1
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Maire R, Plati A. Enhancing (quasi-)long-range order in a two-dimensional driven crystal. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:054902. [PMID: 39087549 DOI: 10.1063/5.0217958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been recently shown that 2D systems can exhibit crystalline phases with long-range translational order showcasing a striking violation of the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner (HMW) theorem, which is valid at equilibrium. This is made possible by athermal driving mechanisms that inject energy into the system without exciting long wavelength modes of the density field, thereby inducing hyperuniformity. However, as thermal fluctuations are superimposed on the non-equilibrium driving, long-range translational order is inevitably lost. Here, we discuss the possibility of exploiting non-equilibrium effects to suppress arbitrarily large density fluctuations even when a global thermal bath is coupled to the system. We introduce a model of a harmonic crystal driven both by a global thermal bath and by a momentum conserving noise, where the typical observables related to density fluctuations and long-range translational order can be analytically derived and put in relation. This model allows us to rationalize the violation of the HMW theorem observed in previous studies through the prediction of large-wavelength phonons, which thermalize at a vanishing effective temperature when the global bath is switched off. The conceptual framework introduced through this theory is then applied to numerical simulations of a hard-disk solid in contact with a thermal bath and driven out-of-equilibrium by active collisions. Our numerical analysis demonstrates how varying driving and dissipative parameters can lead to an arbitrary enhancement of the quasi-long-range order in the system regardless of the applied global noise amplitude. Finally, we outline a possible experimental procedure to apply our results to a realistic granular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maire
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - A Plati
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
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2
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Surówka P, Souslov A, Jülicher F, Banerjee D. Odd Cosserat elasticity in active materials. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064609. [PMID: 38243431 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Stress-strain constitutive relations in solids with an internal angular degree of freedom can be modeled using Cosserat (also called micropolar) elasticity. In this paper, we explore Cosserat materials that include chiral active components and hence odd elasticity. We calculate static elastic properties and show that the static response to rotational stresses leads to strains that depend on both Cosserat and odd elasticity. We compute the dispersion relations in odd Cosserat materials in the overdamped regime and find the presence of exceptional points. These exceptional points create a sharp boundary between a Cosserat-dominated regime of complete wave attenuation and an odd-elasticity-dominated regime of propagating waves. We conclude by showing the effect of Cosserat and odd-elasticity terms on the polarization of Rayleigh surface waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Surówka
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anton Souslov
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Debarghya Banerjee
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Maji A, Dasbiswas K, Rabin Y. Shape transitions in a network model of active elastic shells. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7216-7226. [PMID: 37724013 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis involves the transformation of initially simple shapes, such as multicellular spheroids, into more complex 3D shapes. These shape changes are governed by mechanical forces including molecular motor-generated forces as well as hydrostatic fluid pressure, both of which are actively regulated in living matter through mechano-chemical feedback. Inspired by autonomous, biophysical shape change, such as occurring in the model organism hydra, we introduce a minimal, active, elastic model featuring a network of springs in a globe-like spherical shell geometry. In this model there is coupling between activity and the shape of the shell: if the local curvature of a filament represented by a spring falls below a critical value, its elastic constant is actively changed. This results in deformation of the springs that changes the shape of the shell. By combining excitation of springs and pressure regulation, we show that the shell undergoes a transition from spheroidal to either elongated ellipsoidal or a different spheroidal shape, depending on pressure. There exists a critical pressure at which there is an abrupt change from ellipsoids to spheroids, showing that pressure is potentially a sensitive switch for material shape. We thus offer biologically inspired design principles for autonomous shape transitions in active elastic shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Maji
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Kinjal Dasbiswas
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yitzhak Rabin
- Department of Physics, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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4
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Sandoval M. Stiffening and dynamics of a two-dimensional active elastic solid. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6885-6895. [PMID: 37671426 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the mechanical properties and dynamics of an active elastic solid defined as a two-dimensional network of active stochastic particles interacting by nonlinear hard springs. By proposing a discrete model, it is numerically found that when activity in the system is turned on, the active solid stiffens as a function of propulsion forces, thus deviating from equilibrium mechanics. To understand this effect a minimal stochastic model is offered, and a physical explanation based on spatial symmetry-breaking is put forward. In addition, the dynamics of the active solid in the absence of an external stress is also studied. From this, three main features are observed to emerge, namely, a collective behavior within the active solid, a time-density fluctuation, and oscillating dynamics of the internal stresses towards a steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sandoval
- Department of Physics, Complex Systems, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico.
