1
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Kékicheff P, Heinrich B, Hemmerle A, Fontaine P, Lambour C, Beyer N, Favier D, Egele A, Emelyanenko KA, Modin E, Emelyanenko AM, Boinovich LB. Condensation or Desublimation: Nanolevel Structural Look on Two Frost Formation Pathways on Surfaces with Different Wettabilities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15067-15083. [PMID: 38804165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Processes of water condensation and desublimation on solid surfaces are ubiquitous in nature and essential for various industrial applications, which are crucial for their performance. Despite their significance, these processes are not well understood due to the lack of methods that can provide insight at the nanolevel into the very first stages of phase transitions. Taking advantage of synchrotron grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), two pathways of the frosting process from supersaturated vapors were studied in real time for substrates with different wettabilities ranging from highly hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. Within GIWAXS, a fully quantitative structural and orientational characterization of the undergoing phase transition reveals the information on degree of crystallinity of the new phase and determines the ordering at the surfaces and inside the films at the initial stages of water/ice nucleation from vapor onto the substrates. The diversity of frosting scenarios, including direct desublimation from the vapor and two-stage condensation-freezing processes, was observed by both GIWAXS and ESEM for different combinations of substrate wettability and vapor supersaturations. The classical nucleation theory straightforwardly predicts the pathway of the phase transition for hydrophobic and superhydrophobic substrates. The case of hydrophilic substrates is more intricate because the barriers in Gibbs free energy for nucleating both liquid and solid embryos are close to each other and comparable to thermal energy kBT. At that end, classical nucleation theory allows concluding a relation between contact angles for ice and water embryos on the basis of the observed frosting pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kékicheff
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin 91190, France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UMR7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Arnaud Hemmerle
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin 91190, France
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin 91190, France
| | - Christophe Lambour
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Nicolas Beyer
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UMR7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Damien Favier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Antoine Egele
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Kirill A Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC Nanogune BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Alexandre M Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Ludmila B Boinovich
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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2
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Chu F, Li S, Zhao C, Feng Y, Lin Y, Wu X, Yan X, Miljkovic N. Interfacial ice sprouting during salty water droplet freezing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2249. [PMID: 38480695 PMCID: PMC10937636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Icing of seawater droplets is capable of causing catastrophic damage to vessels, buildings, and human life, yet it also holds great potential for enhancing applications such as droplet-based freeze desalination and anti-icing of sea sprays. While large-scale sea ice growth has been investigated for decades, the icing features of small salty droplets remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that salty droplet icing is governed by salt rejection-accompanied ice crystal growth, resulting in freezing dynamics different from pure water. Aided by the observation of brine films emerging on top of frozen salty droplets, we propose a universal definition of freezing duration to quantify the icing rate of droplets having varying salt concentrations. Furthermore, we show that the morphology of frozen salty droplets is governed by ice crystals that sprout from the bottom of the brine film. These crystals grow until they pierce the free interface, which we term ice sprouting. We reveal that ice sprouting is controlled by condensation at the brine film free interface, a mechanism validated through molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings shed light on the distinct physics that govern salty droplet icing, knowledge that is essential for the development of related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Chu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Canjun Zhao
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanhui Feng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yukai Lin
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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3
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Yan X, Au SCY, Chan SC, Chan YL, Leung NC, Wu WY, Sin DT, Zhao G, Chung CHY, Mei M, Yang Y, Qiu H, Yao S. Unraveling the role of vaporization momentum in self-jumping dynamics of freezing supercooled droplets at reduced pressures. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1567. [PMID: 38378825 PMCID: PMC10879204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Supercooling of water complicates phase change dynamics, the understanding of which remains limited yet vital to energy-related and aerospace processes. Here, we investigate the freezing and jumping dynamics of supercooled water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces, induced by a remarkable vaporization momentum, in a low-pressure environment. The vaporization momentum arises from the vaporization at droplet's free surface, progressed and intensified by recalescence, subsequently inducing droplet compression and finally self-jumping. By incorporating liquid-gas-solid phase changes involving vaporization, freezing recalescence, and liquid-solid interactions, we resolve the vaporization momentum and droplet dynamics, revealing a size-scaled jumping velocity and a nucleation-governed jumping direction. A droplet-size-defined regime map is established, distinguishing the vaporization-momentum-dominated self-jumping from evaporative drying and overpressure-initiated levitation, all induced by depressurization and vaporization. Our findings illuminate the role of supercooling and low-pressure mediated phase change in shaping fluid transport dynamics, with implications for passive anti-icing, advanced cooling, and climate physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Samuel C Y Au
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sui Cheong Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Lung Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ngai Chun Leung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wa Yat Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dixon T Sin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guanlei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Casper H Y Chung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mei Mei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinchuang Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huihe Qiu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhuai Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Boinovich LB, Emelyanenko AM. Recent progress in understanding the anti-icing behavior of materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 323:103057. [PMID: 38061218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in fundamental research in the physics of atmospheric icing or the revolutionary changes in modern materials and coatings achieved due to the recent development of nanotechnology and synthetic chemistry, the problem of reliable protection against atmospheric icing remains a hot topic of surface science. In this paper, we present a brief analysis of the mechanisms of anti-icing behavior that attracted the greatest interest of the scientific community and approaches which realize these mechanisms. We also note the strengths and weaknesses of such approaches and discuss future studies and prospects for the practical application of developed coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila B Boinovich
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 31 bldg. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexandre M Emelyanenko
