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Schoelmerich MO, Döppner T, Allen CH, Divol L, Oliver M, Haden D, Biener M, Crippen J, Delora-Ellefson J, Ferguson B, Gericke DO, Goldman A, Haid A, Heinbockel C, Kalantar D, Karmiol Z, Kemp G, Kroll J, Landen OL, Masters N, Ping Y, Spindloe C, Theobald W, White TG. Developing a platform for Fresnel diffractive radiography with 1 μm spatial resolution at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:013104. [PMID: 36725556 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An x-ray Fresnel diffractive radiography platform was designed for use at the National Ignition Facility. It will enable measurements of micron-scale changes in the density gradients across an interface between isochorically heated warm dense matter materials, the evolution of which is driven primarily through thermal conductivity and mutual diffusion. We use 4.75 keV Ti K-shell x-ray emission to heat a 1000 μm diameter plastic cylinder, with a central 30 μm diameter channel filled with liquid D2, up to 8 eV. This leads to a cylindrical implosion of the liquid D2 column, compressing it to ∼2.3 g/cm3. After pressure equilibration, the location of the D2/plastic interface remains steady for several nanoseconds, which enables us to track density gradient changes across the material interface with high precision. For radiography, we use Cu He-α x rays at 8.3 keV. Using a slit aperture of only 1 μm width increases the spatial coherence of the source, giving rise to significant diffraction features in the radiography signal, in addition to the refraction enhancement, which further increases its sensitivity to density scale length changes at the D2/plastic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Schoelmerich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C H Allen
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Oliver
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Chilton OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D Haden
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - M Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Crippen
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J Delora-Ellefson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Ferguson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - A Goldman
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - A Haid
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Z Karmiol
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - G Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-493, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Spindloe
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Chilton OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T G White
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Le Pape S, Berzak Hopkins LF, Divol L, Pak A, Dewald EL, Bhandarkar S, Bennedetti LR, Bunn T, Biener J, Crippen J, Casey D, Edgell D, Fittinghoff DN, Gatu-Johnson M, Goyon C, Haan S, Hatarik R, Havre M, Ho DDM, Izumi N, Jaquez J, Khan SF, Kyrala GA, Ma T, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, MacGowan BJ, Meezan NB, Milovich J, Millot M, Michel P, Nagel SR, Nikroo A, Patel P, Ralph J, Ross JS, Rice NG, Strozzi D, Stadermann M, Volegov P, Yeamans C, Weber C, Wild C, Callahan D, Hurricane OA. Fusion Energy Output Greater than the Kinetic Energy of an Imploding Shell at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:245003. [PMID: 29956968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.245003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of cryogenic, layered deuterium-tritium (DT) implosions have produced, for the first time, fusion energy output twice the peak kinetic energy of the imploding shell. These experiments at the National Ignition Facility utilized high density carbon ablators with a three-shock laser pulse (1.5 MJ in 7.5 ns) to irradiate low gas-filled (0.3 mg/cc of helium) bare depleted uranium hohlraums, resulting in a peak hohlraum radiative temperature ∼290 eV. The imploding shell, composed of the nonablated high density carbon and the DT cryogenic layer, is, thus, driven to velocity on the order of 380 km/s resulting in a peak kinetic energy of ∼21 kJ, which once stagnated produced a total DT neutron yield of 1.9×10^{16} (shot N170827) corresponding to an output fusion energy of 54 kJ. Time dependent low mode asymmetries that limited further progress of implosions have now been controlled, leading to an increased compression of the hot spot. It resulted in hot spot areal density (ρr∼0.3 g/cm^{2}) and stagnation pressure (∼360 Gbar) never before achieved in a laboratory experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L F Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E L Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Bennedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Bunn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Crippen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - D N Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Havre
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D D-M Ho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G A Kyrala
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N G Rice
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Volegov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Wild
- Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Hamza AV, Nikroo A, Alger E, Antipa N, Atherton LJ, Barker D, Baxamusa S, Bhandarkar S, Biesiada T, Buice E, Carr E, Castro C, Choate C, Conder A, Crippen J, Dylla-Spears R, Dzenitis E, Eddinger S, Emerich M, Fair J, Farrell M, Felker S, Florio J, Forsman A, Giraldez E, Hein N, Hoover D, Horner J, Huang H, Kozioziemski B, Kroll J, Lawson B, Letts SA, Lord D, Mapoles E, Mauldin M, Miller P, Montesanti R, Moreno K, Parham T, Nathan B, Reynolds J, Sater J, Segraves K, Seugling R, Stadermann M, Strauser R, Stephens R, Suratwala TI, Swisher M, Taylor JS, Wallace R, Wegner P, Wilkens H, Yoxalla B. Target Development for the National Ignition Campaign. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - A. Nikroo
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - E. Alger
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - N. Antipa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - L. J. Atherton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. Barker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. Baxamusa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - T. Biesiada
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. Buice
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. Carr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. Castro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. Choate
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - A. Conder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Crippen
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - R. Dylla-Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. Dzenitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | - M. Emerich
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - J. Fair
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. Farrell
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - S. Felker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Florio
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - A. Forsman
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | | | - N. Hein
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - D. Hoover
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - J. Horner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - H. Huang
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - B. Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. Lawson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. A. Letts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. Lord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. Mapoles
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. Mauldin
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - P. Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. Montesanti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. Moreno
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - T. Parham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. Nathan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Reynolds
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Sater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. Segraves
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. Seugling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | | | - T. I. Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. Swisher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. S. Taylor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. Wallace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - P. Wegner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - H. Wilkens
- General Atomics, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - B. Yoxalla
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
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