1
|
Albertini S, Gruber E, Zappa F, Krasnokutski S, Laimer F, Scheier P. Chemistry and physics of dopants embedded in helium droplets. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:529-567. [PMID: 33993543 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Helium droplets represent a cold inert matrix, free of walls with outstanding properties to grow complexes and clusters at conditions that are perfect to simulate cold and dense regions of the interstellar medium. At sub-Kelvin temperatures, barrierless reactions triggered by radicals or ions have been observed and studied by optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The present review summarizes developments of experimental techniques and methods and recent results they enabled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Albertini
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabio Zappa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Serge Krasnokutski
- Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the MPI for Astronomy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Laimer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niman JW, Kamerin BS, Villers TH, Linker TM, Nakano A, Kresin VV. Probing the presence and absence of metal-fullerene electron transfer reactions in helium nanodroplets by deflection measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10378-10383. [PMID: 35438706 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00751g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-fullerene compounds are characterized by significant electron transfer to the fullerene cage, giving rise to an electric dipole moment. We use the method of electrostatic beam deflection to verify whether such reactions take place within superfluid helium nanodroplets between an embedded C60 molecule and either alkali (heliophobic) or rare-earth (heliophilic) atoms. The two cases lead to distinctly different outcomes: C60Nan (n = 1-4) display no discernable dipole moment, while C60Yb is strongly polar. This suggests that the fullerene and small alkali clusters fail to form a charge-transfer bond in the helium matrix despite their strong van der Waals attraction. The C60Yb dipole moment, on the other hand, is in agreement with the value expected for an ionic complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Niman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Benjamin S Kamerin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Thomas H Villers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Thomas M Linker
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0242, USA
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0242, USA
| | - Vitaly V Kresin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tanyag RMP, Bacellar C, Pang W, Bernando C, Gomez LF, Jones CF, Ferguson KR, Kwok J, Anielski D, Belkacem A, Boll R, Bozek J, Carron S, Chen G, Delmas T, Englert L, Epp SW, Erk B, Foucar L, Hartmann R, Hexemer A, Huth M, Leone SR, Ma JH, Marchesini S, Neumark DM, Poon BK, Prell J, Rolles D, Rudek B, Rudenko A, Seifrid M, Swiggers M, Ullrich J, Weise F, Zwart P, Bostedt C, Gessner O, Vilesov AF. Sizes of pure and doped helium droplets from single shot x-ray imaging. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:041102. [PMID: 35105059 DOI: 10.1063/5.0080342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in x-ray free-electron lasers on producing ultrashort, ultrabright, and coherent x-ray pulses enable single-shot imaging of fragile nanostructures, such as superfluid helium droplets. This imaging technique gives unique access to the sizes and shapes of individual droplets. In the past, such droplet characteristics have only been indirectly inferred by ensemble averaging techniques. Here, we report on the size distributions of both pure and doped droplets collected from single-shot x-ray imaging and produced from the free-jet expansion of helium through a 5 μm diameter nozzle at 20 bars and nozzle temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 9 K. This work extends the measurement of large helium nanodroplets containing 109-1011 atoms, which are shown to follow an exponential size distribution. Additionally, we demonstrate that the size distributions of the doped droplets follow those of the pure droplets at the same stagnation condition but with smaller average sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rico Mayro P Tanyag
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Camila Bacellar
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Weiwu Pang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Charles Bernando
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Luis F Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Curtis F Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Ken R Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Justin Kwok
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Denis Anielski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Belkacem
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca Boll
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Bozek
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian Carron
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tjark Delmas
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Englert
- Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Sascha W Epp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Huth
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan H Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stefano Marchesini
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Billy K Poon
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - James Prell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rudek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Michele Swiggers
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Weise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Petrus Zwart
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrey F Vilesov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liang J, Fuchs TM, Schäfer R, Kresin VV. Strong permanent magnet gradient deflector for Stern-Gerlach-type experiments on molecular beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:053202. [PMID: 32486738 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, assembly, and testing of a magnet intended to deflect beams of paramagnetic nanoclusters, molecules, and atoms. It is energized by high-grade permanent neodymium magnets. This offers a convenient option in terms of cost, portability, and scalability of the construction while providing field and gradient values (1.1 T, 330 T/m), which are fully comparable with those of commonly used electromagnet deflectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
| | - Thomas M Fuchs
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Physikalische und Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Physikalische und Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vitaly V Kresin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niman JW, Kamerin BS, Kranabetter L, Merthe DJ, Suchan J, Slavíček P, Kresin VV. Direct detection of polar structure formation in helium nanodroplets by beam deflection measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20764-20769. [PMID: 31513195 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-range intermolecular forces are able to steer polar molecules submerged in superfluid helium nanodroplets into highly polar metastable configurations. We demonstrate that the presence of such special structures can be identified, in a direct and determinative way, by electrostatic deflection of the doped nanodroplet beam. The measurement also establishes the structures' electric dipole moments. In consequence, the introduced approach is complementary to spectroscopic studies of low-temperature molecular assembly reactions. It is enabled by the fact that within the cold superfluid matrix the molecular dipoles become nearly completely oriented by the applied electric field. As a result, the massive (tens of thousands of helium atoms) nanodroplets undergo significant deflections. The method is illustrated here by an application to dimers and trimers of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) molecules. We interpret the experimental results with ab initio theory, mapping the potential energy surface of DMSO complexes and simulating their low temperature aggregation dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Niman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Benjamin S Kamerin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Lorenz Kranabetter
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel J Merthe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Jiří Suchan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic. and J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vitaly V Kresin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| |
Collapse
|