1
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Karak P, Manna P, Banerjee A, Ruud K, Chakrabarti S. Reverse Intersystem Crossing Dynamics in Vibronically Modulated Inverted Singlet-Triplet Gap System: A Wigner Phase Space Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7603-7609. [PMID: 39028946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
We inspect the origin of the inverted singlet-triplet gap (INVEST) and slow change in the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) rate with temperature, as recently observed. A Wigner phase space study reveals that, though INVEST is found at equilibrium geometry, variation in the exchange interaction and the doubles-excitation for other geometries in the harmonic region leads to non-INVEST behavior. This highlights the importance of nuclear degrees of freedom for the INVEST phenomenon, and in this case, geometric puckering of the studied molecule determines INVEST and the associated rISC dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Karak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradipta Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Research Institute for Sustainable Energy (RISE), TCG Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology (TCG-CREST), Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Swapan Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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2
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Schnappinger T, Kowalewski M. Do Molecular Geometries Change Under Vibrational Strong Coupling? J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7700-7707. [PMID: 39041716 PMCID: PMC11299175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
As pioneering experiments have shown, strong coupling between molecular vibrations and light modes in an optical cavity can significantly alter molecular properties and even affect chemical reactivity. However, the current theoretical description is limited and far from complete. To explore the origin of this exciting observation, we investigate how the molecular structure changes under strong light-matter coupling using an ab initio method based on the cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock ansatz. By optimizing H2O and H2O2 resonantly coupled to cavity modes, we study the importance of reorientation and geometric relaxation. In addition, we show that the inclusion of one or two cavity modes can change the observed results. On the basis of our findings, we derive a simple concept to estimate the effect of the cavity interaction on the molecular geometry using the molecular polarizability and the dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department of Physics, Stockholm
University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm
University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Sidler D, Schnappinger T, Obzhirov A, Ruggenthaler M, Kowalewski M, Rubio A. Unraveling a Cavity-Induced Molecular Polarization Mechanism from Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5208-5214. [PMID: 38717382 PMCID: PMC11103705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that collective vibrational strong coupling of molecules in thermal equilibrium can give rise to significant local electronic polarizations in the thermodynamic limit. We do so by first showing that the full nonrelativistic Pauli-Fierz problem of an ensemble of strongly coupled molecules in the dilute-gas limit reduces in the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation to a cavity-Hartree equation for the electronic structure. Consequently, each individual molecule experiences a self-consistent coupling to the dipoles of all other molecules, which amount to non-negligible values in the thermodynamic limit (large ensembles). Thus, collective vibrational strong coupling can alter individual molecules strongly for localized "hotspots" within the ensemble. Moreover, the discovered cavity-induced polarization pattern possesses a zero net polarization, which resembles a continuous form of a spin glass (or better polarization glass). Our findings suggest that the thorough understanding of polaritonic chemistry, requires a self-consistent treatment of dressed electronic structure, which can give rise to numerous, so far overlooked, physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Laboratory
for Materials Simulations, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schnappinger
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anatoly Obzhirov
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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4
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Schäfer C, Fojt J, Lindgren E, Erhart P. Machine Learning for Polaritonic Chemistry: Accessing Chemical Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5402-5413. [PMID: 38354223 PMCID: PMC10910569 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Altering chemical reactivity and material structure in confined optical environments is on the rise, and yet, a conclusive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms remains elusive. This originates mostly from the fact that accurately predicting vibrational and reactive dynamics for soluted ensembles of realistic molecules is no small endeavor, and adding (collective) strong light-matter interaction does not simplify matters. Here, we establish a framework based on a combination of machine learning (ML) models, trained using density-functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics to accelerate such simulations. We then apply this approach to evaluate strong coupling, changes in reaction rate constant, and their influence on enthalpy and entropy for the deprotection reaction of 1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilylacetylene, which has been studied previously both experimentally and using ab initio simulations. While we find qualitative agreement with critical experimental observations, especially with regard to the changes in kinetics, we also find differences in comparison with previous theoretical predictions. The features for which the ML-accelerated and ab initio simulations agree show the experimentally estimated kinetic behavior. Conflicting features indicate that a contribution of dynamic electronic polarization to the reaction process is more relevant than currently believed. Our work demonstrates the practical use of ML for polaritonic chemistry, discusses limitations of common approximations, and paves the way for a more holistic description of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Lindgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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5
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Rana B, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Simulating the Excited-State Dynamics of Polaritons with Ab Initio Multiple Spawning. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:139-151. [PMID: 38110364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growth of interest in polaritonic chemistry, where the formation of hybrid light-matter states (polaritons) can alter the course of photochemical reactions. These hybrid states are created by strong coupling between molecules and photons in resonant optical cavities and can even occur in the absence of light when the molecule is strongly coupled with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the vacuum field. We present a first-principles model to simulate nonadiabatic dynamics of such polaritonic states inside optical cavities by leveraging graphical processing units (GPUs). Our first implementation of this model is specialized for a single molecule coupled to a single-photon mode confined inside the optical cavity but with any number of excited states computed using complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) and a Jaynes-Cummings-type Hamiltonian. Using this model, we have simulated the excited-state dynamics of a single salicylideneaniline (SA) molecule strongly coupled to a cavity photon with the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method. We demonstrate how the branching ratios of the photodeactivation pathways for this molecule can be manipulated by coupling to the cavity. We also show how one can stop the photoreaction from happening inside of an optical cavity. Finally, we also investigate cavity-based control of the ordering of two excited states (one optically bright and the other optically dark) inside a cavity for a set of molecules, where the dark and bright states are close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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6
