1
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Fan X, Moreno-Garcia D, Ding J, Gylfason KB, Villanueva LG, Niklaus F. Resonant Transducers Consisting of Graphene Ribbons with Attached Proof Masses for NEMS Sensors. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2024; 7:102-109. [PMID: 38229663 PMCID: PMC10788872 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The unique mechanical and electrical properties of graphene make it an exciting material for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). NEMS resonators with graphene springs facilitate studies of graphene's fundamental material characteristics and thus enable innovative device concepts for applications such as sensors. Here, we demonstrate resonant transducers with ribbon-springs made of double-layer graphene and proof masses made of silicon and study their nonlinear mechanics at resonance both in air and in vacuum by laser Doppler vibrometry. Surprisingly, we observe spring-stiffening and spring-softening at resonance, depending on the graphene spring designs. The measured quality factors of the resonators in a vacuum are between 150 and 350. These results pave the way for a class of ultraminiaturized nanomechanical sensors such as accelerometers by contributing to the understanding of the dynamics of transducers based on graphene ribbons with an attached proof mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuge Fan
- Advanced
Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Division
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Moreno-Garcia
- Advanced
NEMS Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jie Ding
- School
of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kristinn B. Gylfason
- Division
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Frank Niklaus
- Division
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Zhang Q, He L, Mele EJ, Zhen B, Johnson ATC. General duality and magnet-free passive phononic Chern insulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:916. [PMID: 36807575 PMCID: PMC9938148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated phononics plays an important role in both fundamental physics and technology. Despite great efforts, it remains a challenge to break time-reversal symmetry to achieve topological phases and non-reciprocal devices. Piezomagnetic materials offer an intriguing opportunity as they break time-reversal symmetry intrinsically, without the need for an external magnetic field or an active driving field. Moreover, they are antiferromagnetic, and possibly compatible with superconducting components. Here, we develop a theoretical framework that combines linear elasticity with Maxwell's equations via piezoelectricity and/or piezomagnetism beyond the commonly adopted quasi-static approximation. Our theory predicts and numerically demonstrates phononic Chern insulators based on piezomagnetism. We further show that the topological phase and chiral edge states in this system can be controlled by the charge doping. Our results exploit a general duality relation between piezoelectric and piezomagnetic systems, which can potentially be generalized to other composite metamaterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Zhang
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Li He
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Eugene J. Mele
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Bo Zhen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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3
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Lee YB, Kang MH, Choi PK, Kim SH, Kim TS, Lee SY, Yoon JB. Sub-10 fJ/bit radiation-hard nanoelectromechanical non-volatile memory. Nat Commun 2023; 14:460. [PMID: 36709346 PMCID: PMC9884203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With the exponential growth of the semiconductor industry, radiation-hardness has become an indispensable property of memory devices. However, implementation of radiation-hardened semiconductor memory devices inevitably requires various radiation-hardening technologies from the layout level to the system level, and such technologies incur a significant energy overhead. Thus, there is a growing demand for emerging memory devices that are energy-efficient and intrinsically radiation-hard. Here, we report a nanoelectromechanical non-volatile memory (NEM-NVM) with an ultra-low energy consumption and radiation-hardness. To achieve an ultra-low operating energy of less than 10 [Formula: see text], we introduce an out-of-plane electrode configuration and electrothermal erase operation. These approaches enable the NEM-NVM to be programmed with an ultra-low energy of 2.83 [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, due to its mechanically operating mechanisms and radiation-robust structural material, the NEM-NVM retains its superb characteristics without radiation-induced degradation such as increased leakage current, threshold voltage shift, and unintended bit-flip even after 1 Mrad irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bok Lee
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kang
