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Forrest CJ, Crilly A, Schwemmlein A, Gatu-Johnson M, Mannion OM, Appelbe B, Betti R, Glebov VY, Gopalaswamy V, Knauer JP, Mohamed ZL, Radha PB, Regan SP, Stoeckl C, Theobald W. Measurements of low-mode asymmetries in the areal density of laser-direct-drive deuterium-tritium cryogenic implosions on OMEGA using neutron spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:103505. [PMID: 36319371 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Areal density is one of the key parameters that determines the confinement time in inertial confinement fusion experiments, and low-mode asymmetries in the compressed fuel are detrimental to the implosion performance. The energy spectra from the scattering of the primary deuterium-tritium (DT) neutrons off the compressed cold fuel assembly are used to investigate low-mode nonuniformities in direct-drive cryogenic DT implosions at the Omega Laser Facility. For spherically symmetric implosions, the shape of the energy spectrum is primarily determined by the elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections for both neutron-deuterium and neutron-tritium kinematic interactions. Two highly collimated lines of sight, which are positioned at nearly orthogonal locations around the OMEGA target chamber, record the neutron time-of-flight signal in the current mode. An evolutionary algorithm is being used to extract a model-independent energy spectrum of the scattered neutrons from the experimental neutron time-of-flight data and is used to infer the modal spatial variations (l = 1) in the areal density. Experimental observations of the low-mode variations of the cold-fuel assembly (ρL0 + ρL1) show good agreement with a recently developed model, indicating a departure from the spherical symmetry of the compressed DT fuel assembly. Another key signature that has been observed in the presence of a low-mode variation is the broadening of the kinematic end-point due to the anisotropy of the dense fuel conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A Crilly
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Schwemmlein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B Appelbe
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - Z L Mohamed
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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2
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Pearcy J, Kabadi N, Birkel A, Adrian P, Lahmann B, Reichelt B, Johnson TM, Sutcliffe G, Kunimune J, Gatu-Johnson M, Bose A, Li CK. Characterizing x-ray transmission through filters used in high energy density physics diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:063502. [PMID: 34243553 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design and implementation of a new system used to characterize the energy-dependent x-ray transmission curve, Θ(E), through filters used in high-energy density physics diagnostics. Using an Amptek X-123-CdTe x-ray spectrometer together with a partially depleted silicon surface barrier detector, both the energy spectrum and total emission of an x-ray source have been accurately measured. By coupling these detectors with a custom PROTO-XRD x-ray source with interchangeable cathodes, accurate characterizations of Θ(E) for filters of varying materials and thicknesses have been obtained. The validity of the technique has been confirmed by accurately reproducing areal densities for high-purity filters with known x-ray transmission properties. In this paper, the experimental setup is described and the results of absorption calibrations performed on a variety of different filters are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pearcy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Birkel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Adrian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Reichelt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Kunimune
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Bose
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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3
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Hartouni EP, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Eckart MJ, Gatu-Johnson M, Grim GP, Hahn KD, Jeet J, Kerr SM, Kritcher AL, MacGowan BJ, Moore AS, Munro DH, Schlossberg DJ, Zylstra A. Interpolating individual line-of-sight neutron spectrometer measurements onto the "sky" at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:043512. [PMID: 34243456 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear diagnostics provide measurements of inertial confinement fusion implosions used as metrics of performance for the shot. The interpretation of these measurements for shots with low mode asymmetries requires a way of combining the data to produce a "sky map" where the individual line-of-sight values are used to interpolate to other positions in the sky. These interpolations can provide information regarding the orientation of the low mode asymmetries. We describe the interpolation method, associated uncertainties, and correlations between different metrics, e.g., Tion, down scatter ratio, and hot-spot velocity direction. This work is also related to recently reported studies [H. G. Rinderknecht et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 145002 (2020) and K. M. Woo et al., Phys. Plasmas 27, 062702 (2020)] of low mode asymmetries. We report an analysis that makes use of a newly commissioned line of sight, a scheme for incorporating multiple neutron spectrum measurement types, and recent work on the sources of implosion asymmetry to provide a more complete picture of implosion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Munro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Le Pape S, Berzak Hopkins LF, Divol L, Pak A, Dewald EL, Bhandarkar S, Bennedetti LR, Bunn T, Biener J, Crippen J, Casey D, Edgell D, Fittinghoff DN, Gatu-Johnson