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 31 bldg. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Rodrigues M, Matsarskaia O, Rego P, Geraldes V, Connor LE, Oswald IDH, Sztucki M, Shalaev E. Freeze-Induced Phase Transition and Local Pressure in a Phospholipid/Water System: Novel Insights Were Obtained from a Time/Temperature Resolved Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5790-5799. [PMID: 37889088 PMCID: PMC10630958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Water-to-ice transformation results in a 10% increase in volume, which can have a significant impact on biopharmaceuticals during freeze-thaw cycles due to the mechanical stresses imparted by the growing ice crystals. Whether these stresses would contribute to the destabilization of biopharmaceuticals depends on both the magnitude of the stress and sensitivity of a particular system to pressure and sheer stresses. To address the gap of the "magnitude" question, a phospholipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), is evaluated as a probe to detect and quantify the freeze-induced pressure. DPPC can form several phases under elevated pressure, and therefore, the detection of a high-pressure DPPC phase during freezing would be indicative of a freeze-induced pressure increase. In this study, the phase behavior of DPPC/water suspensions, which also contain the ice nucleation agent silver iodide, is monitored by synchrotron small/wide-angle X-ray scattering during the freeze-thaw transition. Cooling the suspensions leads to heterogeneous ice nucleation at approximately -7 °C, followed by a phase transition of DPPC between -11 and -40 °C. In this temperature range, the initial gel phase of DPPC, Lβ', gradually converts to a second phase, tentatively identified as a high-pressure Gel III phase. The Lβ'-to-Gel III phase transition continues during an isothermal hold at -40 °C; a second (homogeneous) ice nucleation event of water confined in the interlamellar space is detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at the same temperature. The extent of the phase transition depends on the DPPC concentration, with a lower DPPC concentration (and therefore a higher ice fraction), resulting in a higher degree of Lβ'-to-Gel III conversion. By comparing the data from this study with the literature data on the pressure/temperature Lβ'/Gel III phase boundary and the lamellar lattice constant of the Lβ' phase, the freeze-induced pressure is estimated to be approximately 0.2-2.6 kbar. The study introduces DPPC as a probe to detect a pressure increase during freezing, therefore addressing the gap between a theoretical possibility of protein destabilization by freeze-induced pressure and the current lack of methods to detect freeze-induced pressure. In addition, the observation of a freeze-induced phase transition in a phospholipid can improve the mechanistic understanding of factors that could disrupt the structure of lipid-based biopharmaceuticals, such as liposomes and mRNA vaccines, during freezing and thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel
A. Rodrigues
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut
Laue−Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Pedro Rego
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Vitor Geraldes
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Lauren E. Connor
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
- Collaborative
International Research Programme, University
of Strathclyde and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Technology
Innovation Centre, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Iain D. H. Oswald
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex 9 38043, France
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Abbvie Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
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6
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Kalita A, Mrozek-McCourt M, Kaldawi TF, Willmott PR, Loh ND, Marte S, Sierra RG, Laksmono H, Koglin JE, Hayes MJ, Paul RH, Guillet SAH, Aquila AL, Liang M, Boutet S, Stan CA. Microstructure and crystal order during freezing of supercooled water drops. Nature 2023; 620:557-561. [PMID: 37587300 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Supercooled water droplets are widely used to study supercooled water1,2, ice nucleation3-5 and droplet freezing6-11. Their freezing in the atmosphere affects the dynamics and climate feedback of clouds12,13 and can accelerate cloud freezing through secondary ice production14-17. Droplet freezing occurs at several timescales and length scales14,18 and is sufficiently stochastic to make it unlikely that two frozen drops are identical. Here we use optical microscopy and X-ray laser diffraction to investigate the freezing of tens of thousands of water microdrops in vacuum after homogeneous ice nucleation around 234-235 K. On the basis of drop images, we developed a seven-stage model of freezing and used it to time the diffraction data. Diffraction from ice crystals showed that long-range crystalline order formed in less than 1 ms after freezing, whereas diffraction from the remaining liquid became similar to that from quasi-liquid layers on premelted ice19,20. The ice had a strained hexagonal crystal structure just after freezing, which is an early metastable state that probably precedes the formation of ice with stacking defects8,9,18. The techniques reported here could help determine the dynamics of freezing in other conditions, such as drop freezing in clouds, or help understand rapid solidification in other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kalita
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maximillian Mrozek-McCourt
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Thomas F Kaldawi
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Philip R Willmott
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - N Duane Loh
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Marte
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Hartawan Laksmono
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- KLA-Tencor, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Matt J Hayes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Paul
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Serge A H Guillet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L Aquila
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Claudiu A Stan
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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7
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Minin OV, Minin IV, Cao Y. Time domain self-bending photonic hook beam based on freezing water droplet. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7732. [PMID: 37173395 PMCID: PMC10182040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunable optical devices are of great interest as they offer adjustability to their functions. Temporal optics is a fast-evolving field, which may be useful both for revolutionizing basic research of time-dependent phenomena and for developing full optical devices. With increasing focus on ecological compatibility, bio-friendly alternatives are a key subject matter. Water in its various forms can open up new physical phenomena and unique applications in photonics and modern electronics. Water droplets freezing on cold surfaces are ubiquitous in nature. We propose and demonstrate the effectual generation of time domain self-bending photonic hook (time-PH) beams by using mesoscale freezing water droplet. The PH light bends near the shadow surface of the droplet into large curvature and angles superior to a conventional Airy beam. The key properties of the time-PH (length, curvature, beam waist) can be modified flexibly by changing the positions and curvature of the water-ice interface inside the droplet. Due to the modifying internal structure of freezing water droplets in real time, we showcase the dynamical curvature and trajectory control of the time-PH beams. Compared with the traditional methods, our phase-change- based materials (water and ice) of the mesoscale droplet have advantages of easy fabrication, natural materials, compact structure and low cost. Such PHs may have applications in many fields, including temporal optics and optical switching, microscopy, sensors, materials processing, nonlinear optics, biomedicine, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Minin
- Nondestructive Testing School, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - Igor V Minin
- Nondestructive Testing School, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russia, 634050.