- grid.496766.c0000 0004 0546 0225National NanoFab Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Pan-Kyu Choi
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) Ltd, Fab 21 Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Su-Hyun Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS Co., Ltd, 1, Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Soo Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bo Yoon
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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4
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Abstract
Electron beam lithography (EBL) is renowned to provide fabrication resolution in the deep nanometer scale. One major limitation of current EBL techniques is their incapability of arbitrary 3d nanofabrication. Resolution, structure integrity and functionalization are among the most important factors. Here we report all-aqueous-based, high-fidelity manufacturing of functional, arbitrary 3d nanostructures at a resolution of sub-15 nm using our developed voltage-regulated 3d EBL. Creating arbitrary 3d structures of high resolution and high strength at nanoscale is enabled by genetically engineering recombinant spider silk proteins as the resist. The ability to quantitatively define structural transitions with energetic electrons at different depths within the 3d protein matrix enables polymorphic spider silk proteins to be shaped approaching the molecular level. Furthermore, genetic or mesoscopic modification of spider silk proteins provides the opportunity to embed and stabilize physiochemical and/or biological functions within as-fabricated 3d nanostructures. Our approach empowers the rapid and flexible fabrication of heterogeneously functionalized and hierarchically structured 3d nanocomponents and nanodevices, offering opportunities in biomimetics, therapeutic devices and nanoscale robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tiger H Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Zalalutdinov MK, Robinson JT, Fonseca JJ, LaGasse SW, Pandey T, Lindsay LR, Reinecke TL, Photiadis DM, Culbertson JC, Cress CD, Houston BH. Acoustic cavities in 2D heterostructures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3267. [PMID: 34075055 PMCID: PMC8169679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer unique opportunities in engineering the ultrafast spatiotemporal response of composite nanomechanical structures. In this work, we report on high frequency, high quality factor (Q) 2D acoustic cavities operating in the 50-600 GHz frequency (f) range with f × Q up to 1 × 1014. Monolayer steps and material interfaces expand cavity functionality, as demonstrated by building adjacent cavities that are isolated or strongly-coupled, as well as a frequency comb generator in MoS2/h-BN systems. Energy dissipation measurements in 2D cavities are compared with attenuation derived from phonon-phonon scattering rates calculated using a fully microscopic ab initio approach. Phonon lifetime calculations extended to low frequencies (<1 THz) and combined with sound propagation analysis in ultrathin plates provide a framework for designing acoustic cavities that approach their fundamental performance limit. These results provide a pathway for developing platforms employing phonon-based signal processing and for exploring the quantum nature of phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose J Fonseca
- NRC Postdoctoral Fellow at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel W LaGasse
- NRC Postdoctoral Fellow at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Lucas R Lindsay
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cory D Cress
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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Chen S, Liu Z, Du H, Tang C, Ji CY, Quan B, Pan R, Yang L, Li X, Gu C, Zhang X, Yao Y, Li J, Fang NX, Li J. Electromechanically reconfigurable optical nano-kirigami. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1299. [PMID: 33637725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirigami, with facile and automated fashion of three-dimensional (3D) transformations, offers an unconventional approach for realizing cutting-edge optical nano-electromechanical systems. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip and electromechanically reconfigurable nano-kirigami with optical functionalities. The nano-electromechanical system is built on an Au/SiO2/Si substrate and operated via attractive electrostatic forces between the top gold nanostructure and bottom silicon substrate. Large-range nano-kirigami like 3D deformations are clearly observed and reversibly engineered, with scalable pitch size down to 0.975 μm. Broadband nonresonant and narrowband resonant optical reconfigurations are achieved at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, respectively, with a high modulation contrast up to 494%. On-chip modulation of optical helicity is further demonstrated in submicron nano-kirigami at near-infrared wavelengths. Such small-size and high-contrast reconfigurable optical nano-kirigami provides advanced methodologies and platforms for versatile on-chip manipulation of light at nanoscale.
