1
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Gruchow HM, Opdensteinen P, Buyel JF. Membrane-based inverse-transition purification facilitates a rapid isolation of various spider-silk elastin-like polypeptide fusion proteins from extracts of transgenic tobacco. Transgenic Res 2024; 33:21-33. [PMID: 38573429 PMCID: PMC11021290 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-024-00375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Plants can produce complex pharmaceutical and technical proteins. Spider silk proteins are one example of the latter and can be used, for example, as compounds for high-performance textiles or wound dressings. If genetically fused to elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), the silk proteins can be reversibly precipitated from clarified plant extracts at moderate temperatures of ~ 30 °C together with salt concentrations > 1.5 M, which simplifies purification and thus reduces costs. However, the technologies developed around this mechanism rely on a repeated cycling between soluble and aggregated state to remove plant host cell impurities, which increase process time and buffer consumption. Additionally, ELPs are difficult to detect using conventional staining methods, which hinders the analysis of unit operation performance and process development. Here, we have first developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy-based assay to quantity ELP fusion proteins. Then we tested different filters to prepare clarified plant extract with > 50% recovery of spider silk ELP fusion proteins. Finally, we established a membrane-based purification method that does not require cycling between soluble and aggregated ELP state but operates similar to an ultrafiltration/diafiltration device. Using a data-driven design of experiments (DoE) approach to characterize the system of reversible ELP precipitation we found that membranes with pore sizes up to 1.2 µm and concentrations of 2-3 M sodium chloride facilitate step a recovery close to 100% and purities of > 90%. The system can thus be useful for the purification of ELP-tagged proteins produced in plants and other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Gruchow
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Opdensteinen
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - J F Buyel
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Lin B, Xiong Y, Chen H, Wei S, Ren P, Cheng C, He B. [Primary Structure Characterization and Biosynthesis of Spider Silk Proteins for Multifunctional Biomaterials]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2024; 40:687-704. [PMID: 38545971 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.230444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Spider silk is a natural fiber known as "biosteel" with the strongest composite performance, such as high tensile strength and toughness. It is also equipped with excellent biocompatibility and shape memory ability, thus shows great potential in many fields such as biomedicine and tissue engineering. Spider silk is composed of macromolecular spidroin with rich structural diversity. The characteristics of the primary structure of natural spidroin, such as the high repeatability of amino acids in the core repetitive region, the high content of specific amino acids, the large molecular weight, and the high GC content of the spidroin gene, have brought great difficulties in heterologous expression. This review discusses focuses on the relationship between the featured motifs of the microcrystalline region in the repetitive unit of spidroin and its structure, as well as the spinning performance and the heterologous expression. The optimization design for the sequence of spidroin combined with heterologous expression strategy has greatly promoted the development of the biosynthesis of spider silk proteins. This review may facilitate the rational design and efficient synthesis of recombinant spidroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyang Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongji Xiong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengpeng Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Wu D, Koscic A, Schneider S, Dubini RCA, Rodriguez Camargo DC, Schneider S, Rovó P. Unveiling the Dynamic Self-Assembly of a Recombinant Dragline-Silk-Mimicking Protein. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1759-1774. [PMID: 38343096 PMCID: PMC10934265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the considerable interest in the recombinant production of synthetic spider silk fibers that possess mechanical properties similar to those of native spider silks, such as the cost-effectiveness, tunability, and scalability realization, is still lacking. To address this long-standing challenge, we have constructed an artificial spider silk gene using Golden Gate assembly for the recombinant bacterial production of dragline-mimicking silk, incorporating all the essential components: the N-terminal domain, a 33-residue-long major-ampullate-spidroin-inspired segment repeated 16 times, and the C-terminal domain (N16C). This designed silk-like protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and cast into films from formic acid. We produced uniformly 13C-15N-labeled N16C films and employed solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for characterization. Thus, we could demonstrate that our bioengineered silk-like protein self-assembles into a film where, when hydrated, the solvent-exposed layer of the rigid, β-nanocrystalline polyalanine core undergoes a transition to an α-helical structure, gaining mobility to the extent that it fully dissolves in water and transforms into a highly dynamic random coil. This hydration-induced behavior induces chain dynamics in the glycine-rich amorphous soft segments on the microsecond time scale, contributing to the elasticity of the solid material. Our findings not only reveal the presence of structurally and dynamically distinct segments within the film's superstructure but also highlight the complexity of the self-organization responsible for the exceptional mechanical properties observed in proteins that mimic dragline silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anamaria Koscic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Romeo C. A. Dubini
