1
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Ou Z, Fan X, Zhang L, Fan Y, Yuan C, You L, Liu S, Liu Y, Guo G, Zhou Q. Effect of spectrum broadening on photon-counting fiber Bragg grating sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8152-8159. [PMID: 36859931 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In a photon-counting fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system, a shorter probe pulse width reaches a higher spatial resolution, which inevitably causes a spectrum broadening according to the Fourier transform theory, thus affecting the sensitivity of the sensing system. In this work, we investigate the effect of spectrum broadening on a photon-counting FBG sensing system with a dual-wavelength differential detection method. A theoretical model is developed, and a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration is realized. Our results give a numerical relationship between the sensitivity and spatial resolution at the different spectral widths of FBG. In our experiment, for a commercial FBG with a spectral width of 0.6 nm, an optimal spatial resolution of 3 mm and a corresponding sensitivity of 2.03 nm-1 can be achieved.
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2
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Bonsma-Fisher KAG, Bustard PJ, Parry C, Wright TA, England DG, Sussman BJ, Mosley PJ. Ultratunable Quantum Frequency Conversion in Photonic Crystal Fiber. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:203603. [PMID: 36462023 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.203603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion of single photons between wavelength bands is a key enabler to realizing widespread quantum networks. We demonstrate the quantum frequency conversion of a heralded 1551 nm photon to any wavelength within an ultrabroad (1226-1408 nm) range in a group-velocity-symmetric photonic crystal fiber, covering over 150 independent frequency bins. The target wavelength is controlled by tuning only a single pump laser wavelength. We find internal, and total, conversion efficiencies of 12(1)% and 1.4(2)%, respectively. For the case of converting 1551 to 1300 nm we measure a heralded g^{(2)}(0)=0.25(6) for converted light from an input with g^{(2)}(0)=0.034(8). We expect that this photonic crystal fiber can be used for myriad quantum networking tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A G Bonsma-Fisher
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - P J Bustard
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - C Parry
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - T A Wright
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - D G England
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - B J Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P J Mosley
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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3
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Golestani A, Davis AOC, Sośnicki F, Mikołajczyk M, Treps N, Karpiński M. Electro-Optic Fourier Transform Chronometry of Pulsed Quantum Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:123605. [PMID: 36179203 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.123605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The power spectrum of an optical field can be acquired without a spectrally resolving detector by means of Fourier-transform spectrometry, based on measuring the temporal autocorrelation of the optical field. Analogously, we here perform temporal envelope measurements of ultrashort optical pulses without time resolved detection. We introduce the technique of Fourier transform chronometry, where the temporal envelope is acquired by measuring the frequency autocorrelation of the optical field in a linear interferometer. We apply our technique, which is the time-frequency conjugate measurement to Fourier-transform spectrometry, to experimentally measure the pulse envelope of classical and single-photon light pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Golestani
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Alex O C Davis
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Collège de France, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Filip Sośnicki
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Mikołajczyk
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Nicolas Treps
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Collège de France, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Michał Karpiński
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
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4
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Bhattacharjee A, Joshi MK, Karan S, Leach J, Jha AK. Propagation-induced revival of entanglement in the angle-OAM bases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7876. [PMID: 35930646 PMCID: PMC9355354 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the continuous-variable position-momentum entanglement of photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversion has applicability in several quantum information applications, it is not suitable for applications involving long-distance propagation. This is because entanglement in the position-momentum bases, as seen through Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR)-correlation measurements, decays very rapidly with photons propagating away from the source. In contrast, in this article, we show that in the continuous-variable bases of angle-orbital angular momentum (OAM), the entanglement, as seen through EPR-correlation measurements, exhibits a remarkably different behavior. As with the position-momentum bases, initially, the entanglement in the angle-OAM bases also decays with propagation, and after a few centimeters of propagation, there is no angle-OAM entanglement left. However, as the photons continue to travel further away from the source, the entanglement in the angle-OAM bases revives. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate this behavior and show that angle-OAM entanglement revives even in the presence of strong turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mritunjay K. Joshi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur UP 208016, India
| | - Suman Karan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur UP 208016, India
| | - Jonathan Leach
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Anand K. Jha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur UP 208016, India
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5
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Yabuno M, Takumi T, China F, Miki S, Terai H, Mosley PJ, Jin RB, Shimizu R. Ultrafast measurement of a single-photon wave packet using an optical Kerr gate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4999-5007. [PMID: 35209471 DOI: 10.1364/oe.446010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast quantum optics with time-frequency entangled photons is at the forefront of progress towards future quantum technologies. However, to unravel the time domain structure of entangled photons and exploit fully their rich dimensionality, a single-photon detector with sub-picosecond temporal resolution is required. Here, we present ultrafast single-photon detection using an optical Kerr gate composed of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) placed inside a Sagnac interferometer. A near-rectangle temporal waveform of a heralded single-photon generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion is measured with temporal resolution as high as 224 ± 9 fs. The large nonlinearity and long effective interaction length of the PCF enables maximum detection efficiency to be achieved with only 30.5 mW gating pulse average power, demonstrating an order-of-magnitude improvement compared to optical gating with sum-frequency generation. Also, we discuss the trade-off relationship between detection efficiency and temporal resolution.