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7
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Abstract
To develop active nanomaterials that can instantly respond to external stimuli with designed mechanical motions is an important step towards the realization of nanorobots. Herein, we present our finding of a versatile working mechanism that allows instantaneous change of alignment direction and speed of semiconductor nanowires in an external electric field with simple visible-light exposure. The light induced alignment switch can be cycled over hundreds of times and programmed to express words in Morse code. With theoretical analysis and simulation, the working principle can be attributed to the optically tuned real-part (in-phase) electrical polarization of a semiconductor nanowire in aqueous suspension. The manipulation principle is exploited to create a new type of microscale stepper motor that can readily switch between in-phase and out-phase modes, and agilely operate independent of neighboring motors with patterned light. This work could inspire the development of new types of micro/nanomachines with individual and reconfigurable maneuverability for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Daniel Teal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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8
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De S, Aluru NR. Anomalous scaling of flexural phonon damping in nanoresonators with confined fluid. Microsyst Nanoeng 2019; 5:2. [PMID: 31057929 PMCID: PMC6330506 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various one and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nanomaterials and their combinations are emerging as next-generation sensors because of their unique opto-electro-mechanical properties accompanied by large surface-to-volume ratio and high quality factor. Though numerous studies have demonstrated an unparalleled sensitivity of these materials as resonant nanomechanical sensors under vacuum isolation, an assessment of their performance in the presence of an interacting medium like fluid environment is scarce. Here, we report the mechanical damping behavior of a 1D single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) resonator operating in the fundamental flexural mode and interacting with a fluid environment, where the fluid is placed either inside or outside of the SWCNT. A scaling study of dissipation shows an anomalous behavior in case of interior fluid where the dissipation is found to be extremely low and scaling inversely with the fluid density. Analyzing the sources of dissipation reveals that (i) the phonon dissipation remains unaltered with fluid density and (ii) the anomalous dissipation scaling in the fluid interior case is solely a characteristic of the fluid response under confinement. Using linear response theory, we construct a fluid damping kernel which characterizes the hydrodynamic force response due to the resonant motion. The damping kernel-based analysis shows that the unexpected behavior stems from time dependence of the hydrodynamic response under nanoconfinement. Our systematic dissipation analysis helps us to infer the origin of the intrinsic dissipation. We also emphasize on the difference in dissipative response of the fluid under nanoconfinement when compared to a fluid exterior case. Our finding highlights a unique feature of confined fluid-structure interaction and evaluates its effect on the performance of high-frequency nanoresonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep De
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Narayana R. Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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9
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Abstract
There is a recent surge of interest in amplification and detection of tiny motion in the growing field of opto- and electromechanics. Here, we demonstrate widely tunable, broad bandwidth, and high gain all-mechanical motion amplifiers based on graphene/silicon nitride (SiNx) hybrids. In these devices, a tiny motion of a large-area SiNx membrane is transduced to a much larger motion in a graphene drum resonator coupled to SiNx. Furthermore, the thermal noise of graphene is reduced (squeezed) through parametric tension modulation. The parameters of the amplifier are measured by photothermally actuating SiNx and interferometrically detecting graphene displacement. We obtain a displacement power gain of 38 dB and demonstrate 4.7 dB of squeezing, resulting in a detection sensitivity of 3.8 [Formula: see text], close to the thermal noise limit of SiNx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Singh
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 208016 , India
| | - Ryan J T Nicholl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | - Kirill I Bolotin
- Department of Physics , Freie Universitat Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , Berlin 14195 , Germany
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 208016 , India
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10
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Abstract