| | - Yinghui Cao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
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8
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Lambley H, Graeber G, Vogt R, Gaugler LC, Baumann E, Schutzius TM, Poulikakos D. Freezing-induced wetting transitions on superhydrophobic surfaces. NATURE PHYSICS 2023; 19:649-655. [PMID: 37205127 PMCID: PMC10185467 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-01946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Supercooled droplet freezing on surfaces occurs frequently in nature and industry, often adversely affecting the efficiency and reliability of technological processes. The ability of superhydrophobic surfaces to rapidly shed water and reduce ice adhesion make them promising candidates for resistance to icing. However, the effect of supercooled droplet freezing-with its inherent rapid local heating and explosive vaporization-on the evolution of droplet-substrate interactions, and the resulting implications for the design of icephobic surfaces, are little explored. Here we investigate the freezing of supercooled droplets resting on engineered textured surfaces. On the basis of investigations in which freezing is induced by evacuation of the atmosphere, we determine the surface properties required to promote ice self-expulsion and, simultaneously, identify two mechanisms through which repellency falters. We elucidate these outcomes by balancing (anti-)wetting surface forces with those triggered by recalescent freezing phenomena and demonstrate rationally designed textures to promote ice expulsion. Finally, we consider the complementary case of freezing at atmospheric pressure and subzero temperature, where we observe bottom-up ice suffusion within the surface texture. We then assemble a rational framework for the phenomenology of ice adhesion of supercooled droplets throughout freezing, informing ice-repellent surface design across the phase diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lambley
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Graeber
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Vogt
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leon C. Gaugler
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enea Baumann
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Schutzius
- Laboratory for Multiphase Thermofluidics and Surface Nanoengineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Deng Q, Wang H, Zhou X, Xie Z, Tian Y, Zhu X, Chen R, Ding Y, Liao Q. Microstructure Enhances the Local Electric Field and Promotes Water Freezing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhenting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yudong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of energy and power engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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10
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Huang W, Huang J, Guo Z, Liu W. Icephobic/anti-icing properties of superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102658. [PMID: 35381422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the winter, icing on solid surfaces is a typical occurrence that may create a slew of hassles and even tragedies. Anti-icing surfaces are one of the effective solutions for this kind of problem. The roughness of a superhydrophobic surface traps air and weakens the contact between the solid surface and liquid water, allowing water droplets to be removed before freezing. At present, the conventional anti-icing methods including mechanical or thermal technology are not only surface structure unfriendly but also have the obsessions of low efficiency, high energy consumption and high manufacturing costs. Hence, developing a way to remove ice by just modifying the surface shape or chemical composition with a low surface energy is extremely desirable. Numerous attempts have been made to investigate the evolution of ice nucleation and icing on superhydrophobic surfaces under the direction of the ice nucleation hypothesis. In this paper, the research progress of ice nucleation in recent years is reviewed from theoretical and application. The icephobic surfaces are described using the wettability and classical nucleation theories. The benefits and drawbacks of anti-icing superhydrophobic surface are summarized, as well as deicing methods. Finally, several applications of ice phobic materials are illustrated, and some problems and challenges in the research field are discussed. We believed that this review will be useful in guiding future water freezing initiatives.