M, Goyon C, Haan S, Hatarik R, Havre M, Ho DDM, Izumi N, Jaquez J, Khan SF, Kyrala GA, Ma T, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, MacGowan BJ, Meezan NB, Milovich J, Millot M, Michel P, Nagel SR, Nikroo A, Patel P, Ralph J, Ross JS, Rice NG, Strozzi D, Stadermann M, Volegov P, Yeamans C, Weber C, Wild C, Callahan D, Hurricane OA. Fusion Energy Output Greater than the Kinetic Energy of an Imploding Shell at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:245003. [PMID: 29956968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.245003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of cryogenic, layered deuterium-tritium (DT) implosions have produced, for the first time, fusion energy output twice the peak kinetic energy of the imploding shell. These experiments at the National Ignition Facility utilized high density carbon ablators with a three-shock laser pulse (1.5 MJ in 7.5 ns) to irradiate low gas-filled (0.3 mg/cc of helium) bare depleted uranium hohlraums, resulting in a peak hohlraum radiative temperature ∼290 eV. The imploding shell, composed of the nonablated high density carbon and the DT cryogenic layer, is, thus, driven to velocity on the order of 380 km/s resulting in a peak kinetic energy of ∼21 kJ, which once stagnated produced a total DT neutron yield of 1.9×10^{16} (shot N170827) corresponding to an output fusion energy of 54 kJ. Time dependent low mode asymmetries that limited further progress of implosions have now been controlled, leading to an increased compression of the hot spot. It resulted in hot spot areal density (ρr∼0.3 g/cm^{2}) and stagnation pressure (∼360 Gbar) never before achieved in a laboratory experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L F Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E L Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Bennedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Bunn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Crippen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - D N Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Havre
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D D-M Ho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G A Kyrala
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N G Rice
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Volegov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Wild
- Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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5
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Kilkenny JD, Bell PM, Bradley DK, Bleuel DL, Caggiano JA, Dewald EL, Hsing WW, Kalantar DH, Kauffman RL, Larson DJ, Moody JD, Schneider DH, Schneider MB, Shaughnessy DA, Shelton RT, Stoeffl W, Widmann K, Yeamans CB, Batha SH, Grim GP, Herrmann HW, Merrill FE, Leeper RJ, Oertel JA, Sangster TC, Edgell DH, Hohenberger M, Glebov VY, Regan SP, Frenje JA, Gatu-Johnson M, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Zylstra AB, Cooper GW, Ruizf C. The National Ignition Facility Diagnostic Set at the Completion of the National Ignition Campaign, September 2012. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. M. Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. K. Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. L. Bleuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. A. Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. L. Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - W. W. Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. L. Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. J. Larson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. B. Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | - R. T. Shelton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - W. Stoeffl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. B. Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. H. Batha
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - G. P. Grim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - H. W. Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - F. E. Merrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - R. J. Leeper
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - J. A. Oertel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - T. C. Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - D. H. Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - M. Hohenberger
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - V. Yu. Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - S. P. Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - J. A. Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - M. Gatu-Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. D. Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - A. B. Zylstra
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - G. W. Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
| | - C. Ruizf
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
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6
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Kilkenny JD, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Knauer JP, Sayre DB, Spears BK, Weber SV, Yeamans CB, Cerjan CJ, Divol L, Eckart MJ, Glebov VY, Herrmann HW, Pape SL, Munro DH, Grim GP, Jones OS, Berzak-Hopkins L, Gatu-Johnson M, Mackinnon AJ, Meezan NB, Casey DT, Frenje JA, Mcnaney JM, Petrasso R, Rinderknecht H, Stoeffl W, Zylstra AB. Understanding the stagnation and burn of implosions on NIF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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Rygg JR, Zylstra AB, Séguin FH, LePape S, Bachmann B, Craxton RS, Garcia EM, Kong YZ, Gatu-Johnson M, Khan SF, Lahmann BJ, McKenty PW, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Sayre DB, Sio HW. Note: A monoenergetic proton backlighter for the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:116104. [PMID: 26628185 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A monoenergetic, isotropic proton source suitable for proton radiography applications has been demonstrated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A deuterium and helium-3 gas-filled glass capsule was imploded with 39 kJ of laser energy from 24 of NIF's 192 beams. Spectral, spatial, and temporal measurements of the 15-MeV proton product of the (3)He(d,p)(4)He nuclear reaction reveal a bright (10(10) protons/sphere), monoenergetic (ΔE/E = 4%) spectrum with a compact size (80 μm) and isotropic emission (∼13% proton fluence variation and <0.4% mean energy variation). Simultaneous measurements of products produced by the D(d,p)T and D(d,n)(3)He reactions also show 2 × 10(10) isotropically distributed 3-MeV protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Y Z Kong