Recently, we reported an innovative type of micromotors consisting of nanowires as rotors and patterned Au/Ni/Cr nanodisks as bearings. The dimensions of micromotors were less than 1 μm, and could continuously rotate for 15 hours over 240 000 cycles. To understand the limitation of their lifetime, we systematically investigated the rotation dynamics by analytical modeling and determined the time-dependent torques and forces involved in the rotation. From the forces and torques, the extent of wear of micromotors was successfully derived, which agreed well with the experimental characterization. The results also proved that the frictional force linearly increases with the loading in such rotary nanodevices operating in suspension, consistent with the prediction of the non-adhesive multi-asperity friction theory. With these understandings, we enhanced the design of micromotors and achieved an operation lifetime of 80 hours and over 1.1 million total rotation cycles. This research, shedding new light on the frictional mechanism of recently reported nanowire micromotors with demonstration of the most durable rotary nanomechanical devices of similar dimensions to the best of our knowledge, can be inspiring for innovative design of future nanomechanical devices with ultra-long lifetime for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kin Wai Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D. L. Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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11
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Xu X, Kim K, Liu C, Fan D. Fabrication and robotization of ultrasensitive plasmonic nanosensors for molecule detection with Raman scattering. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:10422-51. [PMID: 25946633 PMCID: PMC4481927 DOI: 10.3390/s150510422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce the history and mechanisms of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), discuss various techniques for fabrication of state-of-the-art SERS substrates, and review recent work on robotizing plasmonic nanoparticles, especially, the efforts we made on fabrication, characterization, and robotization of Raman nanosensors by design. Our nanosensors, consisting of tri-layer nanocapsule structures, are ultrasensitive, well reproducible, and can be robotized by either electric or magnetic tweezers. Three applications using such SERS nanosensors were demonstrated, including location predictable detection, single-cell bioanalysis, and tunable molecule release and monitoring. The integration of SERS and nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) devices is innovative in both device concept and fabrication, and could potentially inspire a new device scheme for various bio-relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Chao Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Donglei Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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12
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Doll JC, Peng AW, Ricci AJ, Pruitt BL. Faster than the speed of hearing: nanomechanical force probes enable the electromechanical observation of cochlear hair cells. Nano Lett 2012; 12:6107-11. [PMID: 23181721 PMCID: PMC3549426 DOI: 10.1021/nl3036349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for our sense of hearing requires new tools for unprecedented stimulation and monitoring of sensory cell mechanotransduction at frequencies yet to be explored. We describe nanomechanical force probes designed to evoke mechanotransduction currents at up to 100 kHz in living cells. High-speed force and displacement metrology is enabled by integrating piezoresistive sensors and piezoelectric actuators onto nanoscale cantilevers. The design, fabrication process, actuator performance, and actuator-sensor crosstalk compensation results are presented. We demonstrate the measurement of mammalian cochlear hair cell mechanotransduction with simultaneous patch clamp recordings at unprecedented speeds. The probes can deliver mechanical stimuli with sub-10 μs rise times in water and are compatible with standard upright and inverted microscopes.
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13
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Dai MD, Kim CW, Eom K. Nonlinear vibration behavior of graphene resonators and their applications in sensitive mass detection. Nanoscale Res Lett 2012; 7:499. [PMID: 22947221 PMCID: PMC3462111 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has received significant attention due to its excellent mechanical properties, which has resulted in the emergence of graphene-based nano-electro-mechanical system such as nanoresonators. The nonlinear vibration of a graphene resonator and its application to mass sensing (based on nonlinear oscillation) have been poorly studied, although a graphene resonator is able to easily reach the nonlinear vibration. In this work, we have studied the nonlinear vibration of a graphene resonator driven by a geometric nonlinear effect due to an edge-clamped boundary condition using a continuum elastic model such as a plate model. We have shown that an in-plane tension can play a role in modulating the nonlinearity of a resonance for a graphene. It has been found that the detection sensitivity of a graphene resonator can be improved by using nonlinear vibration induced by an actuation force-driven geometric nonlinear effect. It is also shown that an in-plane tension can control the detection sensitivity of a graphene resonator that operates both harmonic and nonlinear oscillation regimes. Our study suggests the design principles of a graphene resonator as a mass sensor for developing a novel detection scheme using graphene-based nonlinear oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Duc Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Wan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilho Eom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-740, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Molecular Sciences, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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14
