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Jia Y, Sobolev YI, Cybulski O, Klucznik T, Quintana C, Ahumada JC, Grzybowski BA. Aerodynamically Levitated Droplets as Small-Scale Chemical Reactors and Liquid Microprinters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318038. [PMID: 38881526 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A thin liquid film spread over the inner surface of a rapidly rotating vial creates an aerodynamic cushion on which one or multiple droplets of various liquids can levitate stably for days or even weeks. These levitating droplets can serve as wall-less ("airware") chemical reactors that can be merged without touching-by remote impulses-to initiate reactions or sequences of reactions at scales down to hundreds of nanomoles. Moreover, under external electric fields, the droplets can act as the world's smallest chemical printers, shedding regular trains of pL or even fL microdrops. In one modality, the levitating droplets operate as completely wireless aliquoting/titrating systems delivering pg quantities of reagents into the liquid in the rotating vial; in another modality, they print microdroplet arrays onto target surfaces. The "airware", levitated reactors are inexpensive to set up, remarkably stable to external disturbances and, for printing applications, require operating voltages much lower than in electrospray, electrowetting, or ink jet systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Jia
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, 44919, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaroslav I Sobolev
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, 44919, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Olgierd Cybulski
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, 44919, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomasz Klucznik
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, 44919, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cristóbal Quintana
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, 44919, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Carlos Ahumada
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, 44919, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, 44919, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Li Z, Zhu D, Cao Y, Gao Z, Zhang C, Zhao F, Xue W. Rapid and ultra-sensitive trace metals detection of water by partial Leidenfrost superhydrophobic array surface enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Talanta 2024; 273:125832. [PMID: 38442562 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of trace elements in liquid is a primary concern for researchers. In this study, a partial Leidenfrost effect superhydrophobic (PLSHB) array surface was used for rapid in situ evaporation enrichment of sample droplets. Within 4 min, a 50 μL droplet sample was completely evaporated, resulting in all solutes in it being concentrated within a circular range measuring approximately 350 μm in diameter, without the formation of a coffee ring structure. The limits of detection for six metals (Pb, Ba, Be, Mn, Cr, Cu) in water were determined to be as follows: 0.82 μgL-1, 0.27 μgL-1, 0.033 μgL-1, 0.136 μgL-1, 0.241 μgL-1, and 0.083 μgL-1. Furthermore, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to detect the enriched solutes from ten liquid samples with identical concentrations on the PLSHB array surface; these measurements exhibited a relative standard deviation (RSD) of only 3.7%. Spike experiments involving the addition of the aforementioned six metals into drinking water demonstrated recovery rates ranging from 85.7% to 117.7%. Therefore, the application potential of PLSHB array surface enhanced LIBS for rapid, stable, and ultra-sensitive detection and analysis of trace metal elements across various fields such as industry, environmental science, and biomedicine might be highly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dehua Zhu
- China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Ruian Graduate College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325206, China
| | - Zhuode Gao
- China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Wei Xue
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Wu Z, Yang G, Liu Z, Du S, Zhang Q, Peng F. Explosive Leidenfrost-Droplet-Mediated Synthesis of Monodispersed High-Entropy-Alloy Nanoparticles for Electrocatalysis. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38776264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
High-entropy-alloy nanoparticles (HEA NPs) exhibit promising potential in various catalytic applications, yet a robust synthesis strategy has been elusive. Here, we introduce a straightforward and universal method, involving the microexplosion of Leidenfrost droplets housing carbon black and metal salt precursors, to fabricate PtRhPdIrRu HEA NPs with a size of ∼2.3 nm. The accumulated pressure within the Leidenfrost droplet triggers an intense explosion within milliseconds, propelling the carbon support and metal salt rapidly into the hot solvent through explosive force. The exceptionally quick temperature rise ensures the coreduction of metal salts, and the dilute local concentration of metal ions limits the final size of the HEA NPs. Additionally, the explosion process can be fine-tuned by selecting different solvents, enabling the harvesting of diverse HEA NPs with superior electrocatalytic activity for alcohol electrooxidation and hydrogen electrocatalysis compared to commercial Pt (Pd) unitary catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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4
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Song S, Wang W, Zhao Y, Wu W, Wei Y, Wang H. Tuning the Stacking Modes of Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheet Membranes for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312995. [PMID: 37713602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes are considered potential gas separation membranes of the next generation due to their structural diversity and geometrical functionality. However, achieving a rational structure design for a 2D MOF membrane and understanding the impact of MOF nanosheet stacking modes on membrane separation performance remain challenging tasks. Here, we report a novel kind of 2D MOF membrane based on [Cu2 Br(IN)2 ]n (IN=isonicotinato) nanosheets and propose that synergetic stacking modes of nanosheets have a significant influence on gas separation performance. The stacking of the 2D MOF nanosheets is controlled by solvent droplet dynamic behaviors at different temperatures of drop coating. Our 2D MOF nanosheet membranes exhibit high gas separation performances for H2 /CH4 (selectivity >290 with H2 permeance >520 GPU) and H2 /CO2 (selectivity >190 with H2 permeance >590 GPU) surpassing the Robeson upper bounds, paving a potential way for eco-friendly H2 separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizheng Song
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wufeng Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanying Wei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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5
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Antonov DV, Islamova AG, Strizhak PA. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces: Features of Interaction with Liquid Drops. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5932. [PMID: 37687631 PMCID: PMC10488358 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The processes of interaction of liquid droplets with solid surfaces have become of interest to many researchers. The achievements of world science should be used for the development of technologies for spray cooling, metal hardening, inkjet printing, anti-icing surfaces, fire extinguishing, fuel spraying, etc. Collisions of drops with surfaces significantly affect the conditions and characteristics of heat transfer. One of the main areas of research into the interaction of drops with solid surfaces is the modification of the latter. Changes in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of surfaces give the materials various functional properties-increased heat transfer, resistance to corrosion and biofouling, anti-icing, etc. This review paper describes methods for obtaining hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The features of the interaction of liquid droplets with such surfaces are considered. The existing and possible applications of modified surfaces are discussed, as well as topical areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V. Antonov
- Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (D.V.A.); (A.G.I.)
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Anastasya G. Islamova
- Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (D.V.A.); (A.G.I.)
| | - Pavel A. Strizhak
- Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (D.V.A.); (A.G.I.)
