1
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Cleland AY, Wollack EA, Safavi-Naeini AH. Studying phonon coherence with a quantum sensor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4979. [PMID: 38862502 PMCID: PMC11167028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanomechanical oscillators offer numerous advantages for quantum technologies. Their integration with superconducting qubits shows promise for hardware-efficient quantum error-correction protocols involving superpositions of mechanical coherent states. Limitations of this approach include mechanical decoherence processes, particularly two-level system (TLS) defects, which have been widely studied using classical fields and detectors. In this manuscript, we use a superconducting qubit as a quantum sensor to perform phonon number-resolved measurements on a piezoelectrically coupled phononic crystal cavity. This enables a high-resolution study of mechanical dissipation and dephasing in coherent states of variable size (n ¯ ≃ 1 - 10 phonons). We observe nonexponential relaxation and state size-dependent reduction of the dephasing rate, which we attribute to TLS. Using a numerical model, we reproduce the dissipation signatures (and to a lesser extent, the dephasing signatures) via emission into a small ensemble (N = 5) of rapidly dephasing TLS. Our findings comprise a detailed examination of TLS-induced phonon decoherence in the quantum regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnetta Y Cleland
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - E Alex Wollack
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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2
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Gruenke RG, Hitchcock OA, Wollack EA, Sarabalis CJ, Jankowski M, McKenna TP, Lee NR, Safavi-Naeini AH. Surface modification and coherence in lithium niobate SAW resonators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6663. [PMID: 38509245 PMCID: PMC10954613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium niobate is a promising material for developing quantum acoustic technologies due to its strong piezoelectric effect and availability in the form of crystalline thin films of high quality. However, at radio frequencies and cryogenic temperatures, these resonators are limited by the presence of decoherence and dephasing due to two-level systems. To mitigate these losses and increase device performance, a more detailed picture of the microscopic nature of these loss channels is needed. In this study, we fabricate several lithium niobate acoustic wave resonators and apply different processing steps that modify their surfaces. These treatments include argon ion sputtering, annealing, and acid cleans. We characterize the effects of these treatments using three surface-sensitive measurements: cryogenic microwave spectroscopy measuring density and coupling of TLS to mechanics, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. We learn from these studies that, surprisingly, increases of TLS density may accompany apparent improvements in the surface quality as probed by the latter two approaches. Our work outlines the importance that surfaces and fabrication techniques play in altering acoustic resonator coherence, and suggests gaps in our understanding as well as approaches to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Gruenke
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Oliver A Hitchcock
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - E Alex Wollack
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA
| | | | - Marc Jankowski
- Physics and Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Timothy P McKenna
- Physics and Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Nathan R Lee
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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3
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Grebel J, Yan H, Chou MH, Andersson G, Conner CR, Joshi YJ, Miller JM, Povey RG, Qiao H, Wu X, Cleland AN. Bidirectional Multiphoton Communication between Remote Superconducting Nodes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:047001. [PMID: 38335327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Quantum communication test beds provide a useful resource for experimentally investigating a variety of communication protocols. Here we demonstrate a superconducting circuit test bed with bidirectional multiphoton state transfer capability using time-domain shaped wave packets. The system we use to achieve this comprises two remote nodes, each including a tunable superconducting transmon qubit and a tunable microwave-frequency resonator, linked by a 2 m-long superconducting coplanar waveguide, which serves as a transmission line. We transfer both individual and superposition Fock states between the two remote nodes, and additionally show that this bidirectional state transfer can be done simultaneously, as well as being used to entangle elements in the two nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Grebel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Haoxiong Yan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ming-Han Chou
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Gustav Andersson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christopher R Conner
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yash J Joshi
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jacob M Miller
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Rhys G Povey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hong Qiao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Xuntao Wu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Andrew N Cleland
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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4