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Li M, Myers EB, Tang HX, Aldridge SJ, McCaig HC, Whiting JJ, Simonson RJ, Lewis NS, Roukes ML. Nanoelectromechanical resonator arrays for ultrafast, gas-phase chromatographic chemical analysis. Nano Lett 2010; 10:3899-903. [PMID: 20795729 PMCID: PMC3839305 DOI: 10.1021/nl101586s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized gas chromatography (GC) systems can provide fast, quantitative analysis of chemical vapors in an ultrasmall package. We describe a chemical sensor technology based on resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) mass detectors that provides the speed, sensitivity, specificity, and size required by the microscale GC paradigm. Such NEMS sensors have demonstrated detection of subparts per billion (ppb) concentrations of a phosphonate analyte. By combining two channels of NEMS detection with an ultrafast GC front-end, chromatographic analysis of 13 chemicals was performed within a 5 s time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, MS 114-36, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - E. B. Myers
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, MS 114-36, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - H. X. Tang
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, MS 114-36, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - S. J. Aldridge
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, MS 114-36, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - H. C. McCaig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - J. J. Whiting
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
| | - R. J. Simonson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123
| | - N. S. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - M. L. Roukes
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, MS 114-36, Pasadena, California 91125
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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15
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Volk J, Nagata T, Erdélyi R, Bársony I, Tóth AL, Lukács IE, Czigány Z, Tomimoto H, Shingaya Y, Chikyow T. Highly Uniform Epitaxial ZnO Nanorod Arrays for Nanopiezotronics. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009; 4:699-704. [PMID: 20596319 PMCID: PMC2894249 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Highly uniform and c-axis-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays were fabricated in predefined patterns by a low temperature homoepitaxial aqueous chemical method. The nucleation seed patterns were realized in polymer and in metal thin films, resulting in, all-ZnO and bottom-contacted structures, respectively. Both of them show excellent geometrical uniformity: the cross-sectional uniformity according to the scanning electron micrographs across the array is lower than 2%. The diameter of the hexagonal prism-shaped nanorods can be set in the range of 90-170 nm while their typical length achievable is 0.5-2.3 mum. The effect of the surface polarity was also examined, however, no significant difference was found between the arrays grown on Zn-terminated and on O-terminated face of the ZnO single crystal. The transmission electron microscopy observation revealed the single crystalline nature of the nanorods. The current-voltage characteristics taken on an individual nanorod contacted by a Au-coated atomic force microscope tip reflected Schottky-type behavior. The geometrical uniformity, the designable pattern, and the electrical properties make the presented nanorod arrays ideal candidates to be used in ZnO-based DC nanogenerator and in next-generation integrated piezoelectric nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Volk
- Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Nagata
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - R Erdélyi
- Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Bársony
- Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - AL Tóth
- Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - IE Lukács
- Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zs Czigány
- Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - H Tomimoto
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Y Shingaya
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Chikyow
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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16
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Popov AM, Lozovik YE, Fiorito S, Yahia L. Biocompatibility and applications of carbon nanotubes in medical nanorobots. Int J Nanomedicine 2007; 2:361-72. [PMID: 18019835 PMCID: PMC2676659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The set of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based on relative motion of carbon nanotubes walls is proposed for use in medical nanorobots. This set includes electromechanical nanothermometer, jet nanoengine, nanosyringe (the last can be used simultaneously as nanoprobe for individual biological molecules and drug nanodeliver). Principal schemes of these NEMS are considered. Operational characteristics of nanothermometer are analyzed. The possible methods of these NEMS actuation are considered. The present-day progress in nanotechnology techniques which are necessary for assembling of NEMS under consideration is discussed. Biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes is analyzed in connection with perspectives of their application in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei M Popov
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Troitsk, Moscow region, 142190, Russia
| | - Yurii E Lozovik
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Troitsk, Moscow region, 142190, Russia
| | - Silvana Fiorito
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza-CNR, Rome, Italy
- Laboratoire des Colloides,Verres et Nanomateriaux, University of Montpellier II-CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - L’Hocine Yahia
- Laboratory for Innovation and Analysis of Bioperformances (LIAB), Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada
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