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Moscow 119071, Russia
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6
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Jiao Y, Hu X, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Ji J, Du Y, Wang J, Liu X, Wang W, Liu K. Dynamic Behavior of Droplet Impact on Laminar Superheated Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11925-11933. [PMID: 37566515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of droplets on particles involves a wide range of complex phenomena and mechanisms, including bubble nucleation, crater formation, fluidization, and more intricate changes in the boiling regime when impacting superheated particles. In this study, we focus on droplet impact behavior on superheated laminar particles at various temperatures and define six typical characteristic patterns of a single droplet impact on superheated laminar particles, including film evaporation, bubbly boiling, immersion boiling, sputter boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling. It is worth noting that the variations of inertial force FI caused by gravity, the capillary force FC generated by the pores of the droplets, and the dewetting force by the vapor phase FV are the main contributors to different evaporation regimes. Interestingly, we find that the Leidenfrost point (LFP) of droplets on the laminar superheated particles decreases with particle size, which is related to the effect of the pore space generated between the laminar particles. Finally, the effect of temperature, particle size, and Weber number (We) on the dynamic behavior of droplet impact is revealed. Experimental results show that the instantaneous diameter of droplets is inversely proportional to the change of height, with different patterns of maximum spreading diameter and maximum bounce height at different particle sizes, while the maximum spreading velocity and maximum bounce velocity are independent of particle size. We believe the present work would provide a broader knowledge and comprehension of the droplet impact on heated particles and promote the development of the safety and productivity of industrial processes such as fluid catalytic cracking, spray drying, and spray cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Jiao
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xidong Hu
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yongqing Zhu
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yuhang Guo
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiawei Ji
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yu Du
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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7
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Li A, Li H, Lyu S, Zhao Z, Xue L, Li Z, Li K, Li M, Sun C, Song Y. Tailoring vapor film beneath a Leidenfrost drop. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2646. [PMID: 37156802 PMCID: PMC10167315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For a drop on a very hot solid surface, a vapor film will form beneath the drop, which has been discovered by Leidenfrost in 1756. The vapor escaping from the Leidenfrost film causes uncontrollable flows, and actuates the drop to move around. Recently, although numerous strategies have been used to regulate the Leidenfrost vapor, the understanding of surface chemistry for modulating the phase-change vapor dynamics remains incomplete. Here, we report how to rectify vapor by "cutting" the Leidenfrost film using chemically heterogeneous surfaces. We demonstrate that the segmented film cut by a Z-shaped pattern can spin a drop, since the superhydrophilic region directly contacts the drop and vaporizes the water, while a vapor film is formed on the superhydrophobic surrounding to jet vapor and reduce heat transfer. Furthermore, we reveal the general principle between the pattern symmetry design and the drop dynamics. This finding provides new insights into the Leidenfrost dynamics modulation, and opens a promising avenue for vapor-driven miniature devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huizeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Sijia Lyu
- Center for Combustion Energy, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Luanluan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Sun
- Center for Combustion Energy, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China.
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8
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Tenjimbayashi M, Manabe K. A review on control of droplet motion based on wettability modulation: principles, design strategies, recent progress, and applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:473-497. [PMID: 36105915 PMCID: PMC9467603 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The transport of liquid droplets plays an essential role in various applications. Modulating the wettability of the material surface is crucial in transporting droplets without external energy, adhesion loss, or intense controllability requirements. Although several studies have investigated droplet manipulation, its design principles have not been categorized considering the mechanical perspective. This review categorizes liquid droplet transport strategies based on wettability modulation into those involving (i) application of driving force to a droplet on non-sticking surfaces, (ii) formation of gradient surface chemistry/structure, and (iii) formation of anisotropic surface chemistry/structure. Accordingly, reported biological and artificial examples, cutting-edge applications, and future perspectives are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tenjimbayashi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kengo Manabe
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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9
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Cai Z, Wang B, Liu S, Li H, Luo S, Dong Z, Wang Y. Enhancing Boiling Heat Transfer on a Superheated Surface by Surfactant-Laden Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10375-10384. [PMID: 35980332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Boiling, one of the most common phase-change heat transfer methods, is widely used in nuclear power plants, spacecraft, integrated circuits, and other situations, where rapid and efficient heat transfer is crucial. However, boiling heat transfer is efficient only in a specific surface temperature range when a droplet impacts a superheated surface. Here, we enhance the boiling heat transfer and extend this temperature range by adding a tiny amount of surfactant. We find that surfactants can weaken the Kelvin effect of boiling bubbles, and thus reduce the onset of boiling driven temperature and significantly enhance the maximum vaporization rate of the droplet effectively. In particular, different from previous studies, we find that the surfactants at lower concentrations can increase the Leidenfrost temperature of the droplets. All the above effects jointly expand the temperature range of effective boiling heat transfer. This study sheds new light on the role of surfactants in the boiling process and offers a new medium to promote heat-transfer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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10
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Saneie N, Kulkarni V, Fezzaa K, Patankar NA, Anand S. Boiling Transitions During Droplet Contact on Superheated Nano/Micro-Structured Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15774-15783. [PMID: 35343695 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating surface topography is one of the most promising strategies for increasing the efficiency of numerous industrial processes involving droplet contact with superheated surfaces. In such scenarios, the droplets may immediately boil upon contact, splash and boil, or could levitate on their own vapor in the Leidenfrost state. In this work, we report the outcomes of water droplets coming in gentle contact with designed nano/microtextured surfaces at a wide range of temperatures as observed using high-speed optical and X-ray imaging. We report a paradoxical increase in the Leidenfrost temperature (TLFP) as the texture spacing is reduced below a critical value (∼10 μm) that represents a minima in TLFP. Although droplets on such textured solids appear to boil upon contact, our studies suggest that their behavior is dominated by hydrodynamic instabilities implying that the increase in TLFP may not necessarily lead to enhanced heat transfer. On such surfaces, the droplets display a new regime characterized by splashing accompanied by a vapor jet penetrating through the droplets before they transition to the Leidenfrost state. We provide a comprehensive map of boiling behavior of droplets over a wide range of texture spacings that may have significant implications toward applications such as electronics cooling, spray cooling, nuclear reactor safety, and containment of fire calamities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Saneie
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Varun Kulkarni
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Kamel Fezzaa
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Neelesh A Patankar
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Sushant Anand
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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11
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Rim Breakups of Impacting Drops on a Superhydrophobic Surface and a Superheated Surface. FLUIDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rim breakup of an impacting drop is experimentally investigated by comparing the impacts on superheated and superhydrophobic surfaces. The objective of the present study is to experimentally examine whether the Bo = 1 criteria holds for the rim breakups of drops impacting on the surfaces. A transparent sapphire plate was heated to achieve the Leidenfrost impact, which enables us to observe with a high-speed camera from below. The characteristics of the rim breakup were evaluated quantitatively using a particle tracking velocimetry method for both the rim and the drops generated. As a result, we clarified that Bo of the rim increases in the spreading phase and marks the highest value of 0.5 on a superheated surface, which is smaller than that on a pillar, where Bo ≈ 1. On a superhydrophobic surface, the highest Bo was 1.2, which is smaller than that on a wettable solid surface, 2.5, but close to the value on a pillar. We also revealed that diameters of generated drops collapse on a master curve when plotted as a function of pinch-off time for both the impacts on superheated and superhydrophobic surfaces.
