1
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Jin Y, Shen K, Ju P, Gao X, Zu C, Grine AJ, Li T. Quantum control and Berry phase of electron spins in rotating levitated diamonds in high vacuum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5063. [PMID: 38871708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Levitated diamond particles in high vacuum with internal spin qubits have been proposed for exploring macroscopic quantum mechanics, quantum gravity, and precision measurements. The coupling between spins and particle rotation can be utilized to study quantum geometric phase, create gyroscopes and rotational matter-wave interferometers. However, previous efforts in levitated diamonds struggled with vacuum level or spin state readouts. To address these gaps, we fabricate an integrated surface ion trap with multiple stabilization electrodes. This facilitates on-chip levitation and, for the first time, optically detected magnetic resonance measurements of a nanodiamond levitated in high vacuum. The internal temperature of our levitated nanodiamond remains moderate at pressures below 10-5 Torr. We have driven a nanodiamond to rotate up to 20 MHz (1.2 × 109 rpm), surpassing typical nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center electron spin dephasing rates. Using these NV spins, we observe the effect of the Berry phase arising from particle rotation. In addition, we demonstrate quantum control of spins in a rotating nanodiamond. These results mark an important development in interfacing mechanical rotation with spin qubits, expanding our capacity to study quantum phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kunhong Shen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chong Zu
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | | | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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Zhang Q, Du S, Yang S, Wang Q, Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y. Ultrasensitive optomechanical strain sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:13873-13881. [PMID: 38859346 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate an ultrasensitive optomechanical strain sensor based on a SiN membrane and a Fabry-Perot cavity, enabling the measurements of both static and dynamic strain by monitoring reflected light fluctuations using a single-frequency laser. The SiN membrane offers high-quality-factor mechanical resonances that are sensitive to minute strain fluctuations. The two-beam Fabry-Perot cavity is constructed to interrogate the motion state of the SiN membrane. A static strain resolution of 4.00 nɛ is achieved by measuring mechanical resonance frequency shifts of the SiN membrane. The best dynamic resolution is 4.47 pɛHz-1/2, which is close to that of the sensor using high-finesse cavity and optical frequency comb, overcoming the dependence of ultrasensitive strain sensors on narrow-linewidth laser and high-finesse cavity with frequency locking equipment. This work opens up a promising avenue for a new generation of ultrasensitive strain sensors.
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3
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Li G, Yin ZQ. Steady motional entanglement between two distant levitated nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:7377-7390. [PMID: 38439419 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement in macroscopic systems is not only essential for practical quantum information processing, but also valuable for the study of the boundary between quantum and the classical world. However, it is very challenging to achieve the steady remote entanglement between distant macroscopic systems. We consider two distant nanoparticles, both of which are optically trapped in two cavities. Based on the coherent scattering mechanism, we find that the ultrastrong optomechanical coupling between the cavity modes and the motion of the levitated nanoparticles could be achieved. The large and steady entanglement between the filtered output cavity modes and the motion of nanoparticles can be generated if the trapping laser is under the red sideband. Then through entanglement swapping, the steady motional entanglement between the distant nanoparticles can be realized. We numerically simulate and find that the two nanoparticles with 10 km distance can be entangled for the experimentally feasible parameters, even in room temperature environments. The generated continuous variable multipartite entanglement is the key to realizing the quantum enhanced sensor network and the sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit.
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4
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Kamba M, Shimizu R, Aikawa K. Nanoscale feedback control of six degrees of freedom of a near-sphere. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7943. [PMID: 38040746 PMCID: PMC10692201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the rotational as well as the translational degrees of freedom of rigid bodies has been a crucial ingredient in diverse areas, from optically controlled micro-robots, navigation, and precision measurements at macroscale to artificial and biological Brownian motors at nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate feedback cooling of all the angular motions of a near-spherical neutral nanoparticle with all the translational motions feedback-cooled to near the ground state. The occupation numbers of the three translational motions are 6 ± 1, 6 ± 1, and 0.69 ± 0.18. A tight, anisotropic optical confinement allows us to clearly observe three angular oscillations and to identify the ratio of two radii to the longest radius with a precision of 0.08 %. We develop a thermometry for three angular oscillations and realize feedback cooling of them to temperatures of lower than 0.03 K by electrically controlling the electric dipole moment of the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Kamba
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoga Shimizu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Ju P, Jin Y, Shen K, Duan Y, Xu Z, Gao X, Ni X, Li T. Near-Field GHz Rotation and Sensing with an Optically Levitated Nanodumbbell. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10157-10163. [PMID: 37909774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A levitated nonspherical nanoparticle in a vacuum is ideal for studying quantum rotations and is an ultrasensitive torque detector for probing fundamental particle-surface interactions. Here, we optically levitate a silica nanodumbbell in a vacuum at 430 nm away from a sapphire surface and drive it to rotate at GHz frequencies. The relative linear speed between the tip of the nanodumbbell and the surface reaches 1.4 km s-1 at a submicrometer separation. The rotating nanodumbbell near the surface demonstrates a torque sensitivity of (5.0 ± 1.1) × 10-26 N m Hz-1/2 at room temperature. Moreover, we probed the near-field laser intensity distribution beyond the optical diffraction limit with a nanodumbbell levitated near a nanograting. Our numerical simulations show that the system can measure the Casimir torque and will improve the detection limit of non-Newtonian gravity by several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuanbin Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kunhong Shen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yao Duan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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6
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Kamba M, Aikawa K. Revealing the Velocity Uncertainties of a Levitated Particle in the Quantum Ground State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:183602. [PMID: 37977629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.183602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate time-of-flight measurements for an ultracold levitated nanoparticle and reveal its velocity for the translational motion brought to the quantum ground state. We discover that the velocity distributions obtained with repeated release-and-recapture measurements are significantly broadened via librational motions of the nanoparticle. Under feedback cooling on all the librational motions, we recover the velocity distributions in reasonable agreement with an expectation from the occupation number, with approximately twice the width of the quantum limit. The strong impact of librational motions on the translational motions is understood as a result of the deviation between the libration center and the center of mass, induced by the asymmetry of the nanoparticle. Our results elucidate the importance of the control over librational motions and establish the basis for exploring quantum mechanical properties of levitated nanoparticles in terms of their velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamba
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Zeng K, Pu J, Xu X, Wu Y, Xiao D, Wu X. Gradient torque and its effect on rotational dynamics of optically trapped non-spherical particles in the elliptic Gaussian beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16582-16592. [PMID: 37157734 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rotational motion of the optically trapped particle is a topic of enduring interest, while the changes of angular velocity in one rotation period remain largely unexplored. Here, we proposed the optical gradient torque in the elliptic Gaussian beam, and the instantaneous angular velocities of alignment and fluctuant rotation of the trapped non-spherical particles are investigated for the first time. The fluctuant rotations of optically trapped particles are observed, and the angular velocity fluctuated twice per rotation period, which can be used to determine the shape of trapped particles. Meanwhile, a compact optical wrench is invented based on the alignment, and its torque is adjustable and is larger than the torque of a linearly polarized wrench with the same power. These results provide a foundation for precisely modelling the rotational dynamics of optically trapped particles, and the presented wrench is expected to be a simple and practical micro-manipulating tool.