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11
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Kämäräinen T, Kadota K, Tse JY, Uchiyama H, Yamanaka S, Tozuka Y. Modulating the Pore Architecture of Ice-Templated Dextran Microparticles Using Molecular Weight and Concentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6741-6751. [PMID: 35579967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spray freeze drying (SFD) is an ice templating method used to produce highly porous particles with complex pore architectures governed by ice nucleation and growth. SFD particles have been advanced as drug carrier systems, but the quantitative description of the morphology formation in the SFD process is still challenging. Here, the pore space dimensions of SFD particles prepared from aqueous dextran solutions of varying molecular weights (40-200 kDa) and concentrations (5-20%) are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Coexisting morphologies composed of cellular and dendritic motifs are obtained, which are attributed to variations in the ice growth mechanism determined by the SFD system and modulation of these mechanisms by given precursor solution properties leading to changes in their pore dimensions. Particles with low-aspect ratio cellular pores showing variation of around 0.5-1 μm in diameter with precursor composition but roughly constant with particle diameter are ascribed to a rapid growth regime with high nucleation site density. Image analysis suggests that the pore volume decreases with dextran solid content. Dendritic pores (≈2-20 μm in diameter) with often a central cellular region are identified with surface nucleation and growth followed by a slower growth regime, leading to the overall dendrite surface area scaling approximately linearly with the particle diameter. The dendrite lamellar spacing depends on the concentration according to an inverse power law but is not significantly influenced by molecular weight. Particles with highly elongated cellular pores without lamellar formation show intermediate pore dimensions between the above two limiting morphological types. Analysis of variance and post hoc tests indicate that dextran concentration is the most significant factor in affecting the pore dimensions. The SFD dextran particles herein described could find use in pulmonary drug delivery due to their high porosity and biocompatibility of the matrix material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Kämäräinen
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Jun Yee Tse
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Division of Applied Sciences, Muroran Institute of Technology, Mizumoto-cho 27-1, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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12
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Heterogeneous Ice Growth in Micron-Sized Water Droplets Due to Spontaneous Freezing. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how ice nucleates and grows into larger crystals is of crucial importance for many research fields. The purpose of this study was to shed light on the phase and structure of ice once a nucleus is formed inside a metastable water droplet. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) was performed on micron-sized droplets evaporatively cooled to temperatures where homogeneous nucleation occurs. We found that for our weak hits ice grows more cubic compared to the strong hits that are completely hexagonal. Due to efficient heat removal caused by evaporation, we propose that the cubicity of ice at the vicinity of the droplet’s surface is higher than for ice formed within the bulk of the droplet. Moreover, the Bragg peaks were classified based on their geometrical shapes and positions in reciprocal space, which showed that ice grows heterogeneously with a significant population of peaks indicative of truncation rods and crystal defects. Frequent occurrences of the (100) reflection with extended in-planar structure suggested that large planar ice crystals form at the droplet surface, then fracture into smaller domains to accommodate to the curvature of the droplets. Planar faulting due to misaligned domains would explain the increased cubicity close to the droplet surface.
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13
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Esmeryan KD, Stoimenov NI. Studying the Bulk and Contour Ice Nucleation of Water Droplets via Quartz Crystal Microbalances. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:463. [PMID: 33924179 PMCID: PMC8074365 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the stochastic and time-dependent character of the ice embryo formation and growth (i.e., a process that can be analyzed statistically, but cannot be predicted precisely), the heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols or macroscopic solid surfaces is still shrouded in mystery, regardless of the extremely active research and exponential progress within this scientific field. For instance, whether the icing appears from outside-in or inside-out is a subject of intense controversy, with practicability in designing passive icephobic coatings or improving the effectiveness of the cryopreservation technologies. Here, we propose an artful technique for quantitative analysis of the different modes of water freezing using super-nonwettable soot-coated quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). To achieve this goal, a set of 5 MHz QCMs are loaded one at a time with a 50 μL droplet, whose bulk or contour solidification is detected in real-time. The obtained experimental results show that our sensor devices recognize explicitly if the ice nuclei form predominantly at the liquid-solid interface or spread along the droplet's entire outer shell by triggering individual reproducible responses in terms of the direction of signal evolution in time. Our results may serve as a foundation for the future incorporation of QCM devices in different freezing assays, where gaining information about the ice adhesion forces and ice layer's thickness is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karekin Dikran Esmeryan
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Ivanov Stoimenov
- Department of Distributed Information and Control Systems, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl.2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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14
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Tarn MD, Sikora SNF, Porter GCE, Shim JU, Murray BJ. Homogeneous Freezing of Water Using Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:223. [PMID: 33672200 PMCID: PMC7926757 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The homogeneous freezing of water is important in the formation of ice in clouds, but there remains a great deal of variability in the representation of the homogeneous freezing of water in the literature. The development of new instrumentation, such as droplet microfluidic platforms, may help to constrain our understanding of the kinetics of homogeneous freezing via the analysis of monodisperse, size-selected water droplets in temporally and spatially controlled environments. Here, we evaluate droplet freezing data obtained using the Lab-on-a-Chip Nucleation by Immersed Particle Instrument (LOC-NIPI), in which droplets are generated and frozen in continuous flow. This high-throughput method was used to analyse over 16,000 water droplets (86 μm diameter) across three experimental runs, generating data with high precision and reproducibility that has largely been unrepresented in the microfluidic literature. Using this data, a new LOC-NIPI parameterisation of the volume nucleation rate coefficient (JV(T)) was determined in the temperature region of -35.1 to -36.9 °C, covering a greater JV(T) compared to most other microfluidic techniques thanks to the number of droplets analysed. Comparison to recent theory suggests inconsistencies in the theoretical representation, further implying that microfluidics could be used to inform on changes to parameterisations. By applying classical nucleation theory (CNT) to our JV(T) data, we have gone a step further than other microfluidic homogeneous freezing examples by calculating the stacking-disordered ice-supercooled water interfacial energy, estimated to be 22.5 ± 0.7 mJ m-2, again finding inconsistencies when compared to theoretical predictions. Further, we briefly review and compile all available microfluidic homogeneous freezing data in the literature, finding that the LOC-NIPI and other microfluidically generated data compare well with commonly used non-microfluidic datasets, but have generally been obtained with greater ease and with higher numbers of monodisperse droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Sebastien N. F. Sikora
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
| | - Grace C. E. Porter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Jung-uk Shim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Benjamin J. Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.N.F.S.); (G.C.E.P.)