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12
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Qin M, Yang T, Song Y, Tang C, Zhang P. Subpatterns of Thin-Sheet Splash of a Droplet Impact on a Heated Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:810-817. [PMID: 34963051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A thin-sheet splash of a droplet impact on a solid surface typically appears as secondary droplets are ejected from a levitated liquid lamella. A recent work (Qin, M.; Tang, C.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, P.; Huang, Z., Langmuir 2020, 36 (18), 4917-4922) identified three subpatterns of a thin-sheet splash on a smooth wall at room temperature (T0). In the present work concerning the high-temperature (TW) surface, we show that subpatterns of the thin-sheet splash can be unified in the three-dimensional phase diagram of Oh-We-TW, where Oh is the Ohnesorge number and We is the Weber number. As TW is sufficiently high, the Leidenfrost effect becomes so prominent that both deposition and thin-sheet splash make a transition to Leidenfrost breakup. For the transition surface temperature TW,cr from thin-sheet splash to deposition, a scaling correlation of TW,cr/T0 ∼ We3/2 is derived based on the analysis of the temperature-dependent destabilizing force on the levitated lamella and agrees well with our experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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13
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Chantelot P, Lohse D. Leidenfrost Effect as a Directed Percolation Phase Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:124502. [PMID: 34597096 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.124502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile drops deposited on a hot solid can levitate on a cushion of their own vapor, without contacting the surface. We propose to understand the onset of this so-called Leidenfrost effect through an analogy to nonequilibrium systems exhibiting a directed percolation phase transition. When performing impacts on superheated solids, we observe a regime of spatiotemporal intermittency in which localized wet patches coexist with dry regions on the substrate. We report a critical surface temperature, which marks the upper bound of a large range of temperatures in which levitation and contact coexist. In this range, with decreasing temperature, the equilibrium wet fraction increases continuously from zero to one. Also, the statistical properties of the spatiotemporally intermittent regime are in agreement with that of the directed percolation universality class. This analogy allows us to redefine the Leidenfrost temperature and shed light on the physical mechanisms governing the transition to the Leidenfrost state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chantelot
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute, and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute, and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Mehanna YA, Sadler E, Upton RL, Kempchinsky AG, Lu Y, Crick CR. The challenges, achievements and applications of submersible superhydrophobic materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6569-6612. [PMID: 33889879 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic materials have been widely reported throughout the scientific literature. Their properties originate from a highly rough morphology and inherently water repellent surface chemistry. Despite promising an array of functionalities, these materials have seen limited commercial development. This could be attributed to many factors, like material compatibility, low physical resilience, scaling-up complications, etc. In applications where persistent water contact is required, another limitation arises as a major concern, which is the stability of the air layer trapped at the surface when submerged or impacted by water. This review is aimed at examining the diverse array of research focused on monitoring/improving air layer stability, and highlighting the most successful approaches. The reported complexity of monitoring and enhancing air layer stability, in conjunction with the variety of approaches adopted, results in an assortment of suggested routes to achieving success. The review is addressing the challenge of finding a balance between maximising water repulsion and incorporating structures that protect air pockets from removal, along with challenges related to the variant approaches to testing air-layer stability across the research field, and the gap between the achieved progress and the required performance in real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A Mehanna
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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15
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van Limbeek MAJ, Ramírez-Soto O, Prosperetti A, Lohse D. How ambient conditions affect the Leidenfrost temperature. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3207-3215. [PMID: 33623939 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By sufficiently heating a solid, a sessile drop can be prevented from contacting the surface by floating on its own vapour. While certain aspects of the dynamics of this so-called Leidenfrost effect are understood, it is still unclear why a minimum temperature (the Leidenfrost temperature TL) is required before the effect manifests itself, what properties affect this temperature, and what physical principles govern it. Here we investigate the dependence of the Leidenfrost temperature on the ambient conditions: first, by increasing (decreasing) the ambient pressure, we find an increase (decrease) in TL. We propose a rescaling of the temperature which allows us to collapse the curves for various organic liquids and water onto a single master curve, which yields a powerful tool to predict TL. Secondly, increasing the ambient temperature stabilizes meta-stable, levitating drops at increasingly lower temperatures below TL. This observation reveals the importance of thermal Marangoni flow in describing the Leidenfrost effect accurately. Our results shed new light on the mechanisms playing a role in the Leidenfrost effect and may help to eventually predict the Leidenfrost temperature and achieve complete understanding of the phenomenon, however, many questions still remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A J van Limbeek
- University of Twente, Physics of Fluids, Drienerlolaan 5, P. O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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16
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Hsu CC, Lee YA, Wu CH, Kumar CS. Self-propelled sessile droplets on a superheated and heterogeneous wetting surface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The gasification of multicomponent fuel drops is relevant in various energy-related technologies. An interesting phenomenon associated with this process is the self-induced explosion of the drop, producing a multitude of smaller secondary droplets, which promotes overall fuel atomization and, consequently, improves the combustion efficiency and reduces emissions of liquid-fueled engines. Here, we study a unique explosive gasification process of a tricomponent droplet consisting of water, ethanol, and oil ("ouzo"), by high-speed monitoring of the entire gasification event taking place in the well-controlled, levitated Leidenfrost state over a superheated plate. It is observed that the preferential evaporation of the most volatile component, ethanol, triggers nucleation of the oil microdroplets/nanodroplets in the remaining drop, which, consequently, becomes an opaque oil-in-water microemulsion. The tiny oil droplets subsequently coalesce into a large one, which, in turn, wraps around the remnant water. Because of the encapsulating oil layer, the droplet can no longer produce enough vapor for its levitation, and, thus, falls and contacts the superheated surface. The direct thermal contact leads to vapor bubble formation inside the drop and consequently drop explosion in the final stage.