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8
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Zhang H, Yin ZQ. Highly sensitive gyroscope based on a levitated nanodiamond. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8139-8151. [PMID: 36859930 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A gyroscope is one of the core components of an inertial navigation system. Both the high sensitivity and miniaturization are important for the applications of the gyroscope. We consider a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in a nanodiamond, which is levitated either by an optical tweezer or an ion trap. Based on the Sagnac effect, we propose a scheme to measure the angular velocity with ultra-high sensitivity through the matter-wave interferometry of the nanodiamond. Both the decay of the motion of the center of mass of the nanodiamond and the dephasing of the NV centers are included when we estimate the sensitivity of the proposed gyroscope. We also calculate the visibility of the Ramsey fringes, which can be used for estimating the limitation of gyroscope sensitivity. It is found that the sensitivity ∼6.86×10-7 r a d/s/H z can be achieved in an ion trap. As the working area of the gyroscope is extremely small (∼0.01~μm2), it could be made on-chip in the future.
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9
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Yin ZQ. Levitated optomechanics: From single to many-body physics. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:90-92. [PMID: 38933560 PMCID: PMC11197683 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The levitated optomechanics, because of its ultra-high mechanical Q > 1010, is considered to be one of the best testbeds for macroscopic quantum superpostions. In this perspective, we give a brief review on the development of the levitated optomechanics, focusing on the macroscopic quantum phenomena, and the applications in quantum precision measurement. The levitated nanodiamond with built-in nitrogen-vacancy centers is discussed as an example. Finally, we discuss the future dirctions of the levtated optomechanics, such as the space-based experiments, the arrays of levitated optomechanics and applications in quantum simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-qi Yin
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Liang T, Zhu S, He P, Chen Z, Wang Y, Li C, Fu Z, Gao X, Chen X, Li N, Zhu Q, Hu H. Yoctonewton force detection based on optically levitated oscillator. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:57-62. [PMID: 38933574 PMCID: PMC11197508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically levitated oscillators in high vacuum have excellent environmental isolation and low mass compared with conventional solid-state sensors, which makes them suitable for ultrasensitive force detection. The force resolution usually scales with the measurement bandwidth, which represents the ultimate detection capability of the system under ideal conditions if sufficient time is provided for measurement. However, considering the stability of a real system, a method based on the Allan variance is more reliable to evaluate the actual force detection performance. In this study, a levitated optomechanical system with a force detection sensitivity of 6.33 ± 1.62 zN/Hz1/2 was demonstrated. And for the first time, the Allan variance was introduced to evaluate the system stability due to the force sensitivity fluctuations. The force detection resolution of 166.40 ± 55.48 yN was reached at the optimal measurement time of 2751 s. The system demonstrated in this work has the best force detection performance in both sensitivity and resolution that have been reported so far for optically levitated particles. The reported high-sensitivity force detection system is an excellent candidate for the exploration of new physics such as fifth force searching, high-frequency gravitational waves detection, dark matter research and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinfan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huizhu Hu
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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11
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Stroboscopic thermally-driven mechanical motion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20091. [PMID: 36418396 PMCID: PMC9684504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unstable nonlinear systems can produce a large displacement driven by a small thermal initial noise. Such inherently nonlinear phenomena are stimulating in stochastic physics, thermodynamics, and in the future even in quantum physics. In one-dimensional mechanical instabilities, recently made available in optical levitation, the rapidly increasing noise accompanying the unstable motion reduces a displacement signal already in its detection. It limits the signal-to-noise ratio for upcoming experiments, thus constraining the observation of such essential nonlinear phenomena and their further exploitation. An extension to a two-dimensional unstable dynamics helps to separate the desired displacement from the noisy nonlinear driver to two independent variables. It overcomes the limitation upon observability, thus enabling further exploitation. However, the nonlinear driver remains unstable and rapidly gets noisy. It calls for a challenging high-order potential to confine the driver dynamics and rectify the noise. Instead, we propose and analyse a feasible stroboscopically-cooled driver that provides the desired detectable motion with sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio. Fast and deep cooling, together with a rapid change of the driver stiffness, are required to reach it. However, they have recently become available in levitating optomechanics. Therefore, our analysis finally opens the road to experimental investigation of thermally-driven motion in nonlinear systems, its thermodynamical analysis, and future quantum extensions.