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience (CeNS), Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana C. Rodriguez Camargo
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Rovó
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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4
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Sun L, Sun B, Chen L, Ge Q, Chen K. Identification of genes associated with the silk gland size using multi-omics in silkworm (Bombyx mori). Insect Mol Biol 2024; 33:1-16. [PMID: 37676698 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Silk gland size in silkworms (Bombyx mori) affects silk output. However, the molecular mechanisms by which genes regulate silk gland size remain unclear. In this study, silk glands from three pure silkworm strains (A798, A306 and XH) with different silk gland weight phenotypes were compared using transcriptomics and proteomics to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins (DEPs). When comparing A798 to A306 and A798 to XH, 830 and 469 DEGs were up-regulated, respectively. These genes were related to the gene ontology terms, metabolic process, transport activity and biosynthesis process. In addition, 372 and 302 up-regulated differentially expressed proteins were detected in A798 to A306 and A798 to XH, respectively, related to the gene ontology terms, ribosome and protein export, ribosome and polypeptide biosynthesis processes. Moreover, combined transcriptomics, proteomics and weighted correlation network analyses showed that five genes (BGIBMGA002524, BGIBMGA002629, BGIBMGA005659, BGIBMGA005711 and BGIBMGA010889) were significantly associated with the silk gland weight. Reverse Transcription-quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to verify the mRNA and protein expression of five genes in the silk glands and tissues of 18 silkworm strains. The results showed that four genes have higher expression levels in heavier silk glands. These genes are associated with glycogen metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and branched chain amino acid metabolism, thus potentially promoting growth and silk protein synthesis. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between silk gland weight and silk yield in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qi Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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5
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Hu X, Li N, Guo S, Zhu M, Zhang X, Wang C, Gong C. Rapid production of chimeric silkworm/spider silk with improved mechanical properties by infection of nonpermissive Bombyx mori with recombinant AcMNPV harboring native-size of spidroin genes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128466. [PMID: 38035957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Spider silks with excellent mechanical properties attract more attention from scientists worldwide, and the dragline silk that serves as the framework of the spider's web is considered one of the strongest fibers. However, it is unfeasible for large-scale production of spider silk due to its highly territorial, cannibalistic, predatory, and solitary behavior. Herein, to alleviate some of these problems and explore aneasy way to produce spider fibers, we constructed recombinant baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) simultaneously expressing Trichonephila clavipes native ampullate spidroin 2 (MaSp-G) and spidroin 1 (MaSp-C) driven by the promoters of silkworm fibroin genes, to infect the nonpermissive Bombyx mori larvae at the fifth instar. MaSp-G and MaSp-C were co-expressed in the posterior silk glands (PSGs) of infected silkworms and successfully secreted into the lumen of the silk gland for fibroin globule assembly. The integration of MaSp-G and MaSp-C into silkworm silk fibers significantly improved the mechanical properties of these chimeric silk fibers, especially the strength and extensibility, which may be caused by the increment of β-sheet in the chimeric silkworm/spider silk fiber. These results demonstrated that silkworms could be developed as the nonpermissive heterologous host for the mass production of chimeric silkworm/spider silk fibers via the recombinant baculovirus AcMNPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sicheng Guo
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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6