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15
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Porter GCE, Sikora SNF, Shim JU, Murray BJ, Tarn MD. On-chip density-based sorting of supercooled droplets and frozen droplets in continuous flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3876-3887. [PMID: 32966480 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The freezing of supercooled water to ice and the materials which catalyse this process are of fundamental interest to a wide range of fields. At present, our ability to control, predict or monitor ice formation processes is poor. The isolation and characterisation of frozen droplets from supercooled liquid droplets would provide a means of improving our understanding and control of these processes. Here, we have developed a microfluidic platform for the continuous flow separation of frozen from unfrozen picolitre droplets based on differences in their density, thus allowing the sorting of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets into different outlet channels with 94 ± 2% efficiency. This will, in future, facilitate downstream or off-chip processing of the frozen and unfrozen populations, which could include the analysis and characterisation of ice-active materials or the selection of droplets with a particular ice-nucleating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C E Porter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Jung-Uk Shim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Mark D Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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16
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Zheng F, Wang Z, Huang J, Li Z. Inkjet printing-based fabrication of microscale 3D ice structures. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:89. [PMID: 34567699 PMCID: PMC8433306 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a method for fabricating 3D microstructures of ice without a supporting material. The inkjet printing process was performed in a low humidity environment to precisely control the growth direction of the ice crystals. In the printing process, water droplets (volume = hundreds of picoliters) were deposited onto the previously formed ice structure, after which they immediately froze. Different 3D structures (maximum height = 2000 µm) could be formed by controlling the substrate temperature, ejection frequency and droplet size. The growth direction was dependent on the landing point of the droplet on the previously formed ice structure; thus, 3D structures could be created with high degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Zhongyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jiasheng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Zhihong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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17
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Huang Z, Kaur S, Ahmed M, Prasher R. Water Freezes at Near-Zero Temperatures Using Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrodes under Static Electric Fields. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45525-45532. [PMID: 32914956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although static electric fields have been effective in controlling ice nucleation, the highest freezing temperature (Tf) of water that can be achieved in an electric field (E) is still uncertain. We performed a systematic study of the effect of an electric field on water freezing by varying the thickness of a dielectric layer and the voltage across it in an electrowetting system. Results show that Tf first increases sharply with E and then reaches saturation at -3.5 °C after a critical value E of 6 × 106 V/m. Using classical heterogeneous nucleation theory, it is revealed that this behavior is due to saturation in the contact angle of the ice embryo with the underlying substrate. Finally, we show that it is possible to overcome this freezing saturation by controlling the uniformity of the electric field using carbon nanotubes. We achieve a Tf of -0.6 °C using carbon nanotube-based electrodes with an E of 3 × 107 V/m. This work sheds new light on the control of ice nucleation and has the potential to impact many applications ranging from food freezing to ice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sumanjeet Kaur
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ravi Prasher
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineeing, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Song D, Jiang Y, Chou T, Asawa K, Choi CH. Spontaneous Deicing on Cold Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11245-11254. [PMID: 32902998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although freezing of a droplet on cold surfaces is a universal phenomenon, its mechanisms are still inadequately understood, especially on the surfaces of which the temperature is lower than -60 °C. Here, we report the unique spontaneous deicing phenomena of a water droplet impacting on cold surfaces with a temperature as low as -120 °C. As a hydrophilic surface is cooled below a critically low temperature (e.g., -57 °C for a silicon surface with a native oxide), the impacting water droplet spontaneously delaminates from the substrate and freezes radially outward in a horizontal plane, as opposed to the typical upward freezing shown on a warmer surface. The self-delamination phenomenon is suppressed or reinstated by the combination of thermal and hydrophobic modifications of the surface, which can be taken advantage of for effective deicing schemes for icephobic surface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, New Jersey, United States
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Youhua Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, New Jersey, United States
| | - Tsengming Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, New Jersey, United States
| | - Kaustubh Asawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, New Jersey, United States
| | - Chang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, New Jersey, United States
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19
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Azimi Yancheshme A, Momen G, Jafari Aminabadi R. Mechanisms of ice formation and propagation on superhydrophobic surfaces: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 279:102155. [PMID: 32305656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Icephobic surfaces, used as passive anti-icing materials, are in high demand due to the costs, damage, and loss of equipment and lives related to ice formation on outdoor surfaces. The proper design of icephobic surfaces is intertwined with the need for a profound understanding of ice formation processes and how ice propagates over a surface. Ice formation (ice nucleation) and interdroplet freezing propagation are processes that determine the onset of freezing and complete ice coverage on a surface, respectively. Evaluating the nature of these phenomena, along with their interactions with substrate and environmental factors, can offer a step toward designing surfaces having an improved icephobic performance. This review paper is organized to discuss ice nucleation and rate, preferable locations of nucleation, and favorable pathways of freezing (desublimation and condensation-freezing) on superhydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, as the propagation of ice over a substrate plays a more deterministic role for the complete freezing coverage of a surface than that of ice formation, this review also elucidates possible mechanisms of ice propagation, theoretical backgrounds, and strategies to control this propagation using surface characteristics.