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12
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Priel N, Fieguth A, Blakemore CP, Hough E, Kawasaki A, Martin D, Venugopalan G, Gratta G. Dipole moment background measurement and suppression for levitated charge sensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2361. [PMID: 36240282 PMCID: PMC9565793 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optically levitated macroscopic objects are a powerful tool in the field of force sensing, owing to high sensitivity, absolute force calibration, environmental isolation, and the advanced degree of control over their dynamics that have been achieved. However, limitations arise from the spurious forces caused by electrical polarization effects that, even for nominally neutral objects, affect the force sensing because of the interaction of dipole moments with gradients of external electric fields. Here, we introduce a technique to measure, model, and eliminate dipole moment interactions, limiting the performance of sensors using levitated objects. This process leads to a noise-limited measurement with a sensitivity of 3.3 × 10-5 e. As a demonstration, this is applied to the search for unknown charges of a magnitude much below that of an electron or for exceedingly small unbalances between electron and proton charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Priel
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Emmett Hough
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akio Kawasaki
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Denzal Martin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Gratta
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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13
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Squeezing Light via Levitated Cavity Optomechanics. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Squeezing light is a critical resource in both fundamental physics and precision measurement. Squeezing light has been generated through optical-parametric amplification inside an optical resonator. However, preparing the squeezing light in an optomechanical system is still a challenge for the thermal noise inevitably coupled to the system. We consider an optically levitated nano-particle in a bichromatic cavity, in which two cavity modes could be excited by the scattering photons of the dual tweezers, respectively. Based on the coherent scattering mechanism, the ultra-strong coupling between the cavity field and the torsional motion of nano-particle could be achieved for the current experimental conditions. With the back-action of the optically levitated nano-particle, the broad single-mode squeezing light can be realized in the bad cavity regime. Even at room temperature, the single-mode light can be squeezed for more than 17 dB, which is far beyond the 3 dB limit. The two-mode squeezing light can also be generated, if the optical tweezers contain two frequencies, one is on the red sideband of the cavity mode, the other is on the blue sideband. The two-mode squeezing can be maximized near the boundary of the system stable regime and is sensitive to both the cavity decay rate and the power of the optical tweezers.
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A Miniature Optical Force Dual-Axis Accelerometer Based on Laser Diodes and Small Particles Cavities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111375. [PMID: 34832787 PMCID: PMC8620212 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the optical accelerometer based on the optical trapping force effect has gradually attracted the attention of researchers for its high sensitivity and high measurement accuracy. However, due to its large size and the complexity of optical path adjustment, the optical force accelerometers reported are only suitable for the laboratory environment up to now. In this paper, a miniature optical force dual-axis accelerometer based on the miniature optical system and a particles cavity which is prepared by Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology is proposed. The overall system of the miniature optical levitation including the miniature optical system and MEMS particles cavity is a cylindrical structure with a diameter of about 10 mm and a height of 33 mm (Φ 10 mm × 33 mm). Moreover, the size of this accelerometer is 200 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm. Due to the selected light source being a laser diode light source with elliptical distribution, it is sensitive to the external acceleration in both the long axis and the short axis. This accelerometer achieves a measurement range of ±0.17 g-±0.26 g and measurement resolution of 0.49 mg and 1.88 mg. The result shows that the short-term zero-bias stability of the two orthogonal axes of the optical force accelerometer is 4.4 mg and 9.2 mg, respectively. The main conclusion that can be drawn is that this optical force accelerometer could provide an effective solution for measuring acceleration with an optical force effect for compact engineering devices.
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15
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Li W, Zhang H, Hu M, Zhu Q, Su H, Li N, Hu H. 3D calibration of microsphere position in optical tweezers using the back-focal-plane interferometry method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:32271-32284. [PMID: 34615302 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method to directly calibrate the position of a trapped micro-sphere in optical tweezers utilizing its interference pattern formed at the back focal plane (BFP). Through finite difference time domain (FDTD) and scalar diffraction theorem, the scattering field complex amplitude of the near and far fields can be simulated after interference between the trapped sphere and focus Gaussian beam. The position of the trapped sphere can be recovered and calibrated based on a back focal plane interferometry (BFPI) algorithm. Theoretical results demonstrate that optical tweezers with a larger numerical aperture (NA) Gaussian beam will yield a better detection sensitivity but with a smaller linear range. These results were experimentally validated by trapping a microsphere in a single beam optical tweezer. We used an extra focused laser to manipulate the trapped sphere and then compared its position in the images and that obtained using the BFP method. The interference pattern from simulation and experiments showed good agreement, implying that the calibration factor can be deduced from simulation and requires no intermediate calculation process. These results provide a pathway to obtain the calibration factor, enable a faster and direct measurement of the sphere position, and show possibilities for adjusting the crosstalk and nonlinearity inside an optical trap.