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Yang D, Wang S, Wang K, Zheng S, Zan X, Wen R. Physical Properties of the Second Type of Aciniform Spidroin (AcSp2) from Neoscona theisi Reveal a pH-Dependent Self-Assembly Repetitive Domain. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6670-6682. [PMID: 38019679 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Orb-weaving spiders can use an array of specialized silks with diverse mechanical properties and functions for daily survival. Of all spider silk types, aciniform silk is the toughest silk fiber that combines high strength and elasticity. Although aciniform spidroins (AcSp) are the main protein in aciniform silks, their complete genes have rarely been characterized until now. Moreover, the structural and physical properties of AcSp variant proteins within the species are also unclear. Here, we present three full-length AcSp genes (named AcSp1A, AcSp1B, and AcSp2) from the orb-weaving spider Neoscona theisi and investigate the structural and mechanical features of these three AcSp repetitive domains. We demonstrate that all three AcSp proteins have mainly α-helical structural features in neutral solution and high thermal stability. Significantly, the AcSp2 repetitive domain shows a pH-dependent structural transition from α to β conformations and can self-assemble into amyloid fibrils under acidic conditions, which is the first reported AcSp repetitive domain with pH-dependent self-assembly capacity. Compared with the other two AcSp spidroins, AcSp2 demonstrated the lowest expression level in the aciniform gland but had the highest strength for its silk fiber. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into the physical properties of each component of aciniform silk and expand the repertoire of known spidroin sequences for the synthesis of artificial silk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Suyang Wang
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Shengwu Zheng
- Wenzhou Celecare Medical Instruments Co., Ltd., Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Xingjie Zan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Rui Wen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
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7
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Zhu M, Tong X, Qiu Q, Pan J, Wei S, Ding Y, Feng Y, Hu X, Gong C. Identification and characterization of extrachromosomal circular DNA in the silk gland of Bombyx mori. Insect Sci 2023; 30:1565-1578. [PMID: 36826848 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The silk gland cells of silkworm are special cells which only replicate DNA in the nucleus without cell division throughout the larval stage. The extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) have not yet been reported in the silk gland of silkworms. Herein, we have explored the characterization of eccDNAs in the posterior silk gland of silkworms. A total of 35 346 eccDNAs were identified with sizes ranging from 30 to 13 569 549 bp. Motif analysis revealed that dual direct repeats are flanking the 5' and 3' breaking points of eccDNA. The sequences exceeding 1 kb length in eccDNAs present palindromic sequence characteristics flanking the 5' and 3' breaking points of the eccDNA. These motifs might support possible models for eccDNA generation. Genomic annotation of the eccDNA population revealed that most eccDNAs (58.6%) were derived from intergenic regions, whereas full or partial genes were carried by 41.4% of eccDNAs. It was found that silk protein genes fib-H, fib-L, and P25, as well as the transcription factors SGF and sage, which play an important regulatory role in silk protein synthesis, could be carried by eccDNAs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses showed that the genes carried by eccDNAs were mainly associated with the development and metabolism-related signaling pathways. Moreover, it was found that eccDNAfib-L could promote the transcription of fib-L gene. Overall, the results of the present study not only provide a novel perspective on the mechanism of silk gland development and silk protein synthesis but also complement previously reported genome-scale eccDNA data supporting that eccDNAs are common in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qunnan Qiu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shulin Wei
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuming Ding
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Feng
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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8
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Agapova OI, Ostrovsky DS, Khubetsova MK, Kerimov TZ, Borzenok SA, Bogush VG, Davydova LI, Cheperegin SE, Efimov AE, Agapov II, Debabov VG. Hydrogels Based on Recombinant Spidroin Stimulate Proliferation and Migration of Human Corneal Cells. Dokl Biol Sci 2023; 513:S41-S44. [PMID: 38472685 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623600173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The effect of recombinant spidroin (RS) hydrogel (HG) on anterior epithelial cells and keratocytes of the human cornea was studied in vitro. Corneal injuries are highly prevalent in developing countries according to the World Health Organization. Various technologies have recently been proposed to restore the damaged surface of the cornea. Use of biodegradable silk-based materials, including recombinant analogs of the spider silk protein spidroin, is an important avenue of research in the field of wound healing and corneal regeneration. Spidroins are well known for their optimal balance of strength and elasticity. Given their biological compatibility, lack of immunogenicity, and biodegradability, spidroins provide a biomaterial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. HGs based on RS rS2/12-RGDS were therefore tested for cytotoxicity toward isolated corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes with regard to possible changes in cell phenotype and migratory activity. A promising outlook and therapeutic potential were demonstrated for RS-based HGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Agapova
- Academician Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Ostrovsky
- Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Kh Khubetsova
- Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Z Kerimov
- Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Borzenok
- Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Bogush