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20
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Fang W, Zhao Y, Yang C. Axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann model for simulating the freezing process of a sessile water droplet with volume change. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:023314. [PMID: 32168660 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.023314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Droplet freezing not only is of fundamental interest but also plays an important role in numerous natural and industrial processes. However, it is challenging to numerically simulate the droplet freezing process due to its involving a complex three-phase system with dynamic phase change and heat transfer. Here we propose an axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann (LB) model to simulate the freezing process of a sessile water droplet with consideration of droplet volume expansion. Combined with the multiphase flow LB model and the enthalpy thermal LB model, our proposed approach is applied to simulate the sessile water droplet freezing on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces at a fixed subcooled temperature. Through comparison with the experimental counterpart, the comparison results show that our axisymmetric LB model can satisfactorily describe such sessile droplet freezing processes. Moreover, we use both LB simulations and analytical models to study the effects of contact angle and volume expansion on the freezing time and the cone shape formed on the top of frozen droplets. The analytical models are obtained based on heat transfer and geometric analyses. Additionally, we show analytically and numerically that the freezing front-to-interface angle keeps nearly constant (smaller than 90°).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wenzhen Fang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yugang Zhao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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21
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Authelin JR, Rodrigues MA, Tchessalov S, Singh SK, McCoy T, Wang S, Shalaev E. Freezing of Biologicals Revisited: Scale, Stability, Excipients, and Degradation Stresses. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:44-61. [PMID: 31705870 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many biotech products are successfully stored in the frozen state, there are cases of degradation of biologicals during freeze storage. These examples are discussed in the Perspective to emphasize the fact that stability of frozen biologicals should not be taken for granted. Frozen-state degradation (predominantly, aggregation) has been linked to crystallization of a cryoprotector in many cases. Other factors, for example, protein unfolding (either due to cold denaturation or interaction of protein molecules with ice crystals), could also contribute to the instability. As a hypothesis, additional freezing-related destabilization pathways are introduced in the paper, that is, air bubbles formed on the ice crystallization front, and local pressure and mechanical stresses due to volume expansion during water-to-ice transformation. Furthermore, stability of frozen biologicals can depend on the sample size, via its impact on the freezing kinetics (i.e., cooling rates and freezing time) and cryoconcentration effects, as well as on the mechanical stresses associated with freezing. We conclude that, although fundamentals of freezing processes are fairly well described in the current literature, there are important gaps to be addressed in both scientific foundations of the freezing-related manufacturing processes and implementation of the available knowledge in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Rodrigues
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Satish K Singh
- Drug Product Development, Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Timothy McCoy
- Biologics Drug Product Development, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
| | - Stuart Wang
- Drug Product Development, Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; WuXi AppTec, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Pharmaceutical Development, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612.