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17
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Perdriat M, Pellet-Mary C, Huillery P, Rondin L, Hétet G. Spin-Mechanics with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers and Trapped Particles. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:651. [PMID: 34206001 PMCID: PMC8227763 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the motion of macroscopic oscillators in the quantum regime has been the subject of intense research in recent decades. In this direction, opto-mechanical systems, where the motion of micro-objects is strongly coupled with laser light radiation pressure, have had tremendous success. In particular, the motion of levitating objects can be manipulated at the quantum level thanks to their very high isolation from the environment under ultra-low vacuum conditions. To enter the quantum regime, schemes using single long-lived atomic spins, such as the electronic spin of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, coupled with levitating mechanical oscillators have been proposed. At the single spin level, they offer the formidable prospect of transferring the spins' inherent quantum nature to the oscillators, with foreseeable far-reaching implications in quantum sensing and tests of quantum mechanics. Adding the spin degrees of freedom to the experimentalists' toolbox would enable access to a very rich playground at the crossroads between condensed matter and atomic physics. We review recent experimental work in the field of spin-mechanics that employ the interaction between trapped particles and electronic spins in the solid state and discuss the challenges ahead. Our focus is on the theoretical background close to the current experiments, as well as on the experimental limits, that, once overcome, will enable these systems to unleash their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Perdriat
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
| | - Clément Pellet-Mary
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
| | - Paul Huillery
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
| | - Loïc Rondin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, Centrale-Supélec, LuMIn, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Gabriel Hétet
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
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18
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Schäfer J, Rudolph H, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Cooling Nanorotors by Elliptic Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:163603. [PMID: 33961470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously cooling the rotational and translational motion of nanoscale dielectrics into the quantum regime is an open task of great importance for sensing applications and quantum superposition tests. Here, we show that the six-dimensional ground state can be reached by coherent-scattering cooling with an elliptically polarized and shaped optical tweezer. We determine the cooling rates and steady-state occupations in a realistic setup and discuss applications for mechanical sensing and fundamental experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schäfer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Henning Rudolph
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Lochan K, Ulbricht H, Vinante A, Goyal SK. Detecting Acceleration-Enhanced Vacuum Fluctuations with Atoms Inside a Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:241301. [PMID: 33412056 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.241301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most prominent theoretical predictions of modern times, e.g., the Unruh effect, Hawking radiation, and gravity-assisted particle creation, are supported by from the fact that various quantum constructs like particle content and vacuum fluctuations of a quantum field are observer-dependent. Despite being fundamental in nature, these predictions have not yet been experimentally verified because one needs extremely strong gravity (or acceleration) to bring them within the existing experimental resolution. In this Letter, we demonstrate that a post-Newtonian rotating atom inside a far-detuned cavity experiences strongly modified quantum fluctuations in the inertial vacuum. As a result, the emission rate of an excited atom gets enhanced significantly along with a shift in the emission spectrum due to the change in the quantum correlation under rotation. We propose an optomechanical setup that is capable of realizing such acceleration-induced particle creation with current technology. This provides a novel and potentially feasible experimental proposal for the direct detection of noninertial quantum field theoretic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjalk Lochan
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Vinante
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR and Fondazione Bruno Kessler, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Sandeep K Goyal
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
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20
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Pedernales JS, Cosco F, Plenio MB. Decoherence-Free Rotational Degrees of Freedom for Quantum Applications. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:090501. [PMID: 32915600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We employ spherical t-designs for the systematic construction of solids whose rotational degrees of freedom can be made robust to decoherence due to external fluctuating fields while simultaneously retaining their sensitivity to signals of interest. Specifically, the ratio of signal phase accumulation rate from a nearby source to the decoherence rate caused by fluctuating fields from more distant sources can be incremented to any desired level by using increasingly complex shapes. This allows for the generation of long-lived macroscopic quantum superpositions of rotational degrees of freedom and the robust generation of entanglement between two or more such solids with applications in robust quantum sensing and precision metrology as well as quantum registers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pedernales
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - F Cosco
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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21
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Ma Y, Khosla KE, Stickler BA, Kim MS. Quantum Persistent Tennis Racket Dynamics of Nanorotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:053604. [PMID: 32794837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.053604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Classical rotations of asymmetric rigid bodies are unstable around the axis of intermediate moment of inertia, causing a flipping of rotor orientation. This effect, known as the tennis racket effect, quickly averages to zero in classical ensembles since the flipping period varies significantly upon approaching the separatrix. Here, we explore the quantum rotations of rapidly spinning thermal asymmetric nanorotors and show that classically forbidden tunneling gives rise to persistent tennis racket dynamics, in stark contrast to the classical expectation. We characterize this effect, demonstrating that quantum coherent flipping dynamics can persist even in the regime where millions of angular momentum states are occupied. This persistent flipping offers a promising route for observing and exploiting quantum effects in rotational degrees of freedom for molecules and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran E Khosla
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - M S Kim
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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22
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Arita Y, Simpson SH, Zemánek P, Dholakia K. Coherent oscillations of a levitated birefringent microsphere in vacuum driven by nonconservative rotation-translation coupling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz9858. [PMID: 32537499 PMCID: PMC7269642 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an effect whereby stochastic, thermal fluctuations combine with nonconservative optical forces to break detailed balance and produce increasingly coherent, apparently deterministic motion for a vacuum-trapped particle. The particle is birefringent and held in a linearly polarized Gaussian optical trap. It undergoes oscillations that grow rapidly in amplitude as the air pressure is reduced, seemingly in contradiction to the equipartition of energy. This behavior is reproduced in direct simulations and captured in a simplified analytical model, showing that the underlying mechanism involves nonsymmetric coupling between rotational and translational degrees of freedom. When parametrically driven, these self-sustained oscillators exhibit an ultranarrow linewidth of 2.2 μHz and an ultrahigh mechanical quality factor in excess of 2 × 108 at room temperature. Last, nonequilibrium motion is seen to be a generic feature of optical vacuum traps, arising for any system with symmetry lower than that of a perfect isotropic microsphere in a Gaussian trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Arita
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
- Molecular Chirality Research Centre, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-0022, Japan
- Corresponding author. (Y.A.); (S.H.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Stephen H. Simpson
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Science, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author. (Y.A.); (S.H.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Science, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-0022, Japan
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0094, USA
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Corresponding author. (Y.A.); (S.H.S.); (K.D.)