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6
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Thekkadath GS, Bell BA, Patel RB, Kim MS, Walmsley IA. Measuring the Joint Spectral Mode of Photon Pairs Using Intensity Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:023601. [PMID: 35089759 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate and measure the time-frequency structure of quantum light is useful for information processing and metrology. Measuring this structure is also important when developing quantum light sources with high modal purity that can interfere with other independent sources. Here, we present and experimentally demonstrate a scheme based on intensity interferometry to measure the joint spectral mode of photon pairs produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We observe correlations in the spectral phase of the photons due to chirp in the pump. We show that our scheme can be combined with stimulated emission tomography to quickly measure their mode using bright classical light. Our scheme does not require phase stability, nonlinearities, or spectral shaping and thus is an experimentally simple way of measuring the modal structure of quantum light.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Thekkadath
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - B A Bell
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - R B Patel
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M S Kim
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - I A Walmsley
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Michael Y, Jonas I, Bello L, Meller ME, Cohen E, Rosenbluh M, Pe'er A. Augmenting the Sensing Performance of Entangled Photon Pairs through Asymmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:173603. [PMID: 34739301 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.173603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We analyze theoretically and experimentally cases of asymmetric detection, stimulation, and loss within a quantum nonlinear interferometer of entangled pairs. We show that the visibility of the SU(1,1) interference directly discerns between loss on the measured mode (signal) and the conjugated mode (idler). This asymmetry also affects the phase sensitivity of the interferometer, where coherent seeding is shown to mitigate losses that are suffered by the conjugated mode; therefore increasing the maximum threshold of loss that permits sub-shot-noise phase detection. Our findings can improve the performance of setups that rely on direct detection of entangled pairs, such as quantum interferometry and imaging with undetected photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoad Michael
- BINA Center for Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Isaac Jonas
- BINA Center for Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Leon Bello
- BINA Center for Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | | | - Eliahu Cohen
- BINA Center for Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Michael Rosenbluh
- BINA Center for Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Avi Pe'er
- BINA Center for Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
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8
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Chen C, Shapiro JH, Wong FNC. Experimental Demonstration of Conjugate-Franson Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:093603. [PMID: 34506171 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Franson interferometry is a well-known quantum measurement technique for probing photon-pair frequency correlations that is often used to certify time-energy entanglement. We demonstrate, for the first time, the complementary technique in the time basis called conjugate-Franson interferometry. It measures photon-pair arrival-time correlations, thus providing a valuable addition to the quantum toolbox. We obtain a conjugate-Franson interference visibility of 96±1% without background subtraction for entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Our measured result surpasses the quantum-classical threshold by 25 standard deviations and validates the conjugate-Franson interferometer (CFI) as an alternative method for certifying time-energy entanglement. Moreover, the CFI visibility is a function of the biphoton's joint temporal intensity, and is therefore sensitive to that state's spectral phase variation: something that is not the case for Franson interferometry or Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry. We highlight the CFI's utility by measuring its visibilities for two different biphoton states: one without and the other with spectral phase variation, observing a 21% reduction in the CFI visibility for the latter. The CFI is potentially useful for applications in areas of photonic entanglement, quantum communications, and quantum networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchen Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Shapiro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Franco N C Wong
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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9
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Asban S, Dorfman KE, Mukamel S. Interferometric spectroscopy with quantum light: Revealing out-of-time-ordering correlators. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:210901. [PMID: 34240992 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We survey the inclusion of interferometric elements in nonlinear spectroscopy performed with quantum light. Controlled interference of electromagnetic fields coupled to matter can induce constructive or destructive contributions of microscopic coupling sequences (histories) of matter. Since quantum fields do not commute, quantum light signals are sensitive to the order of light-matter coupling sequences. Matter correlation functions are thus imprinted by different field factors, which depend on that order. We identify the associated quantum information obtained by controlling the weights of different contributing pathways and offer several experimental schemes for recovering it. Nonlinear quantum response functions include out-of-time-ordering matter correlators (OTOCs), which reveal how perturbations spread throughout a quantum system (information scrambling). Their effect becomes most notable when using ultrafast pulse sequences with respect to the path difference induced by the interferometer. OTOCs appear in quantum-informatics studies in other fields, including black hole, high energy, and condensed matter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahaf Asban
- Department of Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Konstantin E Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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10
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Lum DJ, Mazurek MD, Mikhaylov A, Parzuchowski KM, Wilson RN, Jimenez R, Gerrits T, Stevens MJ, Cicerone MT, Camp CH. Witnessing the survival of time-energy entanglement through biological tissue and scattering media. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3658-3670. [PMID: 34221686 PMCID: PMC8221931 DOI: 10.1364/boe.423743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the preservation of the time-energy entanglement of near-IR photons through thick biological media (≤1.55 mm) and tissue (≤ 235 μm) at room temperature. Using a Franson-type interferometer, we demonstrate interferometric contrast of over 0.9 in skim milk, 2% milk, and chicken tissue. This work supports the many proposed opportunities for nonclassical light in biological imaging and analyses from sub-shot noise measurements to entanglement-enhanced fluorescence imaging, clearly indicating that the entanglement characteristics of photons can be maintained even after propagation through thick, turbid biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Lum
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Michael D. Mazurek
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | | | - Kristen M. Parzuchowski
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, USA
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ryan N. Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, USA
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ralph Jimenez
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Chemistry, 215 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Thomas Gerrits
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Martin J. Stevens
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Marcus T. Cicerone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Charles H. Camp
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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11
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Santiago-Cruz T, Sultanov V, Zhang H, Krivitsky LA, Chekhova MV. Entangled photons from subwavelength nonlinear films. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:653-656. [PMID: 33528432 DOI: 10.1364/ol.411176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized entangled photon sources, in particular based on subwavelength metasurfaces, are highly demanded for the development of integrated quantum photonics. Here, as a first step towards the development of quantum optical metasurfaces (QOMs), we demonstrate generation of entangled photons via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) from subwavelength films. We achieve photon pair generation with a high coincidence-to-accidental ratio in lithium niobate and gallium phosphide nanofilms. By implementing the fiber spectroscopy of SPDC in nanofilms, we measure a spectrum with a bandwidth of 500 nm, limited only by the overall detection efficiency. The spectrum reveals vacuum field enhancement due to a Fabry-Perot resonance inside the nonlinear films. It also suggests a strategy for observing SPDC from QOM. Our experiments lay the groundwork for future development of flat SPDC sources, including QOM.
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12
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Ansari V, Donohue JM, Brecht B, Silberhorn C. Remotely projecting states of photonic temporal modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:28295-28305. [PMID: 32988104 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon time-frequency entanglement is a valuable resource in quantum information. Resolving the wavepacket of ultrashort pulsed single-photons, however, is a challenge. Here, we demonstrate remote spectral shaping of single photon states and probe the coherence properties of two-photon quantum correlations in the time-frequency domain, using engineered parametric down-conversion (PDC) and a quantum pulse gate (QPG) in nonlinear waveguides. Through tailoring the joint spectral amplitude function of our PDC source we control the temporal mode structure between the generated photon pairs and show remote state-projections over a range of time-frequency mode superpositions.
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13
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Fenwick KL, England DG, Bustard PJ, Fraser JM, Sussman BJ. Carving out configurable ultrafast pulses from a continuous wave source via the optical Kerr effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:24845-24853. [PMID: 32907016 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength-tunable, time-locked pairs of ultrafast pulses are crucial in modern-day time-resolved measurements. We demonstrate a simple means of generating configurable optical pulse sequences: sub-picosecond pulses are carved out from a continuous wave laser via pump-induced optical Kerr switching in 10 cm of a commercial single-mode fiber. By introducing dispersion to the pump, the near transform-limited switched pulse duration is tuned between 305-570 fs. Two- and four-pulse signal trains are also generated by adding birefringent α-BBO plates in the pump beam. These results highlight an ultrafast light source with intrinsic timing stability and pulse-to-pulse phase coherence, where pulse generation could be adapted to wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared.
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14
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Ishizaki A. Probing excited-state dynamics with quantum entangled photons: Correspondence to coherent multidimensional spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:051102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0015432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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15
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Cutipa P, Spasibko KY, Chekhova MV. Direct measurement of the coupled spatiotemporal coherence of parametric down-conversion under negative group-velocity dispersion. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3581-3584. [PMID: 32630904 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a direct measurement of the spatiotemporal coherence of parametric down-conversion in the range of negative group-velocity dispersion. In this case, the frequency-angular spectra are ring-shaped, and temporal coherence is coupled to spatial coherence. Correspondingly, the lack of coherence due to spatial displacement can be compensated for with the introduction of time delay. We show a simple technique, based on a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which allows us to measure time coherence and near-field space coherence simultaneously, with complete control over both variables. This technique is also suitable for the measurement of second-order coherence, where the main applications are related to two-photon spectroscopy.
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16
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Luo KH, Ansari V, Massaro M, Santandrea M, Eigner C, Ricken R, Herrmann H, Silberhorn C. Counter-propagating photon pair generation in a nonlinear waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:3215-3225. [PMID: 32121994 DOI: 10.1364/oe.378789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Counter-propagating parametric conversion processes in non-linear bulk crystals have been shown to feature unique properties for efficient narrowband frequency conversion. In quantum optics, the generation of photon pairs with a counter-propagating parametric down-conversion process (PDC) in a waveguide, where signal and idler photons propagate in opposite directions, offers unique material-independent engineering capabilities. However, realizing counter-propagating PDC necessitates quasi-phase-matching (QPM) with extremely short poling periods. Here, we report on the generation of counter-propagating single-photon pairs in a self-made periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide with a poling period on the same order of magnitude as the generated wavelength. The single photons of the biphoton state bridge GHz and THz bandwidths with a separable joint temporal-spectral behavior. Furthermore, they allow the direct observation of the temporal envelope of heralded single photons with state-of-the art photon counters.