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von Lüpke U, Rodrigues IC, Yang Y, Fadel M, Chu Y. Engineering multimode interactions in circuit quantum acoustodynamics. NATURE PHYSICS 2024; 20:564-570. [PMID: 38638458 PMCID: PMC11021184 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-02377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, important progress has been made towards encoding and processing quantum information in the large Hilbert space of bosonic modes. Mechanical resonators have several practical advantages for this purpose, because they confine many high-quality-factor modes into a small volume and can be easily integrated with different quantum systems. However, it is challenging to create direct interactions between different mechanical modes that can be used to emulate quantum gates. Here we demonstrate an in situ tunable beamsplitter-type interaction between several mechanical modes of a high-overtone bulk acoustic-wave resonator. The engineered interaction is mediated by a parametrically driven superconducting transmon qubit, and we show that it can be tailored to couple pairs or triplets of phononic modes. Furthermore, we use this interaction to demonstrate the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect between phonons. Our results lay the foundations for using phononic systems as quantum memories and platforms for quantum simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe von Lüpke
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ines C. Rodrigues
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Fadel
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Pal S, Bhattacharya M, Dash S, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Future Potential of Quantum Computing and Simulations in Biological Science. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00863-3. [PMID: 37717248 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The review article presents the recent progress in quantum computing and simulation within the field of biological sciences. The article is designed mainly into two portions: quantum computing and quantum simulation. In the first part, significant aspects of quantum computing was illustrated, such as quantum hardware, quantum RAM and big data, modern quantum processors, qubit, superposition effect in quantum computation, quantum interference, quantum entanglement, and quantum logic gates. Simultaneously, in the second part, vital features of the quantum simulation was illustrated, such as the quantum simulator, algorithms used in quantum simulations, and the use of quantum simulation in biological science. Finally, the review provides exceptional views to future researchers about different aspects of quantum simulation in biological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Pal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, Odisha, 756020, India
| | - Snehasish Dash
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
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6
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Zhang XM, Li T, Yuan X. Quantum State Preparation with Optimal Circuit Depth: Implementations and Applications. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:230504. [PMID: 36563219 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.230504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum state preparation is an important subroutine for quantum computing. We show that any n-qubit quantum state can be prepared with a Θ(n)-depth circuit using only single- and two-qubit gates, although with a cost of an exponential amount of ancillary qubits. On the other hand, for sparse quantum states with d⩾2 nonzero entries, we can reduce the circuit depth to Θ(log(nd)) with O(ndlogd) ancillary qubits. The algorithm for sparse states is exponentially faster than best-known results and the number of ancillary qubits is nearly optimal and only increases polynomially with the system size. We discuss applications of the results in different quantum computing tasks, such as Hamiltonian simulation, solving linear systems of equations, and realizing quantum random access memories, and find cases with exponential reductions of the circuit depth for all these three tasks. In particular, using our algorithm, we find a family of linear system solving problems enjoying exponential speedups, even compared to the best-known quantum and classical dequantization algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhang
- Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tongyang Li
- Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Cordier BA, Sawaya NPD, Guerreschi GG, McWeeney SK. Biology and medicine in the landscape of quantum advantages. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220541. [PMID: 36448288 PMCID: PMC9709576 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum computing holds substantial potential for applications in biology and medicine, spanning from the simulation of biomolecules to machine learning methods for subtyping cancers on the basis of clinical features. This potential is encapsulated by the concept of a quantum advantage, which is contingent on a reduction in the consumption of a computational resource, such as time, space or data. Here, we distill the concept of a quantum advantage into a simple framework to aid researchers in biology and medicine pursuing the development of quantum applications. We then apply this framework to a wide variety of computational problems relevant to these domains in an effort to (i) assess the potential of practical advantages in specific application areas and (ii) identify gaps that may be addressed with novel quantum approaches. In doing so, we provide an extensive survey of the intersection of biology and medicine with the current landscape of quantum algorithms and their potential advantages. While we endeavour to identify specific computational problems that may admit practical advantages throughout this work, the rapid pace of change in the fields of quantum computing, classical algorithms and biological research implies that this intersection will remain highly dynamic for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Cordier
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | | | | | - Shannon K. McWeeney