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23
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Canós Valero A, Kislov D, Gurvitz EA, Shamkhi HK, Pavlov AA, Redka D, Yankin S, Zemánek P, Shalin AS. Nanovortex-Driven All-Dielectric Optical Diffusion Boosting and Sorting Concept for Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903049. [PMID: 32537397 PMCID: PMC7284221 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing field of microfluidics requires precise and flexible control over fluid flows at reduced scales. Current constraints demand a variety of controllable components to carry out several operations inside microchambers and microreactors. In this context, brand-new nanophotonic approaches can significantly enhance existing capabilities providing unique functionalities via finely tuned light-matter interactions. A concept is proposed, featuring dual on-chip functionality: boosted optically driven diffusion and nanoparticle sorting. High-index dielectric nanoantennae is specially designed to ensure strongly enhanced spin-orbit angular momentum transfer from a laser beam to the scattered field. Hence, subwavelength optical nanovortices emerge driving spiral motion of plasmonic nanoparticles via the interplay between curl-spin optical forces and radiation pressure. The nanovortex size is an order of magnitude smaller than that provided by conventional beam-based approaches. The nanoparticles mediate nanoconfined fluid motion enabling moving-part-free nanomixing inside a microchamber. Moreover, exploiting the nontrivial size dependence of the curled optical forces makes it possible to achieve precise nanoscale sorting of gold nanoparticles, demanded for on-chip separation and filtering. Altogether, a versatile platform is introduced for further miniaturization of moving-part-free, optically driven microfluidic chips for fast chemical analysis, emulsion preparation, or chemical gradient generation with light-controlled navigation of nanoparticles, viruses or biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Kislov
- ITMO UniversityKronverksky prospect 49St. Petersburg197101Russia
| | - Egor A. Gurvitz
- ITMO UniversityKronverksky prospect 49St. Petersburg197101Russia
| | - Hadi K. Shamkhi
- ITMO UniversityKronverksky prospect 49St. Petersburg197101Russia
| | - Alexander A. Pavlov
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INME RAS)Nagatinskaya Street, House 16A, Building 11Moscow119991Russia
| | - Dmitrii Redka
- Electrotechnical University “LETI” (ETU)5 Prof. Popova StreetSaint Petersburg197376Russia
| | - Sergey Yankin
- LLC COMSOLBolshaya Sadovaya St. 10Moscow123001Russia
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Scientific InstrumentsKrálovopolská 147Brno612 64Czech Republic
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24
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Delord T, Huillery P, Nicolas L, Hétet G. Spin-cooling of the motion of a trapped diamond. Nature 2020; 580:56-59. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Xiao K, Pettit RM, Ge W, Nguyen LH, Dadras S, Vamivakas AN, Bhattacharya M. Higher order correlations in a levitated nanoparticle phonon laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4234-4248. [PMID: 32122080 DOI: 10.1364/oe.384417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present theoretical and experimental investigations of higher order correlations of mechanical motion in the recently demonstrated optical tweezer phonon laser, consisting of a silica nanosphere trapped in vacuum by a tightly focused optical beam [R. M. Pettit et al., Nature Photonics 13, 402 (2019)]. The nanoparticle phonon number probability distribution is modeled with the master equation formalism in order to study its evolution across the lasing threshold. Up to fourth-order equal-time correlation functions are then derived from the probability distribution. Subsequently, the master equation is transformed into a nonlinear quantum Langevin equation for the trapped particle's position. This equation yields the non-equal-time correlations, also up to fourth order. Finally, we present experimental measurements of the phononic correlation functions, which are in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. We also compare the experimental data to existing analytical Ginzburg-Landau theory where we find only a partial match.
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26
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Ahn J, Xu Z, Bang J, Ju P, Gao X, Li T. Ultrasensitive torque detection with an optically levitated nanorotor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:89-93. [PMID: 31932762 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Torque sensors such as the torsion balance enabled the first determination of the gravitational constant by Henri Cavendish1 and the discovery of Coulomb's law. Torque sensors are also widely used in studying small-scale magnetism2,3, the Casimir effect4 and other applications5. Great effort has been made to improve the torque detection sensitivity by nanofabrication and cryogenic cooling. Until now, the most sensitive torque sensor has achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 2.9 × 10-24 N m Hz-1/2 at millikelvin temperatures in a dilution refrigerator6. Here, we show a torque sensor reaching sensitivity of (4.2 ± 1.2) × 10-27 N m Hz-1/2 at room temperature. It is created by an optically levitated nanoparticle in vacuum. Our system does not require complex nanofabrication. Moreover, we drive a nanoparticle to rotate at a record high speed beyond 5 GHz (300 billion r.p.m.). Our calculations show that this system will be able to detect the long sought after vacuum friction7-10 near a surface under realistic conditions. The optically levitated nanorotor will also have applications in studying nanoscale magnetism2,3 and the quantum geometric phase11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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27
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Millen J, Monteiro TS, Pettit R, Vamivakas AN. Optomechanics with levitated particles. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:026401. [PMID: 31825901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanics is concerned with the use of light to control mechanical objects. As a field, it has been hugely successful in the production of precise and novel sensors, the development of low-dissipation nanomechanical devices, and the manipulation of quantum signals. Micro- and nano-particles levitated in optical fields act as nanoscale oscillators, making them excellent low-dissipation optomechanical objects, with minimal thermal contact to the environment when operating in vacuum. Levitated optomechanics is seen as the most promising route for studying high-mass quantum physics, with the promise of creating macroscopically separated superposition states at masses of 106 amu and above. Optical feedback, both using active monitoring or the passive interaction with an optical cavity, can be used to cool the centre-of-mass of levitated nanoparticles well below 1 mK, paving the way to operation in the quantum regime. In addition, trapped mesoscopic particles are the paradigmatic system for studying nanoscale stochastic processes, and have already demonstrated their utility in state-of-the-art force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Millen
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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28
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Wood AA, Hollenberg LCL, Scholten RE, Martin AM. Observation of a Quantum Phase from Classical Rotation of a Single Spin. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:020401. [PMID: 32004025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The theory of angular momentum connects physical rotations and quantum spins together at a fundamental level. Physical rotation of a quantum system will therefore affect fundamental quantum operations, such as spin rotations in projective Hilbert space, but these effects are subtle and experimentally challenging to observe due to the fragility of quantum coherence. We report on a measurement of a single-electron-spin phase shift arising directly from physical rotation, without transduction through magnetic fields or ancillary spins. This phase shift is observed by measuring the phase difference between a microwave driving field and a rotating two-level electron spin system, and it can accumulate nonlinearly in time. We detect the nonlinear phase using spin-echo interferometry of a single nitrogen-vacancy qubit in a diamond rotating at 200 000 rpm. Our measurements demonstrate the fundamental connections between spin, physical rotation, and quantum phase, and they will be applicable in schemes where the rotational degree of freedom of a quantum system is not fixed, such as spin-based rotation sensors and trapped nanoparticles containing spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wood
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - L C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Center for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - R E Scholten
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A M Martin
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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29