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18
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Gatapova EY, Gatapova KB. Bubble dynamics in thin liquid films and breakup at drop impact. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10397-10404. [PMID: 33215625 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A liquid drop impacting on a smooth surface heated above the boiling point and below the Leidenfrost temperature spreads over the surface forming a thin liquid film. We observed bubble nuclei originating at the first contact of a liquid with a heated sapphire surface, and the formation of a thin liquid film with one layer of microbubbles. In the present paper, we describe in detail the bubble dynamics for the substrate temperature ranging from 130 to 170 °C. The thickness of the liquid film is estimated to vary within the range from 40 to 80 μm at We = 76 and an advancing contact angle of 76°. We have detected how bubbles break the film, which is followed by dry patch propagation and sessile droplet formation, and elucidated the mechanism of spontaneous liquid film breakup. The bubble coalescence and waves induced by the rollback flow from the lamella periphery or by reversible bubble bursting are the reason for irreversible hole formation.
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19
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Dhar P, Mishra SR, Gairola A, Samanta D. Delayed Leidenfrost phenomenon during impact of elastic fluid droplets. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article highlights the role of non-Newtonian (elastic) effects on the droplet impact phenomenon at temperatures considerably higher than the boiling point, especially at or above the Leidenfrost regime. The Leidenfrost point (LFP) was found to decrease with an increase in the impact Weber number (based on the velocity just before the impact) for fixed polymer (polyacrylamide) concentrations. Water droplets fragmented at very low Weber numbers (approx. 22), whereas the polymer droplets resisted fragmentation at much higher Weber numbers (approx. 155). We also varied the polymer concentration and observed that, up to 1000 ppm, the LFP was higher than that for water. This signifies that the effect can be delayed by the use of elastic fluids. We have shown the possible role of elastic effects (manifested by the formation of long lasting filaments) during retraction in the increase of the LFP. However, for 1500 ppm, the LFP was lower than that for water, but had a similar residence time during the initial impact. In addition, we studied the role of the Weber number and viscoelastic effects on the rebound behaviour at 405°C. We observed that the critical Weber number up to the point at which the droplet resisted fragmentation at 405°C increased with the polymer concentration. In addition, for a fixed Weber number, the droplet rebound height and the hovering time period increased up to 500 ppm, and then decreased. Similarly, for fixed polymer concentrations like 1000 and 1500 ppm, the rebound height showed an increasing trend up to certain a certain Weber number and then decreased. This non-monotonic behaviour of rebound heights was attributed to the observed diversion of the rebound kinetic energy to rotational energy during the hovering phase. Finally, a relationship between the non-dimensional Leidenfrost temperature and the associated Weber and Weissenberg numbers is developed, and a scaling relation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purbarun Dhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Gairola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Devranjan Samanta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
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20
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Zhou D, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Zhong X, Jin J, Sun L. Film levitation and central jet of droplet impact on nanotube surface at superheated conditions. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:043108. [PMID: 33212652 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.043108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Influences of surface nanotubes at high temperatures are investigated on droplet impact dynamics and Leidenfrost effect. Five distinct regimes of impact droplets are found on the nanotube surface, including contact boiling, film levitation, central jet levitation, central jet, and Leidenfrost phenomenon. The regimes of film levitation, central jet levitation, and central jet are characterized by either film levitation and/or liquid central jet. The regime of Leidenfrost phenomenon is characterized by droplet bounce-off behavior free of any liquid jets. Film levitation is driven by the vaporization of two parts of the droplet, with one as the droplet bottom layer over the contact area above the nanotube structure, and the other as the hemiwicking liquid in nanotubes. Both the vaporization is impaired by increasing the surface temperature, which is attributed to the reduced contact time and less extent of spread of the droplet at a higher surface temperature. The central jet phenomenon is driven by the vapor stream produced by hemiwicking liquid in the central area upon impact. It is enhanced and then suppressed by elevating the surface temperature, resulting from the collective effects of the vapor pressure in nanotubes which increases with the surface temperature, and the cross-sectional area of the vapor stream, which increases and then decreases with the surface temperature. At a high Weber number, the Leidenfrost temperature can be increased by 125^{∘}C on the nanotube surface, implying a great potential in heat transfer enhancement for droplet-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | | | | | | | - Jian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lidong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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21
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Lee SH, Harth K, Rump M, Kim M, Lohse D, Fezzaa K, Je JH. Drop impact on hot plates: contact times, lift-off and the lamella rupture. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7935-7949. [PMID: 32761034 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00459f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When a liquid drop impacts on a heated substrate, it can remain deposited, or violently boil in contact, or lift off with or without ever touching the surface. The latter is known as the Leidenfrost effect. The duration and area of the liquid-substrate contact are highly relevant for the heat transfer, as well as other effects such as corrosion. However, most experimental studies rely on side view imaging to determine contact times, and those are often mixed with the time until the drop lifts off from the substrate. Here, we develop and validate a reliable method of contact time determination using high-speed X-ray imaging and total internal reflection imaging. We exemplarily compare contact and lift-off times on flat silicon and sapphire substrates. We show that drops can rebound even without formation of a complete vapor layer, with a wide range of lift-off times. On sapphire, we find a local minimum of lift-off times that is much shorter than expected from capillary rebound in the comparatively low-temperature regime of transition boiling/thermal atomization. We elucidate the underlying mechanism related to spontaneous rupture of the lamella and receding of the contact area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyeon Lee