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - L I Davydova
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - S E Cheperegin
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Efimov
- Academician Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I I Agapov
- Academician Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V G Debabov
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Gu H, Shu Q, Dai M, Zou H, Wang Y, Cheng J, Su Y, Li F, Li B. Low concentration chlorantraniliprole-promoted Ca 2+ release drives a shift from autophagy to apoptosis in the silk gland of Bombyx mori. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 196:105585. [PMID: 37945221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The novel pesticide chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is widely used for pest control in agriculture, and the safety for non-target organisms of trace residues in the environment has received widespread attention. In the present study, exposure to low concentrations of CAP resulted in abnormal silk gland development in the B. mori, and induced the release of intracellular Ca2+ in addition to the triggering of Ca2+-dependent gene transcription. Moreover, the CAP treatment group exhibited down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and antioxidant enzyme-related genes in the silk gland, resulting in peroxide accumulation. Furthermore, transcript levels of autophagy-related genes were significantly up-regulated and protein levels of LC3-I and LC3-II were up-regulated, indicating an increase in autophagy. The protein levels of ATG5 and NtATG5 were also significantly up-regulated. While the protein levels of caspase3 and active caspase3 were significantly up-regulated consistent with the transcript levels of key genes in the apoptotic signaling pathway, ultimately affecting silk protein synthesis. Overall, these findings indicate that low concentration CAP induced abnormal development in the silk gland of B. mori by causing intracellular Ca2+ overload, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation pathway and the removal of reactive oxygen species, leading to a driving a shift from autophagy to apoptosis. The findings herein provided a basis for evaluating the safety of CAP environmental residues on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Gu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qilong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialu Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Su
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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10
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Li G, Li Y, He C, Wei Y, Cai K, Lu Q, Liu X, Zhu Y, Xu K. The promoting effects of pyriproxyfen on autophagy and apoptosis in silk glands of non-target insect silkworm, Bombyx mori. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 196:105586. [PMID: 37945223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analogue. The physiological effects of its low-concentration drift during the process of controlling agricultural and forestry pests on non-target organisms in the ecological environment are unpredictable, especially the effects on organs that play a key role in biological function are worthy of attention. The silk gland is an important organ for silk-secreting insects. Herein, we studied the effects of trace pyriproxyfen on autophagy and apoptosis of the silk gland in the lepidopteran model insect, Bombyx mori (silkworm). After treating fifth instar silkworm larvae with pyriproxyfen for 24 h, we found significant shrinkage, vacuolization, and fragmentation in the posterior silk gland (PSG). In addition, the results of autophagy-related genes of ATG8 and TUNEL assay also demonstrated that autophagy and apoptosis in the PSG of the silkworm was induced by pyriproxyfen. RNA-Seq results showed that pyriproxyfen treatment resulted in the activation of juvenile hormone signaling pathway genes and inhibition of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling pathway genes. Among the 1808 significantly differentially expressed genes, 796 were upregulated and 1012 were downregulated. Among them, 30 genes were identified for autophagy-related signaling pathways, such as NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and mTOR signaling pathway, and 30 genes were identified for apoptosis-related signaling pathways, such as P53 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. Further qRT-PCR and in vitro gland culture studies showed that the autophagy-related genes Atg5, Atg6, Atg12, Atg16 and the apoptosis-related genes Aif, Dronc, Dredd, and Caspase1 were responsive to the treatment of pyriproxyfen, with transcription levels up-regulated from 24 to 72 h. In addition, ATG5, ATG6, and Dronc genes had a more direct response to pyriproxyfen treatment. These results suggested that pyriproxyfen treatment could disrupt the hormone regulation in silkworms, promoting autophagy and apoptosis in the PSG. This study provides more evidence for the research on the damage of juvenile hormone analogues to non-target organisms or organs in the environment, and provides reference information for the scientific and rational use of juvenile hormone pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yizhe Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Chunhui He
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yuting Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Kunpei Cai
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Qingyu Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xuebin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Kaizun Xu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China.