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17
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Mei Y, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Li J, Liao K, Yan H, Zhu SL, Du S. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Energy-Time Entanglement of Narrow-Band Biphotons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:010509. [PMID: 31976739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.010509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct characterization of energy-time entanglement of narrow-band biphotons produced from spontaneous four-wave mixing in cold atoms. The Stokes and anti-Stokes two-photon temporal correlation is measured by single-photon counters with nanosecond temporal resolution, and their joint spectrum is determined by using a narrow linewidth optical cavity. The energy-time entanglement is verified by the joint frequency-time uncertainty product of 0.063±0.0044, which does not only violate the separability criterion but also satisfies the continuous variable Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiru Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanchao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaiyu Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Liang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shengwang Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, GPETR Center for Quantum Precision Measurement and SPTE, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Black AN, Giese E, Braverman B, Zollo N, Barnett SM, Boyd RW. Quantum Nonlocal Aberration Cancellation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:143603. [PMID: 31702197 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.143603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phase distortions, or aberrations, can negatively influence the performance of an optical imaging system. Through the use of position-momentum entangled photons, we nonlocally correct for aberrations in one photon's optical path by intentionally introducing the complementary aberrations in the optical path of the other photon. In particular, we demonstrate the simultaneous nonlocal cancellation of aberrations that are of both even and odd order in the photons' transverse degrees of freedom. We also demonstrate a potential application of this technique by nonlocally canceling the effect of defocus in a quantum imaging experiment and thereby recover the original spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicholas Black
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Enno Giese
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Boris Braverman
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicholas Zollo
- The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Stephen M Barnett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Boyd
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Zhang W, Fickler R, Giese E, Chen L, Boyd RW. Influence of pump coherence on the generation of position-momentum entanglement in optical parametric down-conversion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:20745-20753. [PMID: 31510163 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.020745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examine experimentally how the degree of position-momentum entanglement of photon pairs depends on the transverse coherence of the pump beam that excites them in a process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Using spatially incoherent light from a light-emitting diode, we obtain strong position correlation of the photons, but we find that transverse momentum correlation, and thus entanglement, is entirely absent. When we continuously vary the degree of spatial coherence on the pump beam, we observe the emergence of stronger momentum correlations and entanglement. We present theoretical arguments that explain our experimental results. Our results shed light on entanglement generation and can be applied to control entanglement for quantum information applications.
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20
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Avanaki KN, Schatz GC. Entangled Photon Resonance Energy Transfer in Arbitrary Media. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3181-3188. [PMID: 31117677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the unique nonclassical character of two-photon interactions induced by entangled photons, we develop a new comprehensive Förster-type formulation for entangled-two-photon resonance energy transfer (E2P-RET) mediated by inhomogeneous, dispersive, and absorptive media with any space-dependent and frequency-dependent dielectric function and with any size of donor/acceptor. In our theoretical framework, two uncoupled particles are jointly excited by the temporally entangled field associated with two virtual photons that are produced by three-level radiative cascade decay in a donor particle. The temporal entanglement leads to frequency anticorrelation in the virtual photon's field, and vanishing of one of the time-ordered excitation pathways. The underlying mechanism leads to more than 3 orders of magnitude enhancement in the E2P-RET rate compared with the uncorrelated photon case. With the power of our new formulation, we propose a way to characterize E2P-RET through an effective rate coefficient KE2P, introduced here. This coefficient shows how energy transfer can be enhanced or suppressed depending on rate parameters in the radiative cascade, and by varying the donor-acceptor frequency differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nasiri Avanaki
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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21
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Chen C, Heyes JE, Hong KH, Niu MY, Lita AE, Gerrits T, Nam SW, Shapiro JH, Wong FNC. Indistinguishable single-mode photons from spectrally engineered biphotons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:11626-11634. [PMID: 31053005 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.011626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We use pulsed spontaneous parametric down-conversion in KTiOPO 4, with a Gaussian phase-matching function and a transform-limited Gaussian pump, to achieve near-unity spectral purity in heralded single photons at telecommunication wavelength. Theory shows that these phase-matching and pump conditions are sufficient to ensure that a biphoton state with a circularly symmetric joint spectral intensity profile is transform limited and factorable. We verify the heralded-state spectral purity in a four-fold coincidence measurement by performing Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between two independently generated heralded photons. With a mild spectral filter we obtain an interference visibility of 98.4±1.1% which corresponds to a heralded-state purity of 99.2%. Our heralded photon source is potentially an essential resource for measurement-based quantum information processing and quantum network applications.
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Kupchak C, Erskine J, England D, Sussman B. Terahertz-bandwidth switching of heralded single photons. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1427-1430. [PMID: 30874666 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optically induced ultrafast switching of single photons is demonstrated by rotating the photon polarization via the Kerr effect in a commercially available single-mode fiber. A switching efficiency of 97% is achieved with a ∼1.7 ps switching time and signal-to-noise ratio of ∼800. Preservation of the single-photon properties is confirmed by measuring no significant increase in the second-order autocorrelation function g(2)(0). These values are attained with only nanojoule-level pump energies that are produced by a laser oscillator with 80 MHz repetition rate. The results highlight a simple device capable of both high-bandwidth operations and preservation of single-photon properties for applications in photonic quantum processing and ultrafast time-gating or switching.