- X-ray Imaging Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Droplet impaction in nuclear installations and safety analysis: Phenomena, findings and approaches. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2020.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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24
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Li J, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Hao C, Zhao F, Li M, Tang H, Ye W, Wang Z. Rectification of Mobile Leidenfrost Droplets by Planar Ratchets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1901751. [PMID: 31231945 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The self-transportation of mobile Leidenfrost droplets with well-defined direction and velocity on millimetric ratchets is one of the most representative and spectacular phenomena in droplet dynamics. Despite extensive progress in the ability to control the spatiotemporal propagation of droplets, it remains elusive how the individual ratchet units, as well as the interactions within their arrays, are translated into the collective droplet dynamics. Here, simple planar ratchets characterized by uniform height normal to the surface are designed. It is revealed that on planar ratchets, the transport dynamics of Leidenfrost droplets is dependent not only on individual units, but also on the elegant coordination within their arrays dictated by their topography. The design of planar ratchets enriches the fundamental understanding of how the surface topography is translated into dynamic and collective droplet transport behaviors, and also imparts higher applicability in microelectromechanical system based fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chonglei Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Fuwang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Minfei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wenjing Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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25
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Blanken N, Saleem MS, Antonini C, Thoraval MJ. Rebound of self-lubricating compound drops. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3499. [PMID: 32201721 PMCID: PMC7069704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Drop impact on solid surfaces is encountered in numerous natural and technological processes. Although the impact of single-phase drops has been widely explored, the impact of compound drops has received little attention. Here, we demonstrate a self-lubrication mechanism for water-in-oil compound drops impacting on a solid surface. Unexpectedly, the core water drop rebounds from the surface below a threshold impact velocity, irrespective of the substrate wettability. This is interpreted as the result of lubrication from the oil shell that prevents contact between the water core and the solid surface. We combine side and bottom view high-speed imaging to demonstrate the correlation between the water core rebound and the oil layer stability. A theoretical model is developed to explain the observed effect of compound drop geometry. This work sets the ground for precise complex drop deposition, with a strong impact on two- and three-dimensional printing technologies and liquid separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Blanken
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Control for Flight Vehicle, International Center for Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Saeed Saleem
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Control for Flight Vehicle, International Center for Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Jean Thoraval
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Control for Flight Vehicle, International Center for Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
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26
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Chubynsky MV, Belousov KI, Lockerby DA, Sprittles JE. Bouncing off the Walls: The Influence of Gas-Kinetic and van der Waals Effects in Drop Impact. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:084501. [PMID: 32167351 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.084501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A model is developed for liquid drop impact on a solid surface that captures the thin film gas flow beneath the drop, even when the film's thickness is below the mean free path in the gas so that gas kinetic effects (GKE) are important. Simulation results agree with experiments, with the impact speed threshold between bouncing and wetting reproduced to within 5%, while a model without GKE overpredicts this value by at least 50%. To isolate GKE, the pressure dependence of the threshold is mapped and provides experimentally verifiable predictions. There are two principal modes of contact leading to wetting and both are associated with a van der Waals driven instability of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykyta V Chubynsky
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill I Belousov
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Duncan A Lockerby
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James E Sprittles
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
Freezing or solidification of impacting droplets is omnipresent in nature and technology, be it a rain droplet falling on a supercooled surface; in inkjet printing, where often molten wax is used; in additive manufacturing or metal-production processes; or in extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) for the chip production, where molten tin is used to generate the EUV radiation. For many of these industrial applications, a detailed understanding of the solidification process is essential. Here, by adopting an optical technique in the context of freezing-namely, total-internal reflection (TIR)-we elucidate the freezing kinetics during the solidification of a droplet while it impacts on an undercooled surface. We show that at sufficiently high undercooling, a peculiar freezing morphology exists that involves sequential advection of frozen fronts from the center of the droplet to its boundaries. This phenomenon is examined by combining elements of classical nucleation theory to the large-scale hydrodynamics on the droplet scale, bringing together two subfields which traditionally have been quite separated. Furthermore, we report a self-peeling phenomenon of a frozen splat that is driven by the existence of a transient crystalline state during solidification.
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28
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Bourrianne P, Lv C, Quéré D. The cold Leidenfrost regime. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw0304. [PMID: 31259241 PMCID: PMC6598769 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobicity (observed at room temperature) and Leidenfrost phenomenon (observed on very hot solids) are classical examples of nonwetting surfaces. It was found that combining the two effects by heating water-repellent materials leads to a marked yet unexplained decrease of the Leidenfrost temperature of water. We discuss here how heat enhances superhydrophobicity by favoring a "cold Leidenfrost regime" where water adhesion becomes nonmeasurable even at moderate substrate temperature. Heat is found to induce contradictory effects (sticking due to vapor condensation, and lift due to the spreading of vapor patches), which is eventually shown to be controllable by the solid surface texture. The transition to the levitating Leidenfrost regime is observed to be continuous as a function of temperature, contrasting with the transition on common solids.