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Salakhutdinov V, Sondermann M, Carbone L, Giacobino E, Bramati A, Leuchs G. Single Photons Emitted by Nanocrystals Optically Trapped in a Deep Parabolic Mirror. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:013607. [PMID: 31976723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.013607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the emission of single photons from CdSe/CdS dots-in-rod which are optically trapped in the focus of a deep parabolic mirror. Thanks to this mirror, we are able to image almost the full 4π emission pattern of nanometer-sized elementary dipoles and verify the alignment of the rods within the optical trap. From the motional dynamics of the emitters in the trap, we infer that the single-photon emission occurs from clusters comprising several emitters. We demonstrate the optical trapping of rod-shaped quantum emitters in a configuration suitable for efficiently coupling an ensemble of linear dipoles with the electromagnetic field in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod Salakhutdinov
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Physics, Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Physics, Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luigi Carbone
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Giacobino
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL, Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL, Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Physics, Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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30
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Liu Z, Leong J, Nimmrichter S, Scarani V. Quantum gears from planar rotors. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:042202. [PMID: 31108702 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.042202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of interacting quantum planar rotors as the building blocks of gear trains and nanomachinery operating in the quantum regime. Contrary to a classical hard-gear scenario of rigidly interlocked teeth, we consider the coherent contactless coupling through a finite interlocking potential, and we study the transmission of motion from one externally driven gear to the next as a function of the coupling parameters and gear profile. The transmission is assessed in terms of transferred angular momentum and transferred mechanical work. We highlight the quantum features of the model such as quantum state revivals in the interlocked rotation and interference-enhanced transmission, which could be observed in prospective rotational optomechanics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Joshua Leong
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Stefan Nimmrichter
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Valerio Scarani
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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31
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Chen XY, Li T, Yin ZQ. Nonadiabatic dynamics and geometric phase of an ultrafast rotating electron spin. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:380-384. [PMID: 36659728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The spin in a rotating frame has attracted a lot of attentions recently, as it deeply relates to both fundamental physics such as pseudo-magnetic field and geometric phase, and applications such as gyroscopic sensors. However, previous studies only focused on adiabatic limit, where the rotating frequency is much smaller than the spin frequency. Here we propose to use a levitated nano-diamond with a built-in nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center to study the dynamics and the geometric phase of a rotating electron spin without adiabatic approximation. We find that the transition between the spin levels appears when the rotating frequency is comparable to the spin frequency at zero magnetic field. Then we use Floquet theory to numerically solve the spin energy spectrum, study the spin dynamics and calculate the geometric phase under a finite magnetic field, where the rotating frequency to induce resonant transition could be greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yan Chen
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching 85748, Germany; Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80799, Germany
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Zhang-Qi Yin
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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32
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Rashid M, Toroš M, Setter A, Ulbricht H. Precession Motion in Levitated Optomechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:253601. [PMID: 30608788 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.253601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate experimentally the dynamics of a nonspherical levitated nanoparticle in a vacuum. In addition to translation and rotation motion, we observe the light torque-induced precession and nutation of the trapped particle. We provide a theoretical model, which we numerically simulate and from which we derive approximate expressions for the motional frequencies. Both the simulation and approximate expressions we find in good agreement with experiments. We measure a torque of 1.9±0.5×10^{-23} N m at 1×10^{-1} mbar, with an estimated torque sensitivity of 3.6±1.1×10^{-31} N m/sqrt[Hz] at 1×10^{-7} mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Rashid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Toroš
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Setter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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33
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Šiler M, Ornigotti L, Brzobohatý O, Jákl P, Ryabov A, Holubec V, Zemánek P, Filip R. Diffusing up the Hill: Dynamics and Equipartition in Highly Unstable Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:230601. [PMID: 30576167 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.230601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stochastic motion of particles in a highly unstable potential generates a number of diverging trajectories leading to undefined statistical moments of the particle position. This makes experiments challenging and breaks down a standard statistical analysis of unstable mechanical processes and their applications. A newly proposed approach takes advantage of the local characteristics of the most probable particle motion instead of the divergent averages. We experimentally verify its theoretical predictions for a Brownian particle moving near an inflection in a highly unstable cubic optical potential. The most likely position of the particle atypically shifts against the force, despite the trajectories diverging in the opposite direction. The local uncertainty around the most likely position saturates even for strong diffusion and enables well-resolved position detection. Remarkably, the measured particle distribution quickly converges to a quasistationary one with the same atypical shift for different initial particle positions. The demonstrated experimental confirmation of the theoretical predictions approves the utility of local characteristics for highly unstable systems which can be exploited in thermodynamic processes to uncover energetics of unstable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šiler
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Ornigotti
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Oto Brzobohatý
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jákl
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Artem Ryabov
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Holubec
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Filip
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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34
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Chen XY, Yin ZQ. High-precision gravimeter based on a nano-mechanical resonator hybrid with an electron spin. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:31577-31588. [PMID: 30650741 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We show that the gravitational acceleration can be measured with the matter-wave Ramsey interferometry, by using a nitrogen-vacancy center coupled to a nano-mechanical resonator. We propose two experimental methods to realize the similar Hamiltonian, by using either a cantilever resonator or a trapped nanoparticle. The scheme is robust against the thermal noise, and could be realized at the temperature much higher than the quantum regime. The effects of decoherence on the interferometry fringe visibility is calculated, considering both the mechanical motional decay and dephasing of the nitrogen-vacancy center. In addition, we demonstrate that under the various sources of random and systematic noises, our gravimeter can be made on-chip and achieve a high measurement of precision. Under experimental feasible parameters, the proposed gravimeter could achieve 10-10 relative precision.
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35
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Observation of the linewidth broadening of single spins in diamond nanoparticles in aqueous fluid and its relation to the rotational Brownian motion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14773. [PMID: 30283007 PMCID: PMC6170451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Capturing the fast rotational motion of single nanoparticles has been hindered owing to the difficulty of acquiring directional information under the optical diffraction limit. Here, we report the linewidth broadening of the electron spin resonance of single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers that matches the rotational diffusion constant of the host nanodiamonds. When nanodiamonds are gradually detached from the substrates that they were fixed to, their optically detected spin resonance peaks are broadened by 1.8 MHz, which corresponds to the rotational diffusion constant of nanoparticles with a diameter of 11.4 nm from the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation.