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Schnappinger T, Kowalewski M. Ab Initio Vibro-Polaritonic Spectra in Strongly Coupled Cavity-Molecule Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9278-9289. [PMID: 38084914 PMCID: PMC10753771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have revealed the profound effect of strong light-matter interactions in optical cavities on the electronic ground state of molecular systems. This phenomenon, known as vibrational strong coupling, can modify reaction rates and induce the formation of molecular vibrational polaritons, hybrid states involving both photon modes, and vibrational modes of molecules. We present an ab initio methodology based on the cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock ansatz, which is specifically powerful for ensembles of molecules, to calculate vibro-polaritonic IR spectra. This method allows for a comprehensive analysis of these hybrid states. Our semiclassical approach, validated against full quantum simulations, reproduces key features of the vibro-polaritonic spectra. The underlying analytic gradients also allow for optimization of cavity-coupled molecular systems and performing semiclassical dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Cavity-Modified Chemiluminescent Reaction of Dioxetane. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9483-9494. [PMID: 37845803 PMCID: PMC10658626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is a thermally activated chemical process that emits a photon of light by forming a fraction of products in the electronic excited state. A well-known example of this spectacular phenomenon is the emission of light in the firefly beetle, where the formation of a four-membered cyclic peroxide compound and subsequent dissociation produce a light-emitting product. The smallest cyclic peroxide, dioxetane, also exhibits chemiluminescence but with a low quantum yield as compared to that of firefly dioxetane. Employing the strong light-matter coupling has recently been found to be an alternative strategy to modify the chemical reactivity. In the presence of an optical cavity, the molecular degrees of freedom greatly mix with the cavity mode to form hybrid cavity-matter states called polaritons. These newly generated hybrid light-matter states manipulate the potential energy surfaces and significantly change the reaction dynamics. Here, we theoretically investigate the effects of a strong light-matter interaction on the chemiluminescent reaction of dioxetane using the extended Jaynes-Cummings model. The cavity couplings corresponding to the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom have been included in the interaction Hamiltonian. We explore how the cavity alters the ground- and excited-state path energy barriers and reaction rates. Our results demonstrate that the formation of excited-state products in the dioxetane decomposition process can be either accelerated or suppressed, depending on the molecular orientation with respect to the cavity polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Fischer EW, Saalfrank P. Beyond Cavity Born-Oppenheimer: On Nonadiabatic Coupling and Effective Ground State Hamiltonians in Vibro-Polaritonic Chemistry. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7215-7229. [PMID: 37793029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of vibro-polaritonic chemistry studies the impact of light-matter hybrid states known as vibrational polaritons on chemical reactivity and molecular properties. Here, we discuss vibro-polaritonic chemistry from a quantum chemical perspective beyond the cavity Born-Oppenheimer (CBO) approximation and examine the role of electron-photon correlation in effective ground state Hamiltonians. We first quantitatively review ab initio vibro-polaritonic chemistry based on the molecular Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in dipole approximation and a vibrational strong coupling (VSC) Born-Huang expansion. We then derive nonadiabatic coupling elements arising from both "slow" nuclei and cavity modes compared to "fast" electrons via the generalized Hellmann-Feynman theorem, discuss their properties, and reevaluate the CBO approximation. In the second part, we introduce a crude VSC Born-Huang expansion based on adiabatic electronic states, which provides a foundation for widely employed effective Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonians in ground state vibro-polaritonic chemistry. Those do not strictly respect the CBO approximation but an alternative scheme, which we name crude CBO approximation. We argue that the crude CBO ground state misses electron-photon correlation relative to the CBO ground state due to neglected cavity-induced nonadiabatic transition dipole couplings to excited states. A perturbative connection between both ground state approximations is proposed, which identifies the crude CBO ground state as a first-order approximation to its CBO counterpart. We provide an illustrative numerical analysis of the cavity Shin-Metiu model with a focus on nonadiabatic coupling under VSC and electron-photon correlation effects on classical activation barriers. We finally discuss the potential shortcomings of the electron-polariton Hamiltonian when employed in the VSC regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Fischer
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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9
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Ruggenthaler M, Sidler D, Rubio A. Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11191-11229. [PMID: 37729114 PMCID: PMC10571044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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10
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Schnappinger T, Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A, Kowalewski M. Cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock Ansatz: Light-Matter Properties of Strongly Coupled Molecular Ensembles. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8024-8033. [PMID: 37651603 PMCID: PMC10510432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies indicate that optical cavities can affect chemical reactions through either vibrational or electronic strong coupling and the quantized cavity modes. However, the current understanding of the interplay between molecules and confined light modes is incomplete. Accurate theoretical models that take into account intermolecular interactions to describe ensembles are therefore essential to understand the mechanisms governing polaritonic chemistry. We present an ab initio Hartree-Fock ansatz in the framework of the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation and study molecules strongly interacting with an optical cavity. This ansatz provides a nonperturbative, self-consistent description of strongly coupled molecular ensembles, taking into account the cavity-mediated dipole self-energy contributions. To demonstrate the capability of the cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock ansatz, we study the collective effects in ensembles of strongly coupled diatomic hydrogen fluoride molecules. Our results highlight the importance of the cavity-mediated intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions, which lead to energetic changes of individual molecules in the coupled ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Guo X, Cheng X, Zhang H. Light-responsive organic polaritons from first principles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23092-23099. [PMID: 37602397 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules is essential for their application in photonics. We demonstrate how light-responsive organic polaritons formed inside an optical cavity can be used to modify these properties based on first principles. Specifically, we study the excited state properties of the trans-azobenzene molecule and the free base tetraphenyl porphyrin (H2TPP) molecule under weak to strong light-matter coupling. Our results show that the cavity can modulate the dispersion and absorption properties of organic molecules. Compared to the case outside the cavity, the anomalous dispersion of the trans-azobenzene molecule inside the cavity is suppressed and this suppression decreases with increasing coupling strength, showing the potential of strong light-matter coupling in manipulating the optical dipole trap of organic molecules. Moreover, by adjusting the cavity parameters to tune the strength of the light-matter coupling, we achieve free switching between symmetric Lorentz and asymmetric Fano line shapes for H2TPP polaritonic excitations. During the switching between these spectral features, we also find that the cavity can be used to control the spontaneous radiation of organic molecules via the Purcell effect. These findings provide a new pathway to manipulate the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xinlu Cheng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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12
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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13
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. The role of dephasing for dark state coupling in a molecular Tavis-Cummings model. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044306. [PMID: 37493131 PMCID: PMC7615654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The collective coupling of an ensemble of molecules to a light field is commonly described by the Tavis-Cummings model. This model includes numerous eigenstates that are optically decoupled from the optically bright polariton states. Accessing these dark states requires breaking the symmetry in the corresponding Hamiltonian. In this paper, we investigate the influence of non-unitary processes on the dark state dynamics in the molecular Tavis-Cummings model. The system is modeled with a Lindblad equation that includes pure dephasing, as it would be caused by weak interactions with an environment, and photon decay. Our simulations show that the rate of pure dephasing, as well as the number of two-level systems, has a significant influence on the dark state population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Schäfer C, Flick J, Ronca E, Narang P, Rubio A. Shining light on the microscopic resonant mechanism responsible for cavity-mediated chemical reactivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7817. [PMID: 36535939 PMCID: PMC9763331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interaction in cavity environments is emerging as a promising approach to control chemical reactions in a non-intrusive and efficient manner. The underlying mechanism that distinguishes between steering, accelerating, or decelerating a chemical reaction has, however, remained unclear, hampering progress in this frontier area of research. We leverage quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory to unveil the microscopic mechanism behind the experimentally observed reduced reaction rate under cavity induced resonant vibrational strong light-matter coupling. We observe multiple resonances and obtain the thus far theoretically elusive but experimentally critical resonant feature for a single strongly coupled molecule undergoing the reaction. While we describe only a single mode and do not explicitly account for collective coupling or intermolecular interactions, the qualitative agreement with experimental measurements suggests that our conclusions can be largely abstracted towards the experimental realization. Specifically, we find that the cavity mode acts as mediator between different vibrational modes. In effect, vibrational energy localized in single bonds that are critical for the reaction is redistributed differently which ultimately inhibits the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Flick
- grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Prineha Narang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Physical Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA
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15
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Cui B, Nitzan A. Collective response in light-matter interactions: The interplay between strong coupling and local dynamics. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:114108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong molecule-radiation field coupling is often reached when a large number N of molecules respond collectively to the radiation field. In electronic strong coupling, molecular nuclear dynamics following polariton excitation reflects (a) the timescale separation between the fast electronic and photonic dynamics and the slow nuclear motion on one hand, and (b) the interplay between the collective nature of the molecule-field coupling and the local nature of the molecules nuclear response on the other. The first implies that the electronic excitation takes place, in the spirit of the Born approximation, at an approximately fixed nuclear configuration. The second can be rephrased as the intriguing question, can the collective nature of the optical excitation lead to collective nuclear motion following polariton formation, resulting in so-called polaron decoupled dynamics. We address this issue by studying the dynamical properties of a simplified Holstein-Tavis-Cummings type model, in which boson modes representing molecular vibrations are replaced by two-level systems while the boson frequency and the vibronic coupling are represented by the coupling between these levels (that induces Rabi oscillations between them) and electronic state dependence of this coupling. We investigate the short-time behavior of this model following polariton excitation as well as its response to CW driving and its density of states spectrum. We find that, while some aspects of the dynamical behavior appear to adhere to the polaron decoupling picture, the observed dynamics mostly reflect the local nature of the nuclear configuration of the electronic polariton rather than this picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Cui
- University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- University of Pennsylvania Department of Chemistry, United States of America
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16
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Schäfer C. Polaritonic Chemistry from First Principles via Embedding Radiation Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6905-6911. [PMID: 35866694 PMCID: PMC9358701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coherent interaction of a large collection of molecules with a common photonic mode results in strong light-matter coupling, a feature that has proven highly beneficial for chemistry and has introduced the research topics polaritonic and QED chemistry. Here, we demonstrate an embedding approach to capture the collective nature while retaining the full ab initio representation of single molecules─an approach ideal for polaritonic chemistry. The accuracy of the embedding radiation-reaction ansatz is demonstrated for time-dependent density-functional theory. Then, by virtue of a simple proton-tunneling model, we illustrate that the influence of collective strong coupling on chemical reactions features a nontrivial dependence on the number of emitters and can alternate between strong catalyzing and an inhibiting effect. Bridging classical electrodynamics, quantum optical descriptions, and the ab initio description of realistic molecules, this work can serve as a guiding light for future developments and investigations in the quickly growing fields of QED chemistry and QED material design.
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17
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Fischer EW, Saalfrank P. Cavity-induced non-adiabatic dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular rovibrational polaritons studied by multi-mode quantum models. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034305. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study theoretically the quantum dynamics and spectroscopy of rovibrational polaritons formed in a model system composed of a single rovibrating diatomic molecule, which interacts with two degenerate, orthogonally polarized modes of an optical Fabry–Pérot cavity. We employ an effective rovibrational Pauli–Fierz Hamiltonian in length gauge representation and identify three-state vibro-polaritonic conical intersections (VPCIs) between singly excited vibro-polaritonic states in a two-dimensional angular coordinate branching space. The lower and upper vibrational polaritons are of mixed light–matter hybrid character, whereas the intermediate state is purely photonic in nature. The VPCIs provide effective population transfer channels between singly excited vibrational polaritons, which manifest in rich interference patterns in rotational densities. Spectroscopically, three bright singly excited states are identified when an external infrared laser field couples to both a molecular and a cavity mode. The non-trivial VPCI topology manifests as pronounced multi-peak progression in the spectral region of the upper vibrational polariton, which is traced back to the emergence of rovibro-polaritonic light–matter hybrid states. Experimentally, ubiquitous spontaneous emission from cavity modes induces a dissipative reduction of intensity and peak broadening, which mainly influences the purely photonic intermediate state peak as well as the rovibro-polaritonic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Fischer
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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18
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Welakuh DM, Flick J, Ruggenthaler M, Appel H, Rubio A. Frequency-Dependent Sternheimer Linear-Response Formalism for Strongly Coupled Light-Matter Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4354-4365. [PMID: 35675628 PMCID: PMC9281401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid progress in quantum-optical experiments, especially in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics and nanoplasmonics, allows one to substantially modify and control chemical and physical properties of atoms, molecules, and solids by strongly coupling to the quantized field. Alongside such experimental advances has been the recent development of ab initio approaches such as quantum electrodynamical density-functional theory (QEDFT), which is capable of describing these strongly coupled systems from first principles. To investigate response properties of relatively large systems coupled to a wide range of photon modes, ab initio methods that scale well with system size become relevant. In light of this, we extend the linear-response Sternheimer approach within the framework of QEDFT to efficiently compute excited-state properties of strongly coupled light-matter systems. Using this method, we capture features of strong light-matter coupling both in the dispersion and absorption properties of a molecular system strongly coupled to the modes of a cavity. We exemplify the efficiency of the Sternheimer approach by coupling the matter system to the continuum of an electromagnetic field. We observe changes in the spectral features of the coupled system as Lorentzian line shapes turn into Fano resonances when the molecule interacts strongly with the continuum of modes. This work provides an alternative approach for computing efficiently excited-state properties of large molecular systems interacting with the quantized electromagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis M Welakuh
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.,Harvard John A. Paulson School Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York 10010, New York, United States
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York 10010, New York, United States
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19