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22
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Ahmadi SF, Nath S, Kingett CM, Yue P, Boreyko JB. How soap bubbles freeze. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2531. [PMID: 31213604 PMCID: PMC6582157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplets or puddles tend to freeze from the propagation of a single freeze front. In contrast, videographers have shown that as soap bubbles freeze, a plethora of growing ice crystals can swirl around in a beautiful effect visually reminiscent of a snow globe. However, the underlying physics of how bubbles freeze has not been studied. Here, we characterize the physics of soap bubbles freezing on an icy substrate and reveal two distinct modes of freezing. The first mode, occurring for isothermally supercooled bubbles, generates a strong Marangoni flow that entrains ice crystals to produce the aforementioned snow globe effect. The second mode occurs when using a cold stage in a warm ambient, resulting in a bottom-up freeze front that eventually halts due to poor conduction along the bubble. Blending experiments, scaling analysis, and numerical methods, the dynamics of the freeze fronts and Marangoni flows are characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Farzad Ahmadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 495 Old Turner Street, 222 Norris Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Saurabh Nath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 495 Old Turner Street, 222 Norris Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, UMR 7636 du CNRS, ESPCI, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christian M Kingett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 495 Old Turner Street, 222 Norris Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Pengtao Yue
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, 225 Stanger Street, 460 McBryde Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jonathan B Boreyko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 495 Old Turner Street, 222 Norris Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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23
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Bhatnagar B, Zakharov B, Fisyuk A, Wen X, Karim F, Lee K, Seryotkin Y, Mogodi M, Fitch A, Boldyreva E, Kostyuchenko A, Shalaev E. Protein/Ice Interaction: High-Resolution Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Differentiates Pharmaceutical Proteins from Lysozyme. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5690-5699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bakul Bhatnagar
- BTx PharmSci Pharmaceutical R&D, Pfizer, Inc., One Burtt Road, Andover 01810, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Boris Zakharov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the RAS, Lavrentieva Avenue, 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander Fisyuk
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Chemistry Department, Omsk F.M. Dostoevsky State University, Prospect Mira 55a, Omsk 644053, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of New Organic Materials, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Avenue, Omsk 644050, Russian Federation
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90032, California, United States
| | - Fawziya Karim
- BTx PharmSci Pharmaceutical R&D, Pfizer, Inc., One Burtt Road, Andover 01810, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kimberly Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90032, California, United States
| | - Yurii Seryotkin
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the RAS, Ac.Koptyuga Avenue 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Mashikoane Mogodi
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Andy Fitch
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the RAS, Lavrentieva Avenue, 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kostyuchenko
- Laboratory of New Organic Materials, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Avenue, Omsk 644050, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Allergan Inc., Pharmaceutical Development, 2525 DuPont Dr, Irvine 92612, California, United States
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24
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Truskinovsky L, Zurlo G. Nonlinear elasticity of incompatible surface growth. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:053001. [PMID: 31212512 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface growth is a crucial component of many natural and artificial processes, from cell proliferation to additive manufacturing. In elastic systems surface growth is usually accompanied by the development of geometrical incompatibility, leading to residual stresses and triggering various instabilities. In a recent paper [G. Zurlo and L. Truskinovsky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 048001 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.048001] we presented a linearized elasticity theory of incompatible surface growth, which provides a quantitative link between deposition protocols and postgrowth states of stress. Here we extend this analysis to account for both physical and geometrical nonlinearities of an elastic solid. This development reveals the shortcomings of the linearized theory, in particular its inability to describe kinematically confined surface growth and to account for growth-induced elastic instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Truskinovsky
- PMMH, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7636, PSL, ESPCI, 10 rue de Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Zurlo
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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25
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Abstract
When deposited on a hot bath, volatile drops are observed to stay in levitation: the so-called Leidenfrost effect. Here, we discuss drop dynamics in an inverse Leidenfrost situation where room-temperature drops are deposited on a liquid-nitrogen pool and levitate on a vapor film generated by evaporation of the bath. In the seconds following deposition, we observe that the droplets start to glide on the bath along a straight path, only disrupted by elastic bouncing close to the edges of the container. Initially at rest, these self-propelled drops accelerate within a few seconds and reach velocities on the order of a few centimeters per second before slowing down on a longer time scale. They remain self-propelled as long as they are sitting on the bath, even after freezing and cooling down to liquid-nitrogen temperature. We experimentally investigate the parameters that affect liquid motion and propose a model, based on the experimentally and numerically observed (stable) symmetry breaking within the vapor film that supports the drop. When the film thickness and the cooling dynamics of the drops are also modeled, the variations of the drop velocities can be accurately reproduced.
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26
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Park Y, Wyslouzil BE. CO 2 condensation onto alkanes: unconventional cases of heterogeneous nucleation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8295-8313. [PMID: 30946401 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The classical picture invoked for heterogeneous nucleation is frequently that of a liquid condensing onto an immiscible solid particle. Here, we examine heterogeneous nucleation of CO2 onto particles comprised of n-pentane or n-hexane under conditions where CO2 should be a solid and the seed particles may be liquid or solid. Although CO2 condensed under all but one of the six conditions investigated, these experiments do not easily fit into the framework of standard heterogeneous nucleation experiments. Rather they explore unconventional regimes of heterogeneous nucleation in which the state of the seed particle may both affect whether deposition can proceed, and, in turn, be influenced by the presence of the condensing species. The work complements the earlier work of Tanimura et al. [RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 105537-105550] that investigated CO2 condensation onto ice nanoparticles, by using seed particles comprised of non-polar compounds that form and freeze under conditions where CO2 is already supersaturated with respect to the solid ice. In some cases, the conditions for seed formation approach the limit of homogeneous CO2 nucleation. Vibrational spectroscopy measurements help pinpoint where CO2 starts to condense. Furthermore, these IR measurements suggest that the n-alkanes never freeze in the presence of CO2, even if the temperatures are well below those required for them to freeze when CO2 is absent. Over the temperature range 65 < T/K < 140, the conditions corresponding to the onset of CO2 heterogeneous nucleation on pre-existing seed particle almost all lie very close to the extrapolated vapor-liquid equilibrium line of CO2 for a broad range of seed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yensil Park