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5
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Shi XQ, Cheng F, Chaté H. Extreme Spontaneous Deformations of Active Crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:108301. [PMID: 37739375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that two-dimensional crystals made of active particles can experience extremely large spontaneous deformations without melting. Using particles mostly interacting via pairwise repulsive forces, we show that such active crystals maintain long-range bond order and algebraically decaying positional order, but with an exponent η not limited by the 1/3 bound given by the (equilibrium) KTHNY theory. We rationalize our findings using linear elastic theory and show the existence of two well-defined effective temperatures quantifying respectively large-scale deformations and bond-order fluctuations. The root of these phenomena lies in the sole time-persistence of the intrinsic axes of particles, and they should thus be observed in many different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Qing Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fu Cheng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hugues Chaté
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, CEA, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China
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6
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Baconnier P, Shohat D, Dauchot O. Discontinuous Tension-Controlled Transition between Collective Actuations in Active Solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:028201. [PMID: 36706411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.028201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent finding of collective actuation in active solids-solids embedded with active units-is a new promise for the design of multifunctional materials with genuine autonomy, and a better understanding of dense biological systems. Here, we combine the experimental study of centimetric model active solids, the numerical study of an agent-based model, and theoretical arguments to reveal a new form of collective actuation and how mechanical tension can serve as a general mechanism for transitioning between different collective actuation regimes. The presence of hysteresis when varying tension back and forth highlights the nontrivial selectivity of collective actuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Baconnier
- UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dor Shohat
- UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Olivier Dauchot
- UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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7
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Wang H, Zou B, Su J, Wang D, Xu X. Variational methods and deep Ritz method for active elastic solids. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6015-6031. [PMID: 35920447 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00404f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Variational methods have been widely used in soft matter physics for both static and dynamic problems. These methods are mostly based on two variational principles: the variational principle of minimum free energy (MFEVP) and Onsager's variational principle (OVP). Our interests lie in the applications of these variational methods to active matter physics. In our former work [H. Wang, T. Qian and X. Xu, Soft Matter, 2021, 17, 3634-3653], we have explored the applications of OVP-based variational methods for the modeling of active matter dynamics. In the present work, we explore variational (or energy) methods that are based on MFEVP for static problems in active elastic solids. We show that MFEVP can be used not only to derive equilibrium equations, but also to develop approximate solution methods, such as the Ritz method, for active solid statics. Moreover, the power of the Ritz-type method can be further enhanced using deep learning methods if we use deep neural networks to construct the trial functions of the variational problems. We then apply these variational methods and the deep Ritz method to study the spontaneous bending and contraction of a thin active circular plate that is induced by internal asymmetric active contraction. The circular plate is found to be bent towards its contracting side. The study of such a simple toy system gives implications for understanding the morphogenesis of solid-like confluent cell monolayers. In addition, we introduce a so-called activogravity length to characterize the importance of gravitational forces relative to internal active contraction in driving the bending of the active plate. When the lateral plate dimension is larger than the activogravity length (about 100 micron), gravitational forces become important. Such gravitaxis behaviors at multicellular scales may play significant roles in the morphogenesis and in the up-down symmetry broken during tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Wang
- Physics Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Boyi Zou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Jian Su
- Physics Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
- Shenzhen International Center for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Xinpeng Xu
- Physics Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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8
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Gupta RK, Kant R, Soni H, Sood AK, Ramaswamy S. Active nonreciprocal attraction between motile particles in an elastic medium. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:064602. [PMID: 35854487 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.064602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We show from experiments and simulations on vibration-activated granular matter that self-propelled polar rods in an elastic medium on a substrate turn and move towards each other. We account for this effective attraction through a coarse-grained theory of a motile particle as a moving point-force density that creates elastic strains in the medium that reorient other particles. Our measurements confirm qualitatively the predicted features of the distortions created by the rods, including the |x|^{-1/2} tail of the trailing displacement field and nonreciprocal sensing and pursuit. A discrepancy between the magnitudes of displacements along and transverse to the direction of motion remains. Our theory should be of relevance to the interaction of motile cells in the extracellular matrix or in a supported layer of gel or tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Gupta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500 107, India