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Schäfer C, Ronca E, Rubio A. A perspective on ab initio modeling of polaritonic chemistry: The role of non-equilibrium effects and quantum collectivity. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:230901. [PMID: 35732522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This Perspective provides a brief introduction into the theoretical complexity of polaritonic chemistry, which emerges from the hybrid nature of strongly coupled light-matter states. To tackle this complexity, the importance of ab initio methods is highlighted. Based on those, novel ideas and research avenues are developed with respect to quantum collectivity, as well as for resonance phenomena immanent in reaction rates under vibrational strong coupling. Indeed, fundamental theoretical questions arise about the mesoscopic scale of quantum-collectively coupled molecules when considering the depolarization shift in the interpretation of experimental data. Furthermore, to rationalize recent findings based on quantum electrodynamical density-functional theory (QEDFT), a simple, but computationally efficient, Langevin framework is proposed based on well-established methods from molecular dynamics. It suggests the emergence of cavity-induced non-equilibrium nuclear dynamics, where thermal (stochastic) resonance phenomena could emerge in the absence of external periodic driving. Overall, we believe that the latest ab initio results indeed suggest a paradigmatic shift for ground-state chemical reactions under vibrational strong coupling from the collective quantum interpretation toward a more local, (semi)-classically and non-equilibrium dominated perspective. Finally, various extensions toward a refined description of cavity-modified chemistry are introduced in the context of QEDFT, and future directions of the field are sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Bonini J, Flick J. Ab Initio Linear-Response Approach to Vibro-Polaritons in the Cavity Born-Oppenheimer Approximation. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2764-2773. [PMID: 35404591 PMCID: PMC9097282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant developments in the study of strong light-matter coupling including the control of chemical reactions by altering the vibrational normal modes of molecules. In the vibrational strong coupling regime, the normal modes of the system become hybrid modes which mix nuclear, electronic, and photonic degrees of freedom. First-principles methods capable of treating light and matter degrees of freedom on the same level of theory are an important tool in understanding such systems. In this work, we develop and apply a generalized force constant matrix approach to the study of mixed vibration-photon (vibro-polariton) states of molecules based on the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation and quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory. With this method, vibro-polariton modes and infrared spectra can be computed via linear-response techniques analogous to those widely used for conventional vibrations and phonons. We also develop an accurate model that highlights the consistent treatment of cavity-coupled electrons in the vibrational strong coupling regime. These electronic effects appear as new terms previously disregarded by simpler models. This effective model also allows for an accurate extrapolation of single and two molecule calculations to the collective strong coupling limit of hundreds of molecules. We benchmark these approaches for single and many CO2 molecules coupled to a single photon mode and the iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO)5 molecule coupled to a few photon modes. Our results are the first ab initio results for collective vibrational strong coupling effects. This framework for efficient computations of vibro-polaritons paves the way to a systematic description and improved understanding of the behavior of chemical systems in vibrational strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bonini
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave., New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave., New York, New York 10010, United States
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21
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Hammes-Schiffer S, Subotnik JE. Quantum Simulations of Vibrational Strong Coupling via Path Integrals. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3890-3895. [PMID: 35471100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A quantum simulation of vibrational strong coupling (VSC) in the collective regime via thermostated ring-polymer molecular dynamics (TRPMD) is reported. For a collection of liquid-phase water molecules resonantly coupled to a single lossless cavity mode, the simulation shows that as compared with a fully classical calculation, the inclusion of nuclear and photonic quantum effects does not lead to a change in the Rabi splitting but does broaden polaritonic line widths roughly by a factor of 2. Moreover, under thermal equilibrium, both quantum and classical simulations predict that the static dielectric constant of liquid water is largely unchanged inside vs outside the cavity. This result disagrees with a recent experiment demonstrating that the static dielectric constant of liquid water can be resonantly enhanced under VSC, suggesting either limitations of our approach or perhaps other experimental factors that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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22
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Wang DS, Neuman T, Yelin SF, Flick J. Cavity-Modified Unimolecular Dissociation Reactions via Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Redistribution. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3317-3324. [PMID: 35389664 PMCID: PMC9036583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
While the emerging field of vibrational polariton chemistry has the potential to overcome traditional limitations of synthetic chemistry, the underlying mechanism is not yet well understood. Here, we explore how the dynamics of unimolecular dissociation reactions that are rate-limited by intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) can be modified inside an infrared optical cavity. We study a classical model of a bent triatomic molecule, where the two outer atoms are bound by anharmonic Morse potentials to the center atom coupled to a harmonic bending mode. We show that an optical cavity resonantly coupled to particular anharmonic vibrational modes can interfere with IVR and alter unimolecular dissociation reaction rates when the cavity mode acts as a reservoir for vibrational energy. These results lay the foundation for further theoretical work toward understanding the intriguing experimental results of vibrational polaritonic chemistry within the context of IVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Wang
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Tomáš Neuman
- IPCMS
de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 (CNRS − Université
de Strasbourg), 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Susanne F. Yelin
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, New York, New York 10010, United
States
- E-mail:
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23
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Schäfer C, Johansson G. Shortcut to Self-Consistent Light-Matter Interaction and Realistic Spectra from First Principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:156402. [PMID: 35499896 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.156402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a simple approach to how an electromagnetic environment can be efficiently embedded into state-of-the-art electronic structure methods, taking the form of radiation-reaction forces. We demonstrate that this self-consistently provides access to radiative emission, natural linewidth, Lamb shifts, strong coupling, electromagnetically induced transparency, Purcell-enhanced and superradiant emission. As an example, we illustrate its seamless integration into time-dependent density-functional theory with virtually no additional cost, presenting a convenient shortcut to light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Johansson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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24
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Li TE, Tao Z, Hammes-Schiffer S. Semiclassical Real-Time Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Dynamics for Molecular Polaritons: Unified Theory of Electronic and Vibrational Strong Couplings. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2774-2784. [PMID: 35420037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons have become an emerging platform for remotely controlling molecular properties through strong light-matter interactions. Herein, a semiclassical approach is developed for describing molecular polaritons by self-consistently propagating the real-time dynamics of classical cavity modes and a quantum molecular subsystem described by the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method, where electrons and specified nuclei are treated quantum mechanically on the same level. This semiclassical real-time NEO approach provides a unified description of electronic and vibrational strong couplings and describes the impact of the cavity on coupled nuclear-electronic dynamics while including nuclear quantum effects. For a single o-hydroxybenzaldehyde molecule under electronic strong coupling, this approach shows that the cavity suppression of excited state intramolecular proton transfer is influenced not only by the polaritonic potential energy surface but also by the time scale of the chemical reaction. This work provides the foundation for exploring collective strong coupling in nuclear-electronic quantum dynamical systems within optical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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25
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Cho D, Gu B, Mukamel S. Optical Cavity Manipulation and Nonlinear UV Molecular Spectroscopy of Conical Intersections in Pyrazine. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7758-7767. [PMID: 35404593 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optical cavities provide a versatile platform for manipulating the excited-state dynamics of molecules via strong light-matter coupling. We employ optical absorption and two-multidimensional electronic spectroscopy simulations to investigate the effect of optical cavity coupling in the nonadiabatic dynamics of photoexcited pyrazine. We observe the emergence of a novel polaritonic conical intersection (PCI) between the electronic dark state and photonic surfaces as the cavity frequency is tuned. The PCI could significantly change the nonadiabatic dynamics of pyrazine by doubling the decay rate constant of the S2 state population. Moreover, the absorption spectrum and excited-state dynamics could be systematically manipulated by tuning the strong light-matter interaction, e.g., the cavity frequency and cavity coupling strength. We propose that a tunable optical cavity-molecule system may provide promising approaches for manipulating the photophysical properties of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeheum Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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26