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B J Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Le Pape S, Divol L, Berzak Hopkins L, Mackinnon A, Meezan NB, Casey D, Frenje J, Herrmann H, McNaney J, Ma T, Widmann K, Pak A, Grimm G, Knauer J, Petrasso R, Zylstra A, Rinderknecht H, Rosenberg M, Gatu-Johnson M, Kilkenny JD. Observation of a reflected shock in an indirectly driven spherical implosion at the national ignition facility. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:225002. [PMID: 24949774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.225002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A 200 μm radius hot spot at more than 2 keV temperature, 1 g/cm^{3} density has been achieved on the National Ignition Facility using a near vacuum hohlraum. The implosion exhibits ideal one-dimensional behavior and 99% laser-to-hohlraum coupling. The low opacity of the remaining shell at bang time allows for a measurement of the x-ray emission of the reflected central shock in a deuterium plasma. Comparison with 1D hydrodynamic simulations puts constraints on electron-ion collisions and heat conduction. Results are consistent with classical (Spitzer-Harm) heat flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G Grimm
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics Corporation, La Jolla, California 92121, USA
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9
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Smalyuk VA, Tipton RE, Pino JE, Casey DT, Grim GP, Remington BA, Rowley DP, Weber SV, Barrios M, Benedetti LR, Bleuel DL, Bradley DK, Caggiano JA, Callahan DA, Cerjan CJ, Clark DS, Edgell DH, Edwards MJ, Frenje JA, Gatu-Johnson M, Glebov VY, Glenn S, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hatarik R, Hsing WW, Izumi N, Khan S, Kilkenny JD, Kline J, Knauer J, Landen OL, Ma T, McNaney JM, Mintz M, Moore A, Nikroo A, Pak A, Parham T, Petrasso R, Sayre DB, Schneider MB, Tommasini R, Town RP, Widmann K, Wilson DC, Yeamans CB. Measurements of an ablator-gas atomic mix in indirectly driven implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:025002. [PMID: 24484021 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the first results from an experimental campaign to measure the atomic ablator-gas mix in the deceleration phase of gas-filled capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility. Plastic capsules containing CD layers were filled with tritium gas; as the reactants are initially separated, DT fusion yield provides a direct measure of the atomic mix of ablator into the hot spot gas. Capsules were imploded with x rays generated in hohlraums with peak radiation temperatures of ∼294 eV. While the TT fusion reaction probes conditions in the central part (core) of the implosion hot spot, the DT reaction probes a mixed region on the outer part of the hot spot near the ablator-hot-spot interface. Experimental data were used to develop and validate the atomic-mix model used in two-dimensional simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R E Tipton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J E Pino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D P Rowley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S V Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D L Bleuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Y Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Glenn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S W Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - J Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Mintz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Moore
- AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Parham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R P Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D C Wilson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Smalyuk VA, Atherton LJ, Benedetti LR, Bionta R, Bleuel D, Bond E, Bradley DK, Caggiano J, Callahan DA, Casey DT, Celliers PM, Cerjan CJ, Clark D, Dewald EL, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edgell DH, Edwards MJ, Frenje J, Gatu-Johnson M, Glebov VY, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Grim G, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hicks DG, Hsing WW, Izumi N, Jones OS, Key MH, Khan SF, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Knauer J, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Le Pape S, Lindl JD, Ma T, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, McNaney J, Meezan NB, Moody JD, Moore A, Moran M, Moses EI, Pak A, Parham T, Park HS, Patel PK, Petrasso R, Ralph JE, Regan SP, Remington BA, Robey HF, Ross JS, Spears BK, Springer PT, Suter LJ, Tommasini R, Town RP, Weber SV, Widmann K. Performance of high-convergence, layered DT implosions with extended-duration pulses at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:215001. [PMID: 24313493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-driven, low-adiabat, cryogenic DT layered plastic capsule implosions were carried out on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study the sensitivity of performance to peak power and drive duration. An implosion with extended drive and at reduced peak power of 350 TW achieved the highest compression with fuel areal density of ~1.3±0.1 g/cm2, representing a significant step from previously measured ~1.0 g/cm2 toward a goal of 1.5 g/cm2. Future experiments will focus on understanding and mitigating hydrodynamic instabilities and mix, and improving symmetry required to reach the threshold for thermonuclear ignition on NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Sayre DB, Brune CR, Caggiano JA, Glebov VY, Hatarik R, Bacher AD, Bleuel DL, Casey DT, Cerjan CJ, Eckart MJ, Fortner RJ, Frenje JA, Friedrich S, Gatu-Johnson M, Grim GP, Hagmann C, Knauer JP, Kline JL, McNabb DP, McNaney JM, Mintz JM, Moran MJ, Nikroo A, Phillips T, Pino JE, Remington BA, Rowley DP, Schneider DH, Smalyuk VA, Stoeffl W, Tipton RE, Weber SV, Yeamans CB. Measurement of the T + T neutron spectrum using the national ignition facility. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:052501. [PMID: 23952390 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.052501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Neutron time-of-flight spectra from inertial confinement fusion experiments with tritium-filled targets have been measured at the National Ignition Facility. These spectra represent a significant improvement in energy resolution and statistics over previous measurements, and afford the first definitive observation of a peak resulting from sequential decay through the ground state of (5)He at low reaction energies E(c.m.) 100 </~ keV. To describe the spectrum, we have developed an R-matrix model that accounts for interferences from fermion symmetry and intermediate states, and show these effects to be non-negligible. We also find the spectrum can be described by sequential decay through ℓ=1 states in (5)He, which differs from previous interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Forrest CJ, Radha PB, Glebov VY, Goncharov VN, Knauer JP, Pruyne A, Romanofsky M, Sangster TC, Shoup MJ, Stoeckl C, Casey DT, Gatu-Johnson M, Gardner S. High-resolution spectroscopy used to measure inertial confinement fusion neutron spectra on Omega (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D919. [PMID: 23126921 DOI: 10.1063/1.4742926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The areal density (ρR) of cryogenic DT implosions on Omega is inferred by measuring the spectrum of neutrons that elastically scatter off the dense deuterium (D) and tritium (T) fuel. Neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) techniques are used to measure the energy spectrum with high resolution. High signal-to-background data has been recorded on cryogenic DT implosions using a well-collimated 13.4-m line of sight and an nTOF detector with an advanced liquid scintillator compound. An innovative method to analyze the elastically scattered neutron spectra was developed using well-known cross sections of the DT nuclear reactions. The estimated areal densities are consistent with alternative ρR measurements and 1-D simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA.
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Murari A, Angelone M, Bonheure G, Cecil E, Craciunescu T, Darrow D, Edlington T, Ericsson G, Gatu-Johnson M, Gorini G, Hellesen C, Kiptily V, Mlynar J, Perez von Thun C, Pillon M, Popovichev S, Syme B, Tardocchi M, Zoita VL. New developments in the diagnostics for the fusion products on JET in preparation for ITER (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E136. [PMID: 21061488 DOI: 10.1063/1.3502038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the advances of the past decades, significant developments are still needed to satisfactorily diagnose “burning plasmas.” D–T plasmas indeed require a series of additional measurements for the optimization and control of the configuration: the 14 MeV neutrons, the isotopic composition of the main plasma, the helium ash, and the redistribution and losses of the alpha particles. Moreover a burning plasma environment is in general much more hostile for diagnostics than purely deuterium plasmas. Therefore, in addition to the development and refinement of new measuring techniques, technological advances are also indispensable for the proper characterization of the next generation of devices. On JET an integrated program of diagnostic developments, for JET future and in preparation for ITER, has been pursued and many new results are now available. In the field of neutron detection, the neutron spectra are now routinely measured in the energy range of 1–18 MeV by a time of flight spectrometer and they have allowed studying the effects of rf heating on the fast ions. A new analysis method for the interpretation of the neutron cameras measurements has been refined and applied to the data of the last trace tritium campaign (TTE). With regard to technological upgrades, chemical vapor deposition diamond detectors have been qualified both as neutron counters and as neutron spectrometers, with a potential energy resolution of about one percent. The in situ calibration of the neutron diagnostics, in preparation for the operation with the ITER-like wall, is also promoting important technological developments. With regard to the fast particles, for the first time the temperature of the fast particle tails has been obtained with a new high purity Germanium detector measuring the gamma emission spectrum from the plasma. The effects of toroidal Alfven eigenmodes modes and various MHD instabilities on the confinement of the fast particles have been determined with a combination of gamma ray cameras, neutral particle analyzers, scintillator probe, and Faraday cups. From a more technological perspective, various neutron filters have been tested to allow measurement of the gamma ray emission also at high level of neutron yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murari
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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