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36
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Stickler BA, Schrinski B, Hornberger K. Rotational Friction and Diffusion of Quantum Rotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:040401. [PMID: 30095961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the Markovian quantum master equation describing rotational decoherence, friction, diffusion, and thermalization of planar, linear, and asymmetric rotors in contact with a thermal environment. It describes how an arbitrary initial rotation state decoheres and evolves toward a Gibbs-like thermal ensemble, as we illustrate numerically for the linear and the planar top, and it yields the expected rotational Fokker-Planck equation of Brownian motion in the semiclassical limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Stickler
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Björn Schrinski
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
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37
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Reimann R, Doderer M, Hebestreit E, Diehl R, Frimmer M, Windey D, Tebbenjohanns F, Novotny L. GHz Rotation of an Optically Trapped Nanoparticle in Vacuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:033602. [PMID: 30085794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on rotating an optically trapped silica nanoparticle in vacuum by transferring spin angular momentum of light to the particle's mechanical angular momentum. At sufficiently low damping, realized at pressures below 10^{-5} mbar, we observe rotation frequencies of single 100 nm particles exceeding 1 GHz. We find that the steady-state rotation frequency scales linearly with the optical trapping power and inversely with pressure, consistent with theoretical considerations based on conservation of angular momentum. Rapidly changing the polarization of the trapping light allows us to extract the pressure-dependent response time of the particle's rotational degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rozenn Diehl
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Windey
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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38
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Ahn J, Xu Z, Bang J, Deng YH, Hoang TM, Han Q, Ma RM, Li T. Optically Levitated Nanodumbbell Torsion Balance and GHz Nanomechanical Rotor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:033603. [PMID: 30085795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.033603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Levitated optomechanics has great potential in precision measurements, thermodynamics, macroscopic quantum mechanics, and quantum sensing. Here we synthesize and optically levitate silica nanodumbbells in high vacuum. With a linearly polarized laser, we observe the torsional vibration of an optically levitated nanodumbbell. This levitated nanodumbbell torsion balance is a novel analog of the Cavendish torsion balance, and provides rare opportunities to observe the Casimir torque and probe the quantum nature of gravity as proposed recently. With a circularly polarized laser, we drive a 170-nm-diameter nanodumbbell to rotate beyond 1 GHz, which is the fastest nanomechanical rotor realized to date. Smaller silica nanodumbbells can sustain higher rotation frequencies. Such ultrafast rotation may be used to study material properties and probe vacuum friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Deng
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Thai M Hoang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Qinkai Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ren-Min Ma
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tongcang Li
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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39
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Martinetz L, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Gas-induced friction and diffusion of rigid rotors. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:052112. [PMID: 29906937 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.052112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We derive the Boltzmann equation for the rotranslational dynamics of an arbitrary convex rigid body in a rarefied gas. It yields as a limiting case the Fokker-Planck equation accounting for friction, diffusion, and nonconservative drift forces and torques. We provide the rotranslational friction and diffusion tensors for specular and diffuse reflection off particles with spherical, cylindrical, and cuboidal shape, and show that the theory describes thermalization, photophoresis, and the inverse Magnus effect in the free molecular regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Martinetz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
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40
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Wood AA, Lilette E, Fein YY, Tomek N, McGuinness LP, Hollenberg LCL, Scholten RE, Martin AM. Quantum measurement of a rapidly rotating spin qubit in diamond. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar7691. [PMID: 29736417 PMCID: PMC5935472 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A controlled qubit in a rotating frame opens new opportunities to probe fundamental quantum physics, such as geometric phases in physically rotating frames, and can potentially enhance detection of magnetic fields. Realizing a single qubit that can be measured and controlled during physical rotation is experimentally challenging. We demonstrate quantum control of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center within a diamond rotated at 200,000 rpm, a rotational period comparable to the NV spin coherence time T2. We stroboscopically image individual NV centers that execute rapid circular motion in addition to rotation and demonstrate preparation, control, and readout of the qubit quantum state with lasers and microwaves. Using spin-echo interferometry of the rotating qubit, we are able to detect modulation of the NV Zeeman shift arising from the rotating NV axis and an external DC magnetic field. Our work establishes single NV qubits in diamond as quantum sensors in the physically rotating frame and paves the way for the realization of single-qubit diamond-based rotation sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Wood
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Lilette
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yaakov Y. Fein
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nikolas Tomek
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andy M. Martin
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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41
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Bose S, Mazumdar A, Morley GW, Ulbricht H, Toroš M, Paternostro M, Geraci AA, Barker PF, Kim MS, Milburn G. Spin Entanglement Witness for Quantum Gravity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:240401. [PMID: 29286711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.240401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding gravity in the framework of quantum mechanics is one of the great challenges in modern physics. However, the lack of empirical evidence has lead to a debate on whether gravity is a quantum entity. Despite varied proposed probes for quantum gravity, it is fair to say that there are no feasible ideas yet to test its quantum coherent behavior directly in a laboratory experiment. Here, we introduce an idea for such a test based on the principle that two objects cannot be entangled without a quantum mediator. We show that despite the weakness of gravity, the phase evolution induced by the gravitational interaction of two micron size test masses in adjacent matter-wave interferometers can detectably entangle them even when they are placed far apart enough to keep Casimir-Polder forces at bay. We provide a prescription for witnessing this entanglement, which certifies gravity as a quantum coherent mediator, through simple spin correlation measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Anupam Mazumdar
- Van Swinderen Institute University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin W Morley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Toroš
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Paternostro
- CTAMOP, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Geraci
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557 Nevada, USA
| | - Peter F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - M S Kim
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Milburn
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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42
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Abstract
Nanomechanical devices have attracted the interest of a growing interdisciplinary research community, since they can be used as highly sensitive transducers for various physical quantities. Exquisite control over these systems facilitates experiments on the foundations of physics. Here, we demonstrate that an optically trapped silicon nanorod, set into rotation at MHz frequencies, can be locked to an external clock, transducing the properties of the time standard to the rod’s motion with a remarkable frequency stability fr/Δfr of 7.7 × 1011. While the dynamics of this periodically driven rotor generally can be chaotic, we derive and verify that stable limit cycles exist over a surprisingly wide parameter range. This robustness should enable, in principle, measurements of external torques with sensitivities better than 0.25 zNm, even at room temperature. We show that in a dilute gas, real-time phase measurements on the locked nanorod transduce pressure values with a sensitivity of 0.3%. Nanomechanical sensors that rely on intrinsic resonance frequencies usually present a tradeoff between sensitivity and bandwidth. In this work, the authors realise an optically driven nanorotor featuring high frequency stability and tunability over a large frequency range.