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II - Soft Matter Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raushan Kant
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Harsh Soni
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Sriram Ramaswamy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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9
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Binysh J, Wilks TR, Souslov A. Active elastocapillarity in soft solids with negative surface tension. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3079. [PMID: 35275714 PMCID: PMC8916726 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Active solids consume energy to allow for actuation, shape change, and wave propagation not possible in equilibrium. Whereas active interfaces have been realized across many experimental systems, control of three-dimensional (3D) bulk materials remains a challenge. Here, we develop continuum theory and microscopic simulations that describe a 3D soft solid whose boundary experiences active surface stresses. The competition between active boundary and elastic bulk yields a broad range of previously unexplored phenomena, which are demonstrations of so-called active elastocapillarity. In contrast to thin shells and vesicles, we discover that bulk 3D elasticity controls snap-through transitions between different anisotropic shapes. These transitions meet at a critical point, allowing a universal classification via Landau theory. In addition, the active surface modifies elastic wave propagation to allow zero, or even negative, group velocities. These phenomena offer robust principles for programming shape change and functionality into active solids, from robotic metamaterials down to shape-shifting nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Binysh
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Thomas R. Wilks
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Exact Sciences Innovation, Sherard Building, Edmund Halley Road, Oxford OX4 4DQ, UK
| | - Anton Souslov
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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10
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Killeen A, Bertrand T, Lee CF. Polar Fluctuations Lead to Extensile Nematic Behavior in Confluent Tissues. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:078001. [PMID: 35244433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.078001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
How can a collection of motile cells, each generating contractile nematic stresses in isolation, become an extensile nematic at the tissue level? Understanding this seemingly contradictory experimental observation, which occurs irrespective of whether the tissue is in the liquid or solid states, is not only crucial to our understanding of diverse biological processes, but is also of fundamental interest to soft matter and many-body physics. Here, we resolve this cellular to tissue level disconnect in the small fluctuation regime by using analytical theories based on hydrodynamic descriptions of confluent tissues, in both liquid and solid states. Specifically, we show that a collection of microscopic constituents with no inherently nematic extensile forces can exhibit active extensile nematic behavior when subject to polar fluctuating forces. We further support our findings by performing cell level simulations of minimal models of confluent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Killeen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Thibault Bertrand
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chiu Fan Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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11
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Huang C, Chen L, Xing X. Alignment destabilizes crystal order in active systems. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:064605. [PMID: 35030843 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.064605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We combine numerical and analytical methods to study two-dimensional active crystals formed by permanently linked swimmers and with two distinct alignment interactions. The system admits a stationary phase with quasi-long-range translational order, as well as a moving phase with quasi-long-range active force director and velocity order. The translational order in the moving phase is significantly influenced by alignment interaction. For Vicsek-like alignment, the translational order is short ranged, whereas the bond-orientational order is quasi-long ranged, implying a moving hexatic phase. For elasticity-based alignment, the translational order is quasi-long ranged parallel to the motion and short ranged in the perpendicular direction, whereas the bond orientational order is long ranged. We also generalize these results to higher dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Wilczek Quantum Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Leiming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116 China
| | - Xiangjun Xing
- Wilczek Quantum Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315 China
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12
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Adar RM, Joanny JF. Permeation Instabilities in Active Polar Gels. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:188001. [PMID: 34767387 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.188001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a theory of active, permeating, polar gels, based on a two-fluid model. An active relative force between the gel components creates a steady-state current. We analyze its stability, while considering two polar coupling terms to the relative current: a permeation-deformation term, which describes network deformation by the solvent flow, and a permeation-alignment term, which describes the alignment of the polarization field by the network deformation and flow. Novel instability mechanisms emerge at finite wave vectors, suggesting the formation of periodic domains and mesophases. Our results can be used to determine the physical conditions required for various types of multicellular migration across tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram M Adar
- Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Joanny
- Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, 75248 Paris, France
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13