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11
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Liu S, Tian H, Xu Y, Wang H. Juvenile hormone regulates silk gene expression by m 6A RNA methylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:331. [PMID: 37870631 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is an indispensable insect hormone that is critical in regulating insect development and physiology. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification of RNA that regulates RNA fate in eukaryotic organisms. However, the relationship between m6A and JH remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the application of a Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) extended the larval period of Bombyx mori and increased the weight and thickness of the cocoon. Interestingly, global transcriptional patterns revealed that m6A-related genes are specifically regulated by JHA in the posterior silk gland (PSG) that synthesizes the major component of cocoon silk. By transcriptome and m6A sequencing data conjointly, we discovered that JHA significantly regulated the m6A modification in the PSG of B. mori and many m6A-containing genes are related to nucleic acid binding, nucleus, and nucleobase-containing compound metabolism. Notably, 547 genes were significantly regulated by JHA at both the m6A modification and expression levels, especially 16 silk-associated genes, including sericin2, seroin1, Serine protease inhibitors 4 (BmSPI4), Serine protease inhibitors 5 (BmSPI5), and LIM domain-binding protein 2 (Ldb). Among them, 11 silk associated genes were significantly affected by METTL3 knockdown, validating that these genes are targets of m6A modification. Furthermore, we confirm that JHA directly regulates the expression of BmSPI4 and BmSPI5 through m6A modification of CDS regions. These results demonstrate the essential role of m6A methylation regulated by JH in PSG, and elucidate a novel mechanism by which JH affects silk gland development via m6A methylation. This study uncovers that m6A modification is a critical factor mediating the effect of JH in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huan Tian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yusong Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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12
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Aramwit P, Jiang Q, Muppuri S, Reddy N. Transgenic modifications of silkworms as a means to obtain therapeutic biomolecules and protein fibers with exceptional properties. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2827-2839. [PMID: 37243890 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic modification of Bombyx mori silkworms is a benign approach for the production of silk fibers with extraordinary properties and also to generate therapeutic proteins and other biomolecules for various applications. Silk fibers with fluorescence lasting more than a year, natural protein fibers with strength and toughness exceeding that of spider silk, proteins and therapeutic biomolecules with exceptional properties have been developed using transgenic technology. The transgenic modifications have been done primarily by modifying the silk sericin and fibroin genes and also the silk producing glands. Although the genetic modifications were typically performed using the sericin 1 and other genes, newer techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 have enabled successful modifications of both the fibroin H-chain and L-chain. Such modifications have led to the production of therapeutic proteins and other biomolecules in reasonable quantities at affordable costs for tissue engineering and other medical applications. Transgenically modified silkworms also have distinct and long-lasting fluorescence useful for bioimaging applications. This review presents an overview of the transgenic techniques for modifications of B. mori silkworms and the properties obtained due to such modifications with particular focus on production of growth factors, fluorescent proteins, and high performance protein fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornanong Aramwit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science &Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Supritha Muppuri
- Center for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narendra Reddy
- Center for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru, India
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13
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Lopes TBF, Aguiar RCM, de Souza RF, Nascimento CC, Dionísio JF, Mantovani MS, Semprebon SC, da Rosa R. Influence of temperature variation on gene expression and cocoon production in Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2023; 47:101111. [PMID: 37516100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Silkworms (Bombyx mori) are lepidopterans of economic importance for global silk production. However, factors that directly affect the yield and quality of silkworm cocoon production, such as diseases and temperature fluctuations, cause great economic losses. Knowing how they respond to rearing temperature during the most critical stage of their life cycle (i.e., fifth instar) could provide information on their adaptation and improve silk production. In the current work, we analyzed transcriptional data from two groups of B. