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Han M, Ji JB, Leung CS, Ueda K, Wörner HJ. Separation of photoionization and measurement-induced delays. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj2629. [PMID: 38266083 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoionization of matter is one of the fastest electronic processes in nature. Experimental measurements of photoionization dynamics have become possible through attosecond metrology. However, all experiments reported to date contain a so-far unavoidable measurement-induced contribution, known as continuum-continuum (CC) or Coulomb-laser-coupling delay. In traditional attosecond metrology, this contribution is nonadditive for most systems and nontrivial to calculate. Here, we introduce the concept of mirror symmetry-broken attosecond interferometry, which enables the direct and separate measurement of both the native one-photon ionization delays and the CC delays. Our technique solves the longstanding challenge of experimentally isolating these two contributions. This advance opens the door to the next generation of accurate measurements and precision tests that will set standards for benchmarking the accuracy of electronic structure and electron-dynamics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Han
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jia-Bao Ji
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Chung Sum Leung
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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Wang RR, An HH, Xie ZY, Wang W. Conversion efficiency of multi-keV L-shell-band X-ray emission. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:31726-31738. [PMID: 34615260 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the influence of foil thickness, laser pulse width, and laser intensity to optimize the multi-keV X-ray conversion efficiency of a sandwiched (CH/Sn/CH) planar target under laser irradiation at the Shenguang II laser facility. The X-ray photon field values were measured using a set of elliptically bent crystal spectrometers and the conversion efficiencies (ξx) of photon energies were in the range of 3.7-4.3 keV. The experimental results indicate that the X-ray yields of 3.7 to 4.3 keV radiation strongly depend on the laser pulse width, target thickness, and laser intensity. The results also demonstrate that three-layer thin foils can provide an efficient multi-keV X-ray source because they can change the distribution of emitted multi-keV X-rays and target dynamics versus nanosecond laser pulses to produce large, hot, and underdense plasma. However, the underdense plasma produced as a rarefaction wave causes the overdense plasma generated by the laser pulse to expand. Therefore, the laser parameters and foil thickness must be carefully optimized to produce an efficient 3.7 to 4.3 keV X-ray source. Otherwise, the rarefaction waves from both sides of the thin foil may suppress multi-keV X-ray emission. This study represents an important advancement in the development of an efficient multi-keV L-shell-band X-ray source.
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Ji JB, Heck S, Han M, Wörner HJ. Quantitative uncertainty determination of phase retrieval in RABBITT. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:27732-27749. [PMID: 34615183 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBITT) is one of the most widely used approaches to measure the time delays in photoionization. The time delay, which corresponds to a phase difference of two oscillating signals, is usually retrieved by cosine fitting or fast Fourier transform (FFT). We propose two estimators for the phase uncertainty of cosine fitting from the signal per se of an individual experiment: (i) σ(φ fit)≈B A2N, where B/A is the mean-value-to-amplitude ratio, and N is the total count number, and (ii) σ(φ fit)≈1-R 2 R 2 n bins, where nbins is the total number of bins in the time domain, and R2 is the coefficient of determination. The former estimator is applicable for the statistical fluctuation, while the latter includes the effects from various uncertainty sources, which is mathematically proven and numerically validated. This leads to an efficient and reliable approach to determining quantitative uncertainties in RABBITT experiments and evaluating the observed discrepancy among individual measurements, as demonstrated on the basis of experimental data.
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Saalmann U, Rost JM. Proper Time Delays Measured by Optical Streaking. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:113202. [PMID: 32975971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.113202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In attosecond science it is assumed that Wigner-Smith time delays, known from scattering theory, are determined by measuring streaking shifts. Despite their wide use from atoms to solids this has never been proven. Analyzing the underlying process-energy absorption from the streaking light-we derive this relation. It reveals that only under specific conditions streaking shifts measure Wigner-Smith time delays. For the most relevant case, interactions containing long-range Coulomb tails, we show that finite streaking shifts, including relative shifts from two different orbitals, are misleading. We devise a new time-delay definition and describe a measurement technique that avoids the record of a complete streaking scan, as suggested by the relation between time delays and streaking shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Saalmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan M Rost
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Zapolnova E, Pan R, Golz T, Sindik M, Nikolic M, Temme M, Rabasovic M, Grujic D, Chen Z, Toleikis S, Stojanovic N. XUV-driven plasma switch for THz: new spatio-temporal overlap tool for XUV-THz pump-probe experiments at FELs. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:11-16. [PMID: 31868730 PMCID: PMC6927515 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519014164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple and robust tool for spatio-temporal overlap of THz and XUV pulses in in-vacuum pump-probe experiments is presented. The technique exploits ultrafast changes of the optical properties in semiconductors (i.e. silicon) driven by ultrashort XUV pulses that are probed by THz pulses. This work demonstrates that this tool can be used for a large range of XUV fluences that are significantly lower than when probing by visible and near-infrared pulses. This tool is mainly targeted at emerging X-ray free-electron laser facilities, but can be utilized also at table-top high-harmonics sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Zapolnova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Pan
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T. Golz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Sindik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Nikolic
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Temme
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Rabasovic
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D. Grujic
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Z. Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S. Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N. Stojanovic
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Pan R, Zapolnova E, Golz T, Krmpot AJ, Rabasovic MD, Petrovic J, Asgekar V, Faatz B, Tavella F, Perucchi A, Kovalev S, Green B, Geloni G, Tanikawa T, Yurkov M, Schneidmiller E, Gensch M, Stojanovic N. Photon diagnostics at the FLASH THz beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:700-707. [PMID: 31074433 PMCID: PMC6510192 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519003412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The THz beamline at FLASH, DESY, provides both tunable (1-300 THz) narrow-bandwidth (∼10%) and broad-bandwidth intense (up to 150 uJ) THz pulses delivered in 1 MHz bursts and naturally synchronized with free-electron laser X-ray pulses. Combination of these pulses, along with the auxiliary NIR and VIS ultrashort lasers, supports a plethora of dynamic investigations in physics, material science and biology. The unique features of the FLASH THz pulses and the accelerator source, however, bring along a set of challenges in the diagnostics of their key parameters: pulse energy, spectral, temporal and spatial profiles. Here, these challenges are discussed and the pulse diagnostic tools developed at FLASH are presented. In particular, a radiometric power measurement is presented that enables the derivation of the average pulse energy within a pulse burst across the spectral range, jitter-corrected electro-optical sampling for the full spectro-temporal pulse characterization, spatial beam profiling along the beam transport line and at the sample, and a lamellar grating based Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for the on-line assessment of the average THz pulse spectra. Corresponding measurement results provide a comprehensive insight into the THz beamline capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pan
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Zapolnova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Golz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jovana Petrovic
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Asgekar
- Department of Physics, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bart Faatz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Tavella
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Andrea Perucchi
- Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergey Kovalev
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bertram Green
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Mikhail Yurkov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Evgeny Schneidmiller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gensch
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikola Stojanovic
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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