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McTague J, Foley J. Non-Hermitian Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics - Configuration Interaction Singles Approach for Polaritonic Structure with ab initio Molecular Hamiltonians. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We combine ab initio molecular electronic Hamiltonians with a cavity quantum electrodynamics model for dissipative photonic modes and apply mean-field theories to the ground- and excited-states of resulting polaritonic systems. In particular, we develop a non-Hermitian configuration interaction singles theory for mean-field ground- and excited-states of the molecular system strongly interacting with a photonic mode, and apply these methods to elucidating the phenomenology of paradigmatic polaritonic systems. We leverage the Psi4Numpy framework to yield open-source and accessible reference implementations of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McTague
- William Paterson University College of Science and Health, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Foley
- Chemistry, William Paterson University College of Science and Health, United States of America
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27
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Ahrens A, Huang C, Beutel M, Covington C, Varga K. Stochastic Variational Approach to Small Atoms and Molecules Coupled to Quantum Field Modes in Cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:273601. [PMID: 35061426 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.273601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a stochastic variational calculation (SVM) of energies and wave functions of few particle systems coupled to quantum fields in cavity QED. The spatial wave function and the photon spaces are optimized by a random selection process. Using correlated basis functions, the SVM approach solves the problem accurately and opens the way to the same precision that is reached the nonlight coupled quantum systems. Examples for a two-dimensional trion and confined electrons as well as for the He atom and the H_{2} molecule are presented showing that the light-matter coupling drastically changes the electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ahrens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Chenhang Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Matt Beutel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Cody Covington
- Department of Chemistry, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044, USA
| | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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28
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Beutel M, Ahrens A, Huang C, Suzuki Y, Varga K. Deformed explicitly correlated Gaussians. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:214103. [PMID: 34879658 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformed explicitly correlated Gaussian (DECG) basis functions are introduced, and their matrix elements are calculated. All matrix elements can be calculated analytically in a closed form, except the Coulomb one, which has to be approximated by a Gaussian expansion. The DECG basis functions can be used to solve problems with nonspherical potentials. One example of such potential is the dipole self-interaction term in the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian. Examples are presented showing the accuracy and necessity of deformed Gaussian basis functions to accurately solve light-matter coupled systems in cavity QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Beutel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Alexander Ahrens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Chenhang Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | | | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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29
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Li TE, Cui B, Subotnik JE, Nitzan A. Molecular Polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics Under Strong Light-Matter Coupling. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 73:43-71. [PMID: 34871038 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-042621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical manifestations of strong light-matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light-matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light-matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Bingyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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30
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Wang DS, Yelin SF, Flick J. Defect Polaritons from First Principles. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15142-15152. [PMID: 34459200 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Control over the optical properties of defects in solid-state materials is necessary for their application in quantum technologies. In this study, we demonstrate, from first principles, how to tune these properties via the formation of defect polaritons in an optical cavity. We show that the polaritonic splitting that shifts the absorption energy of the lower polariton is much higher than can be expected from a Jaynes-Cummings interaction. We also find that the absorption intensity of the lower polariton increases by several orders of magnitude, suggesting a possible route toward overcoming phonon-limited single-photon emission from defect centers. These findings are a result of an effective continuum of electronic transitions near the lowest-lying electronic transition that dramatically enhances the strength of the light-matter interaction. We expect our findings to spur experimental investigations of strong light-matter coupling between defect centers and cavity photons for applications in quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Susanne F Yelin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
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31
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Erwin JD, Wang Y, Bradley RC, Coe JV. Changing Vibration Coupling Strengths of Liquid Acetonitrile with an Angle-Tuned Etalon. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8472-8483. [PMID: 34304569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work is the first report on nonzero molecular vibration-vibration coupling in an infrared cavity-vibration experiment. Vibration-vibration coupling strength is determined as a cavity mode of parallel spaced mirrors (etalon mode or fringe) is angle-tuned in the region between two vibrations of liquid acetonitrile which are Fermi coupled, namely, a CN stretch dominated vibration and a nearby combination band dominated by the symmetric CH3 bend and C-C stretch. All other infrared cavity-vibration work to date involving more than one vibration has used a value of zero for vibration-vibration coupling; however, this work starts with Fermi coupled vibrations and reveals that there are changes in the vibration-vibration coupling and cavity-vibration couplings as the cavity mode is angle-tuned between the interacting vibrations. The ability to change fundamental vibrational dynamics within a cavity is an exciting result which helps to build a foundation for understanding molecular vibrational dynamics in parallel plate etalon cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Erwin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1173, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1173, United States
| | - Rebecca C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1173, United States
| | - James V Coe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1173, United States
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32
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Kadyan A, Shaji A, George J. Boosting Self-interaction of Molecular Vibrations under Ultrastrong Coupling Condition. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4313-4318. [PMID: 33914529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we investigated the modification of the oscillator strength of an asymmetric stretching band of CS2 by strong coupling to an infrared cavity photon. This is achieved by placing liquid CS2 in a Fabry-Perot resonator and tuning the cavity mode position to match the molecular vibrational transition. Ultrastrong coupling leads to an increase in the effective oscillator strength of the asymmetric stretching band of CS2. We proved this experimentally by taking the area ratio of the asymmetric stretching and combination bands by selectively coupling the former. A nonlinear increase in the oscillator strength of the asymmetric stretching band is observed upon varying the coupling strength. This is explained by a quantum mechanical model that predicts quadratic behavior under ultrastrong coupling conditions. These findings will set up a new paradigm for understanding chemical reaction modifications by vacuum field coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Kadyan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Anil Shaji
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Jino George
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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33
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Wang DS, Neuman T, Flick J, Narang P. Light-matter interaction of a molecule in a dissipative cavity from first principles. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104109. [PMID: 33722047 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity-mediated light-matter coupling can dramatically alter opto-electronic and physico-chemical properties of a molecule. Ab initio theoretical predictions of these systems need to combine non-perturbative, many-body electronic structure theory-based methods with cavity quantum electrodynamics and theories of open-quantum systems. Here, we generalize quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory to account for dissipative dynamics of the cavity and describe coupled cavity-single molecule interactions in the weak-to-strong-coupling regimes. Specifically, to establish this generalized technique, we study excited-state dynamics and spectral responses of benzene and toluene under weak-to-strong light-matter coupling. By tuning the coupling, we achieve cavity-mediated energy transfer between electronically excited states. This generalized ab initio quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory treatment can be naturally extended to describe cavity-mediated interactions in arbitrary electromagnetic environments, accessing correlated light-matter observables and thereby closing the gap between electronic structure theory, quantum optics, and nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Tomáš Neuman
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Prineha Narang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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34
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Controlling the Photostability of Pyrrole with Optical Nanocavities. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1142-1151. [PMID: 33464084 PMCID: PMC7883346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling provides a new strategy to manipulate the non-adiabatic dynamics of molecules by modifying potential energy surfaces. The vacuum field of nanocavities can couple strongly with the molecular degrees of freedom and form hybrid light-matter states, termed as polaritons or dressed states. The photochemistry of molecules possessing intrinsic conical intersections can be significantly altered by introducing cavity couplings to create new conical intersections or avoided crossings. Here, we explore the effects of optical cavities on the photo-induced hydrogen elimination reaction of pyrrole. Wave packet dynamics simulations have been performed on the two-state, two-mode model of pyrrole, combined with the cavity photon mode. Our results show how the optical cavities assist in controlling the photostability of pyrrole and influence the reaction mechanism by providing alternative dissociation pathways. The cavity effects have been found to be intensely dependent on the resonance frequency. We further demonstrate the importance of the vibrational cavity couplings and dipole-self interaction terms in describing the cavity-modified non-adiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Wellnitz D, Pupillo G, Schachenmayer J. A quantum optics approach to photoinduced electron transfer in cavities. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0037412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wellnitz
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS (UMR 7504), CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - G. Pupillo
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J. Schachenmayer
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS (UMR 7504), CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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36
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Cortés E, Besteiro LV, Alabastri A, Baldi A, Tagliabue G, Demetriadou A, Narang P. Challenges in Plasmonic Catalysis. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16202-16219. [PMID: 33314905 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoplasmonics to control light and heat close to the thermodynamic limit enables exciting opportunities in the field of plasmonic catalysis. The decay of plasmonic excitations creates highly nonequilibrium distributions of hot carriers that can initiate or catalyze reactions through both thermal and nonthermal pathways. In this Perspective, we present the current understanding in the field of plasmonic catalysis, capturing vibrant debates in the literature, and discuss future avenues of exploration to overcome critical bottlenecks. Our Perspective spans first-principles theory and computation of correlated and far-from-equilibrium light-matter interactions, synthesis of new nanoplasmonic hybrids, and new steady-state and ultrafast spectroscopic probes of interactions in plasmonic catalysis, recognizing the key contributions of each discipline in realizing the promise of plasmonic catalysis. We conclude with our vision for fundamental and technological advances in the field of plasmon-driven chemical reactions in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | | | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS-378, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrea Baldi
- DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Tagliabue
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angela Demetriadou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Prineha Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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37
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. Simulating photodissociation reactions in bad cavities with the Lindblad equation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234304. [PMID: 33353334 PMCID: PMC7116731 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical cavities, e.g., as used in organic polariton experiments, often employ low finesse mirrors or plasmonic structures. The photon lifetime in these setups is comparable to the timescale of the nuclear dynamics governing the photochemistry. This highlights the need for including the effect of dissipation in the molecular simulations. In this study, we perform wave packet dynamics with the Lindblad master equation to study the effect of a finite photon lifetime on the dissociation of the MgH+ molecule model system. Photon lifetimes of several different orders of magnitude are considered to encompass an ample range of effects inherent to lossy cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Head-Marsden K, Flick J, Ciccarino CJ, Narang P. Quantum Information and Algorithms for Correlated Quantum Matter. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3061-3120. [PMID: 33326218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Discoveries in quantum materials, which are characterized by the strongly quantum-mechanical nature of electrons and atoms, have revealed exotic properties that arise from correlations. It is the promise of quantum materials for quantum information science superimposed with the potential of new computational quantum algorithms to discover new quantum materials that inspires this Review. We anticipate that quantum materials to be discovered and developed in the next years will transform the areas of quantum information processing including communication, storage, and computing. Simultaneously, efforts toward developing new quantum algorithmic approaches for quantum simulation and advanced calculation methods for many-body quantum systems enable major advances toward functional quantum materials and their deployment. The advent of quantum computing brings new possibilities for eliminating the exponential complexity that has stymied simulation of correlated quantum systems on high-performance classical computers. Here, we review new algorithms and computational approaches to predict and understand the behavior of correlated quantum matter. The strongly interdisciplinary nature of the topics covered necessitates a common language to integrate ideas from these fields. We aim to provide this common language while weaving together fields across electronic structure theory, quantum electrodynamics, algorithm design, and open quantum systems. Our Review is timely in presenting the state-of-the-art in the field toward algorithms with nonexponential complexity for correlated quantum matter with applications in grand-challenge problems. Looking to the future, at the intersection of quantum information science and algorithms for correlated quantum matter, we envision seminal advances in predicting many-body quantum states and describing excitonic quantum matter and large-scale entangled states, a better understanding of high-temperature superconductivity, and quantifying open quantum system dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade Head-Marsden
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Christopher J Ciccarino
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Prineha Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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39
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Antoniou P, Suchanek F, Varner JF, Foley JJ. Role of Cavity Losses on Nonadiabatic Couplings and Dynamics in Polaritonic Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9063-9069. [PMID: 33045837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a non-Hermitian formulation of the polaritonic structure of azobenzene strongly coupled to a photonic mode that explicitly accounts for the fleeting nature of the photon-molecule interaction. This formalism reveals that the polaritonic nonadiabatic couplings that facilitate cis-trans isomerization can be dramatically modified by photonic dissipation. We perform Fewest-Switches Surface Hopping dynamics on the surfaces that derive from our non-Hermitian formalism and find that the polaritonic isomerization yields are strongly suppressed for moderate dissipation rates and that cavity-free isomerization dynamics are recovered under large dissipation rates. These findings highlight the important role that the finite lifetime of photonic degrees of freedom play in polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Antoniou
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Figen Suchanek
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - James F Varner
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Jonathan J Foley
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
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40
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Flick J, Narang P. Ab initio polaritonic potential-energy surfaces for excited-state nanophotonics and polaritonic chemistry. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:094116. [PMID: 32891103 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanophotonics, quantum optics, and low-dimensional materials have enabled precise control of light-matter interactions down to the nanoscale. Combining concepts from each of these fields, there is now an opportunity to create and manipulate photonic matter via strong coupling of molecules to the electromagnetic field. Toward this goal, here we demonstrate a first principles framework to calculate polaritonic excited-state potential-energy surfaces, transition dipole moments, and transition densities for strongly coupled light-matter systems. In particular, we demonstrate the applicability of our methodology by calculating the polaritonic excited-state manifold of a formaldehyde molecule strongly coupled to an optical cavity. This proof-of-concept calculation shows how strong coupling can be exploited to alter photochemical reaction pathways by influencing avoided crossings with tuning of the cavity frequency and coupling strength. Therefore, by introducing an ab initio method to calculate excited-state potential-energy surfaces, our work opens a new avenue for the field of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Flick
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Prineha Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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41
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Fregoni J, Corni S, Persico M, Granucci G. Photochemistry in the strong coupling regime: A trajectory surface hopping scheme. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2033-2044. [PMID: 32609934 PMCID: PMC7891387 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The strong coupling regime between confined light and organic molecules turned out to be promising in modifying both the ground state and the excited states properties. Under this peculiar condition, the electronic states of the molecule are mixed with the quantum states of light. The dynamical processes occurring on such hybrid states undergo several modifications accordingly. Hence, the dynamical description of chemical reactivity in polaritonic systems needs to explicitly take into account the photon degrees of freedom and nonadiabatic events. With the aim of describing photochemical polaritonic processes, in the present work, we extend the direct trajectory surface hopping scheme to investigate photochemistry under strong coupling between light and matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Fregoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche e MatematicheUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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42
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Gu B, Mukamel S. Cooperative Conical Intersection Dynamics of Two Pyrazine Molecules in an Optical Cavity. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5555-5562. [PMID: 32531166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid light-matter states in optical cavities, known as polaritons, offer a novel means of manipulating and controlling photochemical processes. We investigate the cooperative cavity photochemistry of two pyrazine molecules undergoing conical intersection dynamics and interacting with a single cavity photon mode by exact quantum dynamics. When the cavity mode is coupled to the electronic transition between the ground and excited states, we find an enhanced polaritonic splitting and collective dark states. These features dominate the cooperative polariton dynamics and can be observed in the transient absorption spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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43
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Spano FC. Exciton-phonon polaritons in organic microcavities: Testing a simple ansatz for treating a large number of chromophores. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:204113. [PMID: 32486687 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritons in an ensemble of permutationally symmetric chromophores confined to an optical microcavity are investigated numerically. The analysis is based on the Holstein-Tavis-Cummings Hamiltonian which accounts for the coupling between an electronic excitation on each chromophore and a single cavity mode, as well as the coupling between the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom on each chromophore. A straightforward ensemble partitioning scheme is introduced, which, along with an intuitive ansatz, allows one to obtain accurate evaluations of the lowest-energy polaritons using a subset of collective states. The polaritons include all three degrees of freedom-electronic, vibronic, and photonic-and can therefore be described as exciton-phonon polaritons. Applications focus on the limiting regimes where the Rabi frequency is small or large compared to the nuclear relaxation energy subsequent to optical excitation, with relaxation occurring mainly along the vinyl stretching coordinate in conjugated organic chromophores. Comparisons are also made to the more conventional vibronic polariton approach, which does not take into account two-particle excitations and vibration-photon states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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44
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Tancogne-Dejean N, Oliveira MJT, Andrade X, Appel H, Borca CH, Le Breton G, Buchholz F, Castro A, Corni S, Correa AA, De Giovannini U, Delgado A, Eich FG, Flick J, Gil G, Gomez A, Helbig N, Hübener H, Jestädt R, Jornet-Somoza J, Larsen AH, Lebedeva IV, Lüders M, Marques MAL, Ohlmann ST, Pipolo S, Rampp M, Rozzi CA, Strubbe DA, Sato SA, Schäfer C, Theophilou I, Welden A, Rubio A. Octopus, a computational framework for exploring light-driven phenomena and quantum dynamics in extended and finite systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:124119. [PMID: 32241132 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, extraordinary advances in experimental and theoretical tools have allowed us to monitor and control matter at short time and atomic scales with a high degree of precision. An appealing and challenging route toward engineering materials with tailored properties is to find ways to design or selectively manipulate materials, especially at the quantum level. To this end, having a state-of-the-art ab initio computer simulation tool that enables a reliable and accurate simulation of light-induced changes in the physical and chemical properties of complex systems is of utmost importance. The first principles real-space-based Octopus project was born with that idea in mind, i.e., to provide a unique framework that allows us to describe non-equilibrium phenomena in molecular complexes, low dimensional materials, and extended systems by accounting for electronic, ionic, and photon quantum mechanical effects within a generalized time-dependent density functional theory. This article aims to present the new features that have been implemented over the last few years, including technical developments related to performance and massive parallelism. We also describe the major theoretical developments to address ultrafast light-driven processes, such as the new theoretical framework of quantum electrodynamics density-functional formalism for the description of novel light-matter hybrid states. Those advances, and others being released soon as part of the Octopus package, will allow the scientific community to simulate and characterize spatial and time-resolved spectroscopies, ultrafast phenomena in molecules and materials, and new emergent states of matter (quantum electrodynamical-materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Micael J T Oliveira
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xavier Andrade
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlos H Borca
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Guillaume Le Breton
- Département de Physique, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Florian Buchholz
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alberto Castro
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alfredo A Correa
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Umberto De Giovannini
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alain Delgado
- Xanadu, 777 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C8, Canada
| | - Florian G Eich
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Flick
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Gabriel Gil
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Adrián Gomez
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicole Helbig
- Nanomat/Qmat/CESAM and ETSF, Université de Liège, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Hannes Hübener
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Jestädt
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joaquim Jornet-Somoza
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ask H Larsen
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Irina V Lebedeva
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Martin Lüders