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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27
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Graeber G, Dolder V, Schutzius TM, Poulikakos D. Cascade Freezing of Supercooled Water Droplet Collectives. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11274-11281. [PMID: 30354059 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface icing affects the safety and performance of numerous processes in technology. Previous studies mostly investigated freezing of individual droplets. The interaction among multiple droplets during freezing is investigated less, especially on nanotextured icephobic surfaces, despite its practical importance as water droplets never appear in isolation, but in groups. Here we show that freezing of a supercooled droplet leads to spontaneous self-heating and induces strong vaporization. The resulting, rapidly propagating vapor front causes immediate cascading freezing of neighboring supercooled droplets upon reaching them. We put forth the explanation that, as the vapor approaches cold neighboring droplets, it can lead to local supersaturation and formation of airborne microscopic ice crystals, which act as freezing nucleation sites. The sequential triggering and propagation of this mechanism results in the rapid freezing of an entire droplet ensemble, resulting in ice coverage of the nanotextured surface. Although cascade freezing is observed in a low-pressure environment, it introduces an unexpected pathway of freezing propagation that can be crucial for the performance of rationally designed icephobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Graeber
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Valentin Dolder
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Schutzius
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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28
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Wang N, Kocher G, Provatas N. A phase-field-crystal alloy model for late-stage solidification studies involving the interaction of solid, liquid and gas phases. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0212. [PMID: 29311210 PMCID: PMC5784102 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a multiphase binary alloy phase-field-crystal model. By introducing density difference between solid and liquid into a previous alloy model, this new fusion leads to a practical tool that can be used to investigate formation of defects in late-stage alloy solidification. It is shown that this model can qualitatively capture the liquid pressure drop due to solidification shrinkage in confined geometry. With an inherited gas phase from a previous multiphase model, cavitation of liquid from shrinkage-induced pressure is also included in this framework. As a unique model that has both solute concentration and pressure-induced liquid cavitation, it also captures a modified Scheil-Gulliver-type segregation behaviour due to cavitation. Simulation of inter-dendritic channel solidification using this model demonstrates a strong cooling rate dependence of the resulting microstructure.This article is part of the theme issue 'From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Kocher
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nikolas Provatas
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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29
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Buttersack T, Weiss VC, Bauerecker S. Hypercooling Temperature of Water is about 100 K Higher than Calculated before. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:471-475. [PMID: 29293341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For deeply supercooled liquids the transition from a two-stage freezing process to complete solidification in just one freezing step occurs at the hypercooling temperature, a term that seems to be almost unknown in water research; to our knowledge, it has only been mentioned by Dolan et al. for high-pressure ice. The reason for the absence of this expression may be that the best estimate to be found in the literature for the hypercooling temperature of water is about -160 °C (113 K). This temperature is far below the limit of experimentally realizable degrees of supercooling near -40 °C (233 K), which marks the homogeneous nucleation temperature TH of common pure water; in fact, it is even below the glass-transition temperature (133 K). Here we show that, surprisingly, a more thorough analysis taking into account the temperature dependence of the heat capacities of water and ice as well as of the enthalpy of freezing shows that the hypercooling temperature of water is about -64 °C or 209 K, almost 100 K higher than estimated before. One of the most exciting consequences is that existing experiments are already able to reach these degrees of supercooling, and it is our prediction that a transition in the freezing behavior occurs at these temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Buttersack
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Gaußstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Volker C Weiss
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Universität Bremen , Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sigurd Bauerecker
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Gaußstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University , Tomsk, 634050, Russia
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30
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Ando K, Arakawa M, Terasaki A. Freezing of micrometer-sized liquid droplets of pure water evaporatively cooled in a vacuum. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:28435-28444. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The freezing time of pure-water droplets is measured in a vacuum and simulated by ice nucleation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ando
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Masashi Arakawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Akira Terasaki
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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31
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Spontaneous self-dislodging of freezing water droplets and the role of wettability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11040-11045. [PMID: 28973877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705952114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous removal of liquid, solidifying liquid and solid forms of matter from surfaces, is of significant importance in nature and technology, where it finds applications ranging from self-cleaning to icephobicity and to condensation systems. However, it is a great challenge to understand fundamentally the complex interaction of rapidly solidifying, typically supercooled, droplets with surfaces, and to harvest benefit from it for the design of intrinsically icephobic materials. Here we report and explain an ice removal mechanism that manifests itself simultaneously with freezing, driving gradual self-dislodging of droplets cooled via evaporation and sublimation (low environmental pressure) or convection (atmospheric pressure) from substrates. The key to successful self-dislodging is that the freezing at the droplet free surface and the droplet contact area with the substrate do not occur simultaneously: The frozen phase boundary moves inward from the droplet free surface toward the droplet-substrate interface, which remains liquid throughout most of the process and freezes last. We observe experimentally, and validate theoretically, that the inward motion of the phase boundary near the substrate drives a gradual reduction in droplet-substrate contact. Concurrently, the droplet lifts from the substrate due to its incompressibility, density differences, and the asymmetric freezing dynamics with inward solidification causing not fully frozen mass to be displaced toward the unsolidified droplet-substrate interface. Depending on surface topography and wetting conditions, we find that this can lead to full dislodging of the ice droplet from a variety of engineered substrates, rendering the latter ice-free.
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