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97202, USA,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97202, USA,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97202, USA
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8
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Variational quantum extreme learning machine. Neurocomputing 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2022.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Kobecki M, Scherbakov AV, Kukhtaruk SM, Yaremkevich DD, Henksmeier T, Trapp A, Reuter D, Gusev VE, Akimov AV, Bayer M. Giant Photoelasticity of Polaritons for Detection of Coherent Phonons in a Superlattice with Quantum Sensitivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:157401. [PMID: 35499885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.157401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of phonon-based quantum devices largely depends on the efficiency of the interaction of phonons with other excitations. For phonon frequencies above 20 GHz, generation and detection of the phonon quanta can be monitored through photons. The photon-phonon interaction can be enormously strengthened by involving an intermediate resonant quasiparticle, e.g., an exciton, with which a photon forms a polariton. In this work, we discover a giant photoelasticity of exciton-polaritons in a short-period superlattice and exploit it to detect propagating acoustic phonons. We demonstrate that 42 GHz coherent phonons can be detected with extremely high sensitivity in the time domain Brillouin oscillations by probing with photons in the spectral vicinity of the polariton resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kobecki
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexey V Scherbakov
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Serhii M Kukhtaruk
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Physics, V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro D Yaremkevich
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Trapp
- Department Physik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Dirk Reuter
- Department Physik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Vitalyi E Gusev
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d'Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Andrey V Akimov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Quantum state preparation and tomography of entangled mechanical resonators. Nature 2022; 604:463-467. [PMID: 35444325 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Precisely engineered mechanical oscillators keep time, filter signals and sense motion, making them an indispensable part of the technological landscape of today. These unique capabilities motivate bringing mechanical devices into the quantum domain by interfacing them with engineered quantum circuits. Proposals to combine microwave-frequency mechanical resonators with superconducting devices suggest the possibility of powerful quantum acoustic processors1-3. Meanwhile, experiments in several mechanical systems have demonstrated quantum state control and readout4,5, phonon number resolution6,7 and phonon-mediated qubit-qubit interactions8,9. At present, these acoustic platforms lack processors capable of controlling the quantum states of several mechanical oscillators with a single qubit and the rapid quantum non-demolition measurements of mechanical states needed for error correction. Here we use a superconducting qubit to control and read out the quantum state of a pair of nanomechanical resonators. Our device is capable of fast qubit-mechanics swap operations, which we use to deterministically manipulate the mechanical states. By placing the qubit into the strong dispersive regime with both mechanical resonators simultaneously, we determine the phonon number distributions of the resonators by means of Ramsey measurements. Finally, we present quantum tomography of the prepared nonclassical and entangled mechanical states. Our result represents a concrete step towards feedback-based operation of a quantum acoustic processor.
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11
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Yaremkevich DD, Scherbakov AV, Kukhtaruk SM, Linnik TL, Khokhlov NE, Godejohann F, Dyatlova OA, Nadzeyka A, Pattnaik DP, Wang M, Roy S, Campion RP, Rushforth AW, Gusev VE, Akimov AV, Bayer M. Protected Long-Distance Guiding of Hypersound Underneath a Nanocorrugated Surface. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4802-4810. [PMID: 33593052 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In nanoscale communications, high-frequency surface acoustic waves are becoming effective data carriers and encoders. On-chip communications require acoustic wave propagation along nanocorrugated surfaces which strongly scatter traditional Rayleigh waves. Here, we propose the delivery of information using subsurface acoustic waves with hypersound frequencies of ∼20 GHz, which is a nanoscale analogue of subsurface sound waves in the ocean. A bunch of subsurface hypersound modes are generated by pulsed optical excitation in a multilayer semiconductor structure with a metallic nanograting on top. The guided hypersound modes propagate coherently beneath the nanograting, retaining the surface imprinted information, at a distance of more than 50 μm which essentially exceeds the propagation length of Rayleigh waves. The concept is suitable for interfacing single photon emitters, such as buried quantum dots, carrying coherent spin excitations in magnonic devices and encoding the signals for optical communications at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro D Yaremkevich
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexey V Scherbakov
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Ioffe Institute, Politekhnycheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Serhii M Kukhtaruk
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Physics, V. E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Pr. Nauky 41, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana L Linnik