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miguel A L Marques
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sebastian T Ohlmann
- Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Gießenbachstraße 2, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Silvio Pipolo
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d' Artois UMR 8181-UCCS Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Markus Rampp
- Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Gießenbachstraße 2, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Carlo A Rozzi
- CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze, via Campi 213a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - David A Strubbe
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Shunsuke A Sato
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Theophilou
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Welden
- Quantum Simulations Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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45
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Herrera F, Owrutsky J. Molecular polaritons for controlling chemistry with quantum optics. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:100902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5136320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile and Millennium Institute for Research in Optics MIRO, Concepción, Chile
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46
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Pérez-Sánchez JB, Yuen-Zhou J. Polariton Assisted Down-Conversion of Photons via Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics: A Molecular Dynamical Casimir Effect. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:152-159. [PMID: 31820998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dynamics of the photoisomerization of a single 3,3'-diethyl-2,2'-thiacynine iodide molecule embedded in an optical microcavity was theoretically studied. The molecular model consisting of two electronic states and the reaction coordinate was coupled to a single cavity mode via the quantum Rabi Hamiltonian, and the corresponding time-dependent Schrödinger equation starting with a purely molecular excitation was solved using the Multiconfigurational Time-Dependent Hartree Method (MCTDH). We show that, for single-molecule strong coupling with the photon mode, nonadiabatic molecular dynamics produces mixing of polariton manifolds with differing number of excitations, without the need of counter-rotating light-matter coupling terms. Therefore, an electronic excitation of the molecule at the cis configuration is followed by the generation of two photons in the trans configuration upon isomerization. Conditions for this phenomenon to be operating in the collective strong light-matter coupling regime are discussed and found to be unfeasible for the present system, based on simulations of two molecules inside the microcavity. Yet, our finding suggests a new mechanism that, without ultrastrong coupling, achieves photon down-conversion by exploiting the emergent molecular dynamics arising in polaritonic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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47
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Gu B, Mukamel S. Manipulating nonadiabatic conical intersection dynamics by optical cavities. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1290-1298. [PMID: 34123253 PMCID: PMC8147895 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical cavities hold great promise to manipulate and control the photochemistry of molecules. We demonstrate how molecular photochemical processes can be manipulated by strong light-matter coupling. For a molecule with an inherent conical intersection, optical cavities can induce significant changes in the nonadiabatic dynamics by either splitting the pristine conical intersections into two novel polaritonic conical intersections or by creating light-induced avoided crossings in the polaritonic surfaces. This is demonstrated by exact real-time quantum dynamics simulations of a three-state two-mode model of pyrazine strongly coupled to a single cavity photon mode. We further explore the effects of external environments through dissipative polaritonic dynamics computed using the hierarchical equation of motion method. We find that cavity-controlled photochemistry can be immune to external environments. We also demonstrate that the polariton-induced changes in the dynamics can be monitored by transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
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48
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Flick J, Welakuh DM, Ruggenthaler M, Appel H, Rubio A. Light-Matter Response in Nonrelativistic Quantum Electrodynamics. ACS PHOTONICS 2019; 6:2757-2778. [PMID: 31788500 PMCID: PMC6875898 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We derive the full linear-response theory for nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics in the long wavelength limit and provide a practical framework to solve the resulting equations by using quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory. We highlight how the coupling between quantized light and matter changes the usual response functions and introduces cross-correlated light-matter response functions. These cross-correlation responses lead to measurable changes in Maxwell's equations due to the quantum-matter-mediated photon-photon interactions. Key features of treating the combined matter-photon response are that natural lifetimes of excitations become directly accessible from first-principles, changes in the electronic structure due to strong light-matter coupling are treated fully nonperturbatively, and self-consistent solutions of the back-reaction of matter onto the photon vacuum and vice versa are accounted for. By introducing a straightforward extension of the random-phase approximation for the coupled matter-photon problem, we calculate the ab initio spectra for a real molecular system that is coupled to the quantized electromagnetic field. Our approach can be solved numerically very efficiently. The presented framework leads to a shift in paradigm by highlighting how electronically excited states arise as a modification of the photon field and that experimentally observed effects are always due to a complex interplay between light and matter. At the same time the findings provide a route to analyze as well as propose experiments at the interface between quantum chemistry, nanoplasmonics and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Flick
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davis M. Welakuh
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU- 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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49
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Covington C, Kidd D, Buckner H, Appel H, Varga K. Time propagation of the coupled Maxwell and Kohn-Sham equations using the Riemann-Silberstein formalism. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:053301. [PMID: 31869973 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.053301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The coupled Maxwell and time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations are solved using the Riemann-Silberstein vectors to represent the electromagnetic fields. Momentum-space time propagation of the Riemann-Silberstein vectors are proposed and test calculations are presented to show the accuracy of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Covington
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA and Department of Chemistry, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044, USA
| | | | - Haley Buckner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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50
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Mandal A, Huo P. Investigating New Reactivities Enabled by Polariton Photochemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5519-5529. [PMID: 31475529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We perform quantum dynamics simulations to investigate new chemical reactivities enabled by cavity quantum electrodynamics. The quantum light-matter interactions between the molecule and the quantized radiation mode inside an optical cavity create a set of hybridized electronic-photonic states, so-called polaritons. The polaritonic states adapt the curvatures from both the ground and the excited electronic states, opening up new possibilities to control photochemical reactions by exploiting intrinsic quantum behaviors of light-matter interactions. With quantum dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the selectivity of a model photoisomerization reaction can be controlled by tuning the photon frequency of the cavity mode or the light-matter coupling strength, providing new ways to manipulate chemical reactions via the light-matter interaction. We further investigate collective quantum effects enabled by coupling the quantized radiation mode to multiple molecules. Our results suggest that in the resonance case, a photon is recycled among molecules to enable multiple excited state reactions, thus effectively functioning as a catalyst. In the nonresonance case, molecules emit and absorb virtual photons to initiate excited state reactions through fundamental quantum electrodynamics processes. These results from quantum dynamics simulations reveal basic principles of polariton photochemistry as well as promising reactivities that take advantage of intrinsic quantum behaviors of photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , 120 Trustee Road , Rochester , New York 14627 , United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , 120 Trustee Road , Rochester , New York 14627 , United States
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