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29
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Yu X, Hu R, Zhang X, Xie B, Luo X. Explosive bouncing on heated silicon surfaces under low ambient pressure. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4320-4325. [PMID: 31070662 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Droplet impingement on heated surfaces has been investigated by varying the surface textures, temperature, and droplet properties with demonstration of various phenomenological behaviors, such as evaporation, boiling, splashing, and Leidenfrost bouncing. However, the ambient pressure dependence has not been well explored, especially for ambient pressures lower than 5 kPa. By examining the ambient pressure (from 0.2 to 20 kPa) and surface temperature (from 20 to 200 °C) simultaneously, we found a novel explosive bouncing behavior which is different from Leidenfrost bouncing and only occurs at extremely low ambient pressure (≤6 kPa). Through experimental validation and mechanical analysis, we found that the explosive bouncing is caused by the dramatic explosion of the local vapor bubble and reducing the ambient pressure benefits the formation and explosion of the vapor bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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30
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Lyu S, Mathai V, Wang Y, Sobac B, Colinet P, Lohse D, Sun C. Final fate of a Leidenfrost droplet: Explosion or takeoff. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8081. [PMID: 31058224 PMCID: PMC6499590 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
When a liquid droplet is placed on a very hot solid, it levitates on its own vapor layer, a phenomenon called the Leidenfrost effect. Although the mechanisms governing the droplet's levitation have been explored, not much is known about the fate of the Leidenfrost droplet. Here we report on the final stages of evaporation of Leidenfrost droplets. While initially small droplets tend to take off, unexpectedly, the initially large ones explode with a crack sound. We interpret these in the context of unavoidable droplet contaminants, which accumulate at the droplet-air interface, resulting in reduced evaporation rate, and contact with the substrate. We validate this hypothesis by introducing controlled amounts of microparticles and reveal a universal 1/3-scaling law for the dimensionless explosion radius versus contaminant fraction. Our findings open up new opportunities for controlling the duration and rate of Leidenfrost heat transfer and propulsion by tuning the droplet's size and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Lyu
- Center for Combustion Energy, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Varghese Mathai
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- Center for Combustion Energy, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Sobac
- Université libre de Bruxelles, TIPs-Fluid Physics, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Colinet
- Université libre de Bruxelles, TIPs-Fluid Physics, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Center for Combustion Energy, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Chao Sun
- Center for Combustion Energy, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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31
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Li Y, Diddens C, Prosperetti A, Chong KL, Zhang X, Lohse D. Bouncing Oil Droplet in a Stratified Liquid and its Sudden Death. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:154502. [PMID: 31050512 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.154502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Droplets can self-propel when immersed in another liquid in which a concentration gradient is present. Here we report the experimental and numerical study of a self-propelling oil droplet in a vertically stratified ethanol-water mixture: At first, the droplet sinks slowly due to gravity, but then, before having reached its density matched position, jumps up suddenly. More remarkably, the droplet bounces repeatedly with an ever increasing jumping distance, until all of a sudden it stops after about 30 min. We identify the Marangoni stress at the droplet-liquid interface as responsible for the jumping: its strength grows exponentially because it pulls down ethanol-rich liquid, which in turn increases its strength even more. The jumping process can repeat because gravity restores the system. Finally, the sudden death of the jumping droplet is also explained. Our findings have demonstrated a type of prominent droplet bouncing inside a continuous medium with no wall or sharp interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- Physics of Fluids group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology, Mesa+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Christian Diddens
- Physics of Fluids group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology, Mesa+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Prosperetti
- Physics of Fluids group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology, Mesa+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Texas 77204-4006, USA
| | - Kai Leong Chong
- Physics of Fluids group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology, Mesa+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Physics of Fluids group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology, Mesa+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12-380 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Edmonton, T6G1H9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology, Mesa+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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32
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Li J, Li J, Sun J, Feng S, Wang Z. Biological and Engineered Topological Droplet Rectifiers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806501. [PMID: 30697833 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The power of the directional and spontaneous transport of liquid droplets is revealed through ubiquitous biological processes and numerous practical applications, where droplets are rectified to achieve preferential functions. Despite extensive progress, the fundamental understanding and the ability to exploit new strategies to rectify droplet transport remain elusive. Here, the latest progress in the fundamental understanding as well as the development of engineered droplet rectifiers that impart superior performance in a wide variety of working conditions, ranging from low temperature, ambient temperature, to high temperature, is discussed. For the first time, a phase diagram is formulated that naturally connects the droplet dynamics, including droplet formation modes, length scales, and phase states, with environmental conditions. Parallel approaches are then taken to discuss the basic physical mechanisms underlying biological droplet rectifiers, and a variety of strategies and manufacturing routes for the development of robust artificial droplet rectifiers. Finally, perspectives on how to create novel man-made rectifiers with functionalities beyond natural counterparts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shile Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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33
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Qiu L, Dubey S, Choo FH, Duan F. High jump of impinged droplets before Leidenfrost state. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:033106. [PMID: 30999492 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.033106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the traditionally reported Leidenfrost droplet which only floats on a thin film of vapor, we observe a prominent jump of the impinged droplets in the transition from the contact boiling to the Leidenfrost state. The vapor generation between the droplet and the substrate is vigorous enough to propel the spreading droplet pancake to an anomalous height. The maximum repellent height can be treated as an index of the total transferred energy. Counterintuitively, a stronger vaporization and a higher jump can be generated in the conditions normally considered to be unfavorable to heat transfer, such as a lower substrate temperature, a lower droplet impact velocity, a higher droplet temperature, or a lower thermal conductivity of the deposition on the substrate. Since the total transferred energy is the accumulation of the instantaneous heat flux during the droplet contacting with the substrate, it can be deduced that a longer contact time period is secured in the case of a lower instantaneous heat flux. The inference is supported by our experimental observations. Moreover, the phase diagrams describe the characteristics of the high repellency under different substrate temperatures, droplet subcooling temperatures, and Weber numbers. It allows us to manipulate the droplet jump for the relative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qiu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798 and National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero-Engine Aero-thermodynamics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Swapnil Dubey
- Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 06-04 Cleantech One, Singapore 637141
| | | | - Fei Duan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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34
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Enhanced method for High Spatial Resolution surface imaging and analysis of fungal spores using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16278. [PMID: 30390022 PMCID: PMC6214942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient, fast and new micro-analytical methods for characterization of ultrastructures of fungal spores with electron microscopy are very much required and essential. SEM analysis of biological materials, especially fungi, requires optimal preparation of the specimen and often requires the usage of dried samples which demands a challenging sample preparation. In the present investigation, we described a fast and improved method for the preparation of fungal specimen for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fungus, Curvularia lunata was grown on the surface of sterile Whatman No.1 filter paper which was overlaid on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium, gold coated immediately after removal from the growth medium and subjected to imaging. Generally, SEM imaging is done with samples that were fixed with chemical fixatives, dehydrated and gold coated specimens, but here we describe an easy and more efficient sample preparation for SEM which enabled enhanced image quality and precision visualization of fungal cells, especially the spores. The developed method has enabled the analysis of even the robust samples like fungal spores that to eliminating special temperature requirement. The ultimate goal was to develop an improved protocol/method applied to analysis of fungal spores with greater coverage about fungal specimen preparation. This method permits the use of rapid sample preparation and will allow us to imaging of individual spore or conidia structures in the context of fungal cell architecture which clarifies our understanding in fungal taxonomy/biology.
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35
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Waitukaitis S, Harth K, van Hecke M. From Bouncing to Floating: The Leidenfrost Effect with Hydrogel Spheres. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:048001. [PMID: 30095937 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.048001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Leidenfrost effect occurs when a liquid or stiff sublimable solid near a hot surface creates enough vapor beneath it to lift itself up and float. In contrast, vaporizable soft solids, e.g., hydrogels, have been shown to exhibit persistent bouncing-the elastic Leidenfrost effect. By carefully lowering hydrogel spheres towards a hot surface, we discover that they are also capable of floating. The bounce-to-float transition is controlled by the approach velocity and temperature, analogously to the "dynamic Leidenfrost effect." For the floating regime, we measure power-law scalings for the gap geometry, which we explain with a model that couples the vaporization rate to the spherical shape. Our results reveal that hydrogels are a promising pathway for controlling floating Leidenfrost objects through shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Waitukaitis
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Harth
- Physics of Fluids Group, Mesa+Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Martin van Hecke
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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36
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Pack M, Kaneelil P, Kim H, Sun Y. Contact Line Instability Caused by Air Rim Formation under Nonsplashing Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4962-4969. [PMID: 29620373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drop impact is fundamental to various natural and industrial processes such as rain-induced soil erosion and spray-coating technologies. The recent discovery of the role of air entrainment between the droplet and the impacting surface has produced numerous works, uncovering the unique physics that correlates the air film dynamics with the drop impact outcomes. In this study, we focus on the post-failure air entrainment dynamics for We numbers well below the splash threshold under different ambient pressures and elucidate the interfacial instabilities formed by air entrainment at the wetting front of impacting droplets on perfectly smooth, viscous films of constant thickness. A high-speed total internal reflection microscopy technique accounting for the Fresnel reflection at the drop-air interface allows for in situ measurements of an entrained air rim at the wetting front. The presence of an air rim is found to be a prerequisite to the interfacial instability which is formed when the capillary pressure in the vicinity of the contact line can no longer balance the increasing gas pressure near the wetting front. A critical capillary number for the air rim formation is experimentally identified above which the wetting front becomes unstable where this critical capillary number inversely scales with the ambient pressure. The contact line instabilities at relatively low We numbers ( We ∼ O(10)) observed in this study provide insight into the conventional understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities under drop impact which usually require We ≫ 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Paul Kaneelil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Hyoungsoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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37
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Jadidbonab H, Mitroglou N, Karathanassis I, Gavaises M. Experimental Study of Diesel-Fuel Droplet Impact on a Similarly Sized Polished Spherical Heated Solid Particle. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:36-49. [PMID: 29172533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The head-to-head impact of diesel-fuel droplets on a polished spherical brass target has been investigated experimentally. High-speed imaging was employed to visualize the impact process for wall surface temperatures and Weber and Reynolds numbers in the ranges of 140-340 °C, 30-850, and 210-1135, respectively. The thermohydrodynamic outcome regimes occurring for the aforementioned ranges of parameters were mapped on a We-T diagram. Seven clearly distinguishable postimpact outcome regimes were identified, which are conventionally called the coating, splash, rebound, breakup-rebound, splash-breakup-coating, breakup-coating, and splash-breakup-rebound regimes. In addition, the effects of the Weber number and surface temperature on the wettability dynamics were examined; the temporal variations of the dynamic contact angle, dimensionless spreading diameter, and liquid film thickness forming on the solid particle were measured and are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesamaldin Jadidbonab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, City University of London , 10 Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Mitroglou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, City University of London , 10 Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Karathanassis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, City University of London , 10 Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - Manolis Gavaises
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, City University of London , 10 Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
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38
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Li EQ, Langley KR, Tian YS, Hicks PD, Thoroddsen ST. Double Contact During Drop Impact on a Solid Under Reduced Air Pressure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:214502. [PMID: 29219414 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.214502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drops impacting on solid surfaces entrap small bubbles under their centers, owing to the lubrication pressure which builds up in the thin intervening air layer. We use ultrahigh-speed interference imaging, at 5 Mfps, to investigate how this air layer changes when the ambient air pressure is reduced below atmospheric. Both the radius and the thickness of the air disc become smaller with reduced air pressure. Furthermore, we find the radial extent of the air disc bifurcates, when the compressibility parameter exceeds ∼25. This bifurcation is also imprinted onto some of the impacts, as a double contact. In addition to the central air disc inside the first ring contact, this is immediately followed by a second ring contact, which entraps an outer toroidal strip of air, which contracts into a ring of bubbles. We find this occurs in a regime where Navier slip, due to rarefied gas effects, enhances the rate gas can escape from the path of the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Qiang Li
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kenneth R Langley
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuan Si Tian
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter D Hicks
- School of Engineering, Fraser Noble Building, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Sigurdur T Thoroddsen
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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39
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van Limbeek MAJ, Hoefnagels PBJ, Sun C, Lohse D. Origin of spray formation during impact on heated surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7514-7520. [PMID: 28936527 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In many applications, it is crucial to control the heat transfer rate of impacting drops on a heated plate. When the solid exceeds the so-called Leidenfrost temperature, an impacting drop is prevented from contacting the plate by its own evaporation. But the decrease in the resulting cooling efficiency of the impacting drop is yet not quantitatively understood. Here, we experimentally study the impact of such water drops on smooth heated surfaces of various substances. We demonstrate that, in contrast to previous results for other liquids, water exhibits spray in the vertical direction when impacting sapphire and silicon. We show that this typical spray formation during impact is a result of the local cooling of the plate. This is surprising since these two materials were considered to remain isothermal during the impact of mm-sized droplets. We conclude and explain that the thermal time scale of the system is not solely determined by the thermal properties of the solid, but also by those of the liquid. We also introduce a dimensionless number comparing the thermal time scale and the dynamic time scale with which we can predict the spraying behaviour at impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A J van Limbeek
- Physics of Fluids Group, Mesa+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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40
