortune KN, Widmayer C, Shaw M, Jancaitis K, Parham T, Holunga DM, Walters CF, Haid B, Malsbury T, Trummer D, Coffee KR, Burr B, Berzins LV, Choate C, Brereton SJ, Azevedo S, Chandrasekaran H, Glenzer S, Caggiano JA, Knauer JP, Frenje JA, Casey DT, Johnson MG, Séguin FH, Young BK, Edwards MJ, Van Wonterghem BM, Kilkenny J, MacGowan BJ, Atherton J, Lindl JD, Meyerhofer DD, Moses E. Precision shock tuning on the national ignition facility. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:215004. [PMID: 23003273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ignition implosions on the National Ignition Facility [J. D. Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 11, 339 (2004)] are underway with the goal of compressing deuterium-tritium fuel to a sufficiently high areal density (ρR) to sustain a self-propagating burn wave required for fusion power gain greater than unity. These implosions are driven with a very carefully tailored sequence of four shock waves that must be timed to very high precision to keep the fuel entropy and adiabat low and ρR high. The first series of precision tuning experiments on the National Ignition Facility, which use optical diagnostics to directly measure the strength and timing of all four shocks inside a hohlraum-driven, cryogenic liquid-deuterium-filled capsule interior have now been performed. The results of these experiments are presented demonstrating a significant decrease in adiabat over previously untuned implosions. The impact of the improved shock timing is confirmed in related deuterium-tritium layered capsule implosions, which show the highest fuel compression (ρR~1.0 g/cm(2)) measured to date, exceeding the previous record [V. Goncharov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 165001 (2010)] by more than a factor of 3. The experiments also clearly reveal an issue with the 4th shock velocity, which is observed to be 20% slower than predictions from numerical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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48
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Sinenian N, Manuel MJE, Zylstra AB, Rosenberg M, Waugh CJ, Rinderknecht HG, Casey DT, Sio H, Ruszczynski JK, Zhou L, Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Ruiz CL, Leeper RJ. Upgrade of the MIT Linear Electrostatic Ion Accelerator (LEIA) for nuclear diagnostics development for Omega, Z and the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:043502. [PMID: 22559531 DOI: 10.1063/1.3703315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The MIT Linear Electrostatic Ion Accelerator (LEIA) generates DD and D(3)He fusion products for the development of nuclear diagnostics for Omega, Z, and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Significant improvements to the system in recent years are presented. Fusion reaction rates, as high as 10(7) s(-1) and 10(6) s(-1) for DD and D(3)He, respectively, are now well regulated with a new ion source and electronic gas control system. Charged fusion products are more accurately characterized, which allows for better calibration of existing nuclear diagnostics. In addition, in situ measurements of the on-target beam profile, made with a CCD camera, are used to determine the metrology of the fusion-product source for particle-counting applications. Finally, neutron diagnostics development has been facilitated by detailed Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport (MCNP) modeling of neutrons in the accelerator target chamber, which is used to correct for scattering within the system. These recent improvements have resulted in a versatile platform, which continues to support the existing nuclear diagnostics while simultaneously facilitating the development of new diagnostics in aid of the National Ignition Campaign at the National Ignition Facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sinenian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Casey DT, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Manuel MJE, Rinderknecht HG, Sinenian N, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Radha PB, Delettrez JA, Glebov VY, Meyerhofer DD, Sangster TC, McNabb DP, Amendt PA, Boyd RN, Rygg JR, Herrmann HW, Kim YH, Bacher AD. Evidence for stratification of deuterium-tritium fuel in inertial confinement fusion implosions. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:075002. [PMID: 22401216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the D(d,p)T (dd) and T(t,2n)(4)He (tt) reaction yields have been compared with those of the D(t,n)(4)He (dt) reaction yield, using deuterium-tritium gas-filled inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. In these experiments, carried out on the OMEGA laser, absolute spectral measurements of dd protons and tt neutrons were obtained. From these measurements, it was concluded that the dd yield is anomalously low and the tt yield is anomalously high relative to the dt yield, an observation that we conjecture to be caused by a stratification of the fuel in the implosion core. This effect may be present in ignition experiments planned on the National Ignition Facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Casey
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Li CK, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Rosenberg MJ, Rinderknecht HG, Zylstra AB, Petrasso RD, Amendt PA, Landen OL, Mackinnon AJ, Town RPJ, Wilks SC, Betti R, Meyerhofer DD, Soures JM, Hund J, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A. Impeding hohlraum plasma stagnation in inertial-confinement fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:025001. [PMID: 22324691 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports the first time-gated proton radiography of the spatial structure and temporal evolution of how the fill gas compresses the wall blowoff, inhibits plasma jet formation, and impedes plasma stagnation in the hohlraum interior. The potential roles of spontaneously generated electric and magnetic fields in the hohlraum dynamics and capsule implosion are discussed. It is shown that interpenetration of the two materials could result from the classical Rayleigh-Taylor instability occurring as the lighter, decelerating ionized fill gas pushes against the heavier, expanding gold wall blowoff. This experiment showed new observations of the effects of the fill gas on x-ray driven implosions, and an improved understanding of these results could impact the ongoing ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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