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Kole SJ, Alexander GP, Ramaswamy S, Maitra A. Layered Chiral Active Matter: Beyond Odd Elasticity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:248001. [PMID: 34213949 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.248001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In equilibrium liquid crystals, chirality leads to a variety of spectacular three-dimensional structures, but chiral and achiral phases with the same broken continuous symmetries have identical long-time, large-scale dynamics. In this Letter, starting from active model H^{*}, the general hydrodynamics of a pseudoscalar in a momentum-conserving fluid, we demonstrate that chirality qualitatively modifies the dynamics of layered liquid crystals in active systems in both two and three dimensions due to an active "odder" elasticity. In three dimensions, we demonstrate that the hydrodynamics of active cholesterics differs fundamentally from smectic-A liquid crystals, unlike their equilibrium counterpart. This distinction can be used to engineer a columnar array of vortices, with an antiferromagnetic vorticity alignment, that can be switched on and off by external strain. A two-dimensional chiral layered state-an array of lines on an incompressible, freestanding film of chiral active fluid with a preferred normal direction-is generically unstable. However, this instability can be tuned in easily realizable experimental settings when the film is either on a substrate or in an ambient fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kole
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Gareth P Alexander
- Department of Physics and Centre for Complexity Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Ramaswamy
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Ananyo Maitra
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, F-75005 Paris, France
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14
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Gorbushin N, Truskinovsky L. Peristalsis by pulses of activity. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:042411. [PMID: 34006010 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.042411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peristalsis by actively generated waves of muscle contraction is one of the most fundamental ways of producing motion in living systems. We show that peristalsis can be modeled by a train of rectangular-shaped solitary waves of localized activity propagating through otherwise passive matter. Our analysis is based on the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) type discrete model accounting for active stresses and we reveal the existence in this problem of a critical regime which we argue to be physiologically advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorbushin
- PMMH, CNRS-UMR 7636, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Truskinovsky
- PMMH, CNRS-UMR 7636, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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15
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Banerjee D, Vitelli V, Jülicher F, Surówka P. Active Viscoelasticity of Odd Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:138001. [PMID: 33861116 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.138001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical response of active media ranging from biological gels to living tissues is governed by a subtle interplay between viscosity and elasticity. We generalize the canonical Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell models to active viscoelastic media that break both parity and time-reversal symmetries. The resulting continuum theories exhibit viscous and elastic tensors that are both antisymmetric, or odd, under exchange of pairs of indices. We analyze how these parity violating viscoelastic coefficients determine the relaxation mechanisms and wave-propagation properties of odd materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarghya Banerjee
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Vitelli
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Piotr Surówka
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany
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16
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Sohn HRO, Smalyukh II. Electrically powered motions of toron crystallites in chiral liquid crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6437-6445. [PMID: 32161127 PMCID: PMC7104241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922198117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malleability of metals is an example of how the dynamics of defects like dislocations induced by external stresses alters material properties and enables technological applications. However, these defects move merely to comply with the mechanical forces applied on macroscopic scales, whereas the molecular and atomic building blocks behave like rigid particles. Here, we demonstrate how motions of crystallites and the defects between them can arise within the soft matter medium in an oscillating electric field applied to a chiral liquid crystal with polycrystalline quasi-hexagonal arrangements of self-assembled topological solitons called "torons." Periodic oscillations of electric field applied perpendicular to the plane of hexagonal lattices prompt repetitive shear-like deformations of the solitons, which synchronize the electrically powered self-shearing directions. The temporal evolution of deformations upon turning voltage on and off is not invariant upon reversal of time, prompting lateral translations of the crystallites of torons within quasi-hexagonal periodically deformed lattices. We probe how these motions depend on voltage and frequency of oscillating field applied in an experimental geometry resembling that of liquid crystal displays. We study the interrelations between synchronized deformations of the soft solitonic particles and their arrays, and the ensuing dynamics and giant number fluctuations mediated by motions of crystallites, five-seven defects pairs, and grain boundaries in the orderly organizations of solitons. We discuss how our findings may lead to technological and fundamental science applications of dynamic self-assemblies of topologically protected but highly deformable particle-like solitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R O Sohn
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Ivan I Smalyukh
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309;
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
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