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Pham JT, Paven M, Wooh S, Kajiya T, Butt HJ, Vollmer D. Spontaneous jumping, bouncing and trampolining of hydrogel drops on a heated plate. Nat Commun 2017; 8:905. [PMID: 29030546 PMCID: PMC5640668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contact between liquid drops and hot solid surfaces is of practical importance for industrial processes, such as thermal spraying and spray cooling. The contact and bouncing of solid spheres is also an important event encountered in ball milling, powder processing, and everyday activities, such as ball sports. Using high speed video microscopy, we demonstrate that hydrogel drops, initially at rest on a surface, spontaneously jump upon rapid heating and continue to bounce with increasing amplitudes. Jumping is governed by the surface wettability, surface temperature, hydrogel elasticity, and adhesion. A combination of low-adhesion impact behavior and fast water vapor formation supports continuous bouncing and trampolining. Our results illustrate how the interplay between solid and liquid characteristics of hydrogels results in intriguing dynamics, as reflected by spontaneous jumping, bouncing, trampolining, and extremely short contact times. Drops of liquid on a hot surface can exhibit fascinating behaviour such as the Leidenfrost effect in which drops hover on a vapour layer. Here Pham et al. show that when hydrogel drops are placed on a rapidly heated plate they bounce to increasing heights even if they were initially at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Pham
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Maxime Paven
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanghyuk Wooh
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Tadashi Kajiya
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm R&D, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0123, Japan
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Doris Vollmer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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41
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Khavari M, Tran T. Universality of oscillating boiling in Leidenfrost transition. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:043102. [PMID: 29347618 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.043102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Leidenfrost transition leads a boiling system to the boiling crisis, a state in which the liquid loses contact with the heated surface due to excessive vapor generation. Here, using experiments of liquid droplets boiling on a heated surface, we report a phenomenon, termed oscillating boiling, at the Leidenfrost transition. We show that oscillating boiling results from the competition between two effects: separation of liquid from the heated surface due to localized boiling and rewetting. We argue theoretically that the Leidenfrost transition can be predicted based on its link with the oscillating boiling phenomenon and verify the prediction experimentally for various liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khavari
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 3 Research Link, 117602 Singapore
| | - Tuan Tran
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
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42
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Abstract
The ability to enhance or limit heat transfer between a surface and impacting drops is important in applications ranging from industrial spray cooling to the thermal regulation of animals in cold rain. When these surfaces are micro/nanotextured and hydrophobic, or superhydrophobic, an impacting drop can spread and recoil over trapped air pockets so quickly that it can completely bounce off the surface. It is expected that this short contact time limits heat transfer; however, the amount of heat exchanged and precise role of various parameters, such as the drop size, are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the amount of heat exchanged between a millimeter-sized water drop and a superhydrophobic surface will be orders of magnitude less when the drop bounces than when it sticks. Through a combination of experiments and theory, we show that the heat transfer process on superhydrophobic surfaces is independent of the trapped gas. Instead, we find that, for a given spreading factor, the small fraction of heat transferred is controlled by two dimensionless groupings of physical parameters: one that relates the thermal properties of the drop and bulk substrate and the other that characterizes the relative thermal, inertial, and capillary dynamics of the drop.
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43
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Zhong L, Guo Z. Effect of surface topography and wettability on the Leidenfrost effect. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6219-6236. [PMID: 28470271 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When deposited on a superheated surface, a droplet can be levitated by its own vapour layer, a phenomenon that is referred to as the Leidenfrost effect. This dynamic effect has attracted interest for many potential applications, such as cooling, drag reduction and drop transport. A lot of effort has been paid to this mechanism over the past two and half centuries. Herein, we not only review the classical theories but also present the most recent theoretical advances in understanding the Leidenfrost effect. We first review the basic theories of the Leidenfrost effect, which mainly focuses on the relationship between the drop shape, vapour layer and lifetime. Then, the shift in the Leidenfrost point realized by fabricating special surface textures is introduced and the mechanisms behind this are analyzed. Furthermore, we present the reasons for the droplet transport in both classical Leidenfrost and pseudo-Leidenfrost regimes. Finally, the promising breakthroughs of the Leidenfrost effect are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieshuang Zhong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Shirota M, van Limbeek MAJ, Lohse D, Sun C. Measuring thin films using quantitative frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2017; 40:54. [PMID: 28477246 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2017-11542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the study of interactions between liquids and solids, an accurate measurement of the film thickness between the two media is essential to study the dynamics. As interferometry is restricted by the wavelength of the light source used, recent studies of thinner films have prompted the use of frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). In many studies the assumption of a simple exponential decay of the intensity with film thickness was used. In the present study we highlight that this model does not satisfy the Fresnel equations and thus gives an underestimation of the films. We show that the multiple reflections and transmissions at both the upper and the lower interfaces of the film must be taken into account to accurately describe the measured intensity. In order to quantitatively validate the FTIR technique, we measured the film thickness of the air gap between a convex lens of known geometry and a flat surface and obtain excellent agreement. Furthermore, we also found that we can accurately measure the elastic deformations of the lens under loads by comparing them with the results of the Herzian theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Shirota
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 0368561, Aomori, Japan.
| | - Michiel A J van Limbeek
- Physics of Fluids Group, Mesa+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, Mesa+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chao Sun
- Physics of Fluids Group, Mesa+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Center for Combustion Energy and Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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45
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Pack M, Hu H, Kim D, Zheng Z, Stone HA, Sun Y. Failure mechanisms of air entrainment in drop impact on lubricated surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2402-2409. [PMID: 28287231 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lubricated surfaces have recently been introduced and studied due to their potential benefit in various configurations and applications. Combining the techniques of total internal reflection microscopy and reflection interference microscopy, we examine the dynamics of an underlying air film upon drop impact on a lubricated substrate where the thin liquid film is immiscible to the drop. In contrast to drop impact on solid surfaces where even the smallest asperities cause random breakup of the entraining air film, we report two air film failure mechanisms on lubricated surfaces. In particular, using ≈5 μm thick liquid films of high viscosity, which should make the substrate nearly atomically smooth, we show that air film rupture shifts from asperity-driven to a controlled event. At low Weber numbers (We < 2, We = ρlU02R/σ, U0 the impact velocity, R the drop radius, and ρl the density and σ the surface tension of the droplet) the droplet bounces. At intermediate We (2 < We < 10), the air film fails at the center as the top surface of the drop crashes downward owing to impact-induced capillary waves; the resulting liquid-liquid contact time is found to be independent of We. In contrast, at high We (We > 10), the air film failure occurs much earlier in time at the first inflection point of the air film shape away from the drop center, where the liquid-liquid van der Waals interactions become important. The predictable failure modes of the air film upon drop impact sheds light on droplet deposition in applications such as lubricant-infused self-cleaning surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - H Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - D Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Z Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - H A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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