- Department of Theoretical Physics, V. E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Pr. Nauky 41, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Felix Godejohann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Olga A Dyatlova
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Achim Nadzeyka
- Raith GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 8, 44263 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Debi P Pattnaik
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mu Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Syamashree Roy
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Campion
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Rushforth
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Vitalyi E Gusev
- LAUM, CNRS UMR 6613, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Andrey V Akimov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Ioffe Institute, Politekhnycheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Cai W, Ma Y, Wang W, Zou CL, Sun L. Bosonic quantum error correction codes in superconducting quantum circuits. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Ranjan V, O'Sullivan J, Albertinale E, Albanese B, Chanelière T, Schenkel T, Vion D, Esteve D, Flurin E, Morton JJL, Bertet P. Multimode Storage of Quantum Microwave Fields in Electron Spins over 100 ms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:210505. [PMID: 33274991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.210505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report long coherence times (up to 300 ms) for near-surface bismuth donor electron spins in silicon coupled to a superconducting microresonator, biased at a clock transition. This enables us to demonstrate the partial absorption of a train of weak microwave fields in the spin ensemble, their storage for 100 ms, and their retrieval, using a Hahn-echo-like protocol. Phase coherence and quantum statistics are preserved in the storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ranjan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J O'Sullivan
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - E Albertinale
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - B Albanese
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - T Chanelière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Vion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Esteve
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Flurin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - P Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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14
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Two-dimensional optomechanical crystal cavity with high quantum cooperativity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3373. [PMID: 32632132 PMCID: PMC7338352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Optomechanical systems offer new opportunities in quantum information processing and quantum sensing. Many solid-state quantum devices operate at millikelvin temperatures—however, it has proven challenging to operate nanoscale optomechanical devices at these ultralow temperatures due to their limited thermal conductance and parasitic optical absorption. Here, we present a two-dimensional optomechanical crystal resonator capable of achieving large cooperativity C and small effective bath occupancy nb, resulting in a quantum cooperativity Ceff ≡ C/nb > 1 under continuous-wave optical driving. This is realized using a two-dimensional phononic bandgap structure to host the optomechanical cavity, simultaneously isolating the acoustic mode of interest in the bandgap while allowing heat to be removed by phonon modes outside of the bandgap. This achievement paves the way for a variety of applications requiring quantum-coherent optomechanical interactions, such as transducers capable of bi-directional conversion of quantum states between microwave frequency superconducting quantum circuits and optical photons in a fiber optic network. The authors demonstrate a two-dimensional optomechanical crystal cavity which traps a phonon mode within a phononic bandgap while yielding large thermal conductivity to the environment. High quantum cooperativity at millikelvin temperatures is realized, suitable for quantum coherent control.
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15
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Tian H, Liu J, Dong B, Skehan JC, Zervas M, Kippenberg TJ, Bhave SA. Hybrid integrated photonics using bulk acoustic resonators. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3073. [PMID: 32555165 PMCID: PMC7299988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated photonic devices based on Si3N4 waveguides allow for the exploitation of nonlinear frequency conversion, exhibit low propagation loss, and have led to advances in compact atomic clocks, ultrafast ranging, and spectroscopy. Yet, the lack of Pockels effect presents a major challenge to achieve high-speed modulation of Si3N4. Here, microwave-frequency acousto-optic modulation is realized by exciting high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonances (HBAR) in the photonic stack. Although HBAR is ubiquitously used in modern communication and superconducting circuits, this is the first time it has been incorporated on a photonic integrated chip. The tight vertical acoustic confinement releases the lateral design of freedom, and enables negligible cross-talk and preserving low optical loss. This hybrid HBAR nanophotonic platform can find immediate applications in topological photonics with synthetic dimensions, compact opto-electronic oscillators, and microwave-to-optical converters. As an application, a Si3N4-based optical isolator is demonstrated by spatiotemporal modulation, with over 17 dB isolation achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bin Dong
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J Connor Skehan
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zervas
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sunil A Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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