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23
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Liu HY, Zhang R, Xu P, Xie ZD, Gong YX, Zhu SN. Compact generation of a two-photon multipath Dicke state from a single χ (2) nonlinear photonic crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:239-242. [PMID: 30644870 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multipartite quantum entanglement is a powerful resource for enriching the functionality of quantum computation and quantum communication. In this Letter, we propose a new method to generate a two-photon multipath Dicke state with concurrent spontaneous parametric downconversion processes from a single periodically poled nonlinear photonic crystal. We design the poling structure to produce a three-path Dicke state where three quasi-phase-matching conditions are fulfilled simultaneously by a hybrid one- and two-dimensionally poled nonlinear photonic crystal. We use genuine multipartite entanglement concurrence to quantify the entanglement of the Dicke state. Using a more complicated poling configuration like multiple-periodically poled two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal, we can also produce four-path, five-path, or multipath Dicke states by a single crystal. The multiple-periodically poled two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal provides a new method, to the best of our knowledge, for the integrated generation of multipartite quantum light sources.
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Dong L, Wang SL, Cui C, Geng X, Li QY, Dong HK, Xiu XM, Gao YJ. Polarization Toffoli gate assisted by multiple degrees of freedom. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4635-4638. [PMID: 30272701 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A Toffoli gate plays a critical role in many quantum algorithms due to its function as a building block, which is a fundamental element for feasible large-scale quantum computation. With the help of polarization, spatial, and temporal degrees of freedom (DOFs), a construction scheme of a nearly deterministic polarization Toffoli gate is proposed, where only two two-photon gates are required. The simple construction circuit together with available techniques and optical elements facilitate the realization of the scheme presented here. This construction scheme can be utilized as a reference for multiqubit quantum gates with multiple DOFs.
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Sbroscia M, Gianani I, Roccia E, Cimini V, Mancino L, Aloe P, Barbieri M. Assessing frequency correlation through a distinguishability measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4045-4048. [PMID: 30106948 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The simplicity of a question, such as wondering whether or not correlations characterize a certain system, collides with the experimental difficulty of accessing such information. Here we present a low-demanding experimental approach that refers to the use of a metrology scheme to obtain a conservative estimate of the strength of frequency correlations. Our test bed is the widespread case of a photon pair produced per downconversion. The theoretical architecture used to put the correlation degree on a quantitative ground is also described.
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Toscano F, Tasca DS, Rudnicki Ł, Walborn SP. Uncertainty Relations for Coarse-Grained Measurements: An Overview. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 20:E454. [PMID: 33265544 PMCID: PMC7512973 DOI: 10.3390/e20060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty relations involving incompatible observables are one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics. Aside from their fundamental significance, they play an important role in practical applications, such as detection of quantum correlations and security requirements in quantum cryptography. In continuous variable systems, the spectra of the relevant observables form a continuum and this necessitates the coarse graining of measurements. However, these coarse-grained observables do not necessarily obey the same uncertainty relations as the original ones, a fact that can lead to false results when considering applications. That is, one cannot naively replace the original observables in the uncertainty relation for the coarse-grained observables and expect consistent results. As such, several uncertainty relations that are specifically designed for coarse-grained observables have been developed. In recognition of the 90th anniversary of the seminal Heisenberg uncertainty relation, celebrated last year, and all the subsequent work since then, here we give a review of the state of the art of coarse-grained uncertainty relations in continuous variable quantum systems, as well as their applications to fundamental quantum physics and quantum information tasks. Our review is meant to be balanced in its content, since both theoretical considerations and experimental perspectives are put on an equal footing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Toscano
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Tasca
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi 24210-346, Brazil
| | - Łukasz Rudnicki
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Staudtstraße 2, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, Warsaw 02-668, Poland
| | - Stephen P. Walborn
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
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