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43
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Kim PH, Hauer BD, Clark TJ, Fani Sani F, Freeman MR, Davis JP. Magnetic actuation and feedback cooling of a cavity optomechanical torque sensor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 29116095 PMCID: PMC5677085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, such as measurement and control of mechanical motion at the quantum level. Yet many compelling applications of optomechanics—such as microwave-to-telecom wavelength conversion, quantum memories, materials studies, and sensing applications—require hybrid devices, where the optomechanical system is coupled to a separate, typically condensed matter, system. Here, we demonstrate such a hybrid optomechanical system, in which a mesoscopic ferromagnetic needle is integrated with an optomechanical torsional resonator. Using this system we quantitatively extract the magnetization of the needle, not known a priori, demonstrating the potential of this system for studies of nanomagnetism. Furthermore, we show that we can magnetically dampen its torsional mode from room-temperature to 11.6 K—improving its mechanical response time without sacrificing torque sensitivity. Future extensions will enable studies of high-frequency spin dynamics and broadband wavelength conversion via torque mixing. Although optomechanics enables precision metrology, measurements beyond mechanical properties often require hybrid devices. Here, Kim et al. demonstrate that a ferromagnetic needle integrated with a torsional resonator can determine the magnetic properties and amplify or cool the resonator motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - B D Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - T J Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - F Fani Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - M R Freeman
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9.
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44
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya M. Magnetometry via spin-mechanical coupling in levitated optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:19568-19582. [PMID: 29041150 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.019568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyze magnetometry using an optically levitated nanodiamond. We consider a configuration where a magnetic field gradient couples the mechanical oscillation of the diamond with its spin degree of freedom provided by a nitrogen vacancy center. First, we investigate the measurement of the position spectrum of the mechanical oscillator. We find that conditions of ultrahigh vacuum and feedback cooling allow a magnetic field gradient sensitivity of 1μTm-1/Hz. At high pressure and room temperature, this sensitivity degrades and can attain a value of the order of 100mTm-1/Hz. Subsequently, we characterize the magnetic field gradient sensitivity obtainable by maneuvering the spin degrees of freedom using Ramsey interferometry. We find that this technique can offer photon-shot noise and spin-projection noise limited magnetic field gradient sensitivity of 100μTm-1/Hz. We conclude that this hybrid levitated nanomechanical magnetometer provides a favorable and versatile platform for sensing applications.
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45
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Roulet A, Nimmrichter S, Arrazola JM, Seah S, Scarani V. Autonomous rotor heat engine. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:062131. [PMID: 28709328 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.062131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The triumph of heat engines is their ability to convert the disordered energy of thermal sources into useful mechanical motion. In recent years, much effort has been devoted to generalizing thermodynamic notions to the quantum regime, partly motivated by the promise of surpassing classical heat engines. Here, we instead adopt a bottom-up approach: we propose a realistic autonomous heat engine that can serve as a test bed for quantum effects in the context of thermodynamics. Our model draws inspiration from actual piston engines and is built from closed-system Hamiltonians and weak bath coupling terms. We analytically derive the performance of the engine in the classical regime via a set of nonlinear Langevin equations. In the quantum case, we perform numerical simulations of the master equation. Finally, we perform a dynamic and thermodynamic analysis of the engine's behavior for several parameter regimes in both the classical and quantum case and find that the latter exhibits a consistently lower efficiency due to additional noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Roulet
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Stefan Nimmrichter
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Juan Miguel Arrazola
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Stella Seah
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Valerio Scarani
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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46
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Chen H, Ruckenstein E. Tunable Primary and Secondary Encapsulation of a Charged Nonspherical Nanoparticle: Insights from Brownian Dynamics Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houyang Chen
- Department of Chemical
and
Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-4200, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical
and
Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-4200, United States
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47
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Hoang TM, Ahn J, Bang J, Li T. Electron spin control of optically levitated nanodiamonds in vacuum. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12250. [PMID: 27432560 PMCID: PMC4960308 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron spins of diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres are important quantum resources for nanoscale sensing and quantum information. Combining NV spins with levitated optomechanical resonators will provide a hybrid quantum system for novel applications. Here we optically levitate a nanodiamond and demonstrate electron spin control of its built-in NV centres in low vacuum. We observe that the strength of electron spin resonance (ESR) is enhanced when the air pressure is reduced. To better understand this system, we investigate the effects of trap power and measure the absolute internal temperature of levitated nanodiamonds with ESR after calibration of the strain effect. We also observe that oxygen and helium gases have different effects on both the photoluminescence and the ESR contrast of nanodiamond NV centres, indicating potential applications of NV centres in oxygen gas sensing. Our results pave the way towards a levitated spin–optomechanical system for studying macroscopic quantum mechanics. Hybrid systems coupling electron spins and optomechanical responses are of potential use in quantum information systems and sensing technology. Here, the authors demonstrate optical levitation of nanodiamonds and the control of their nitrogen vacancy spins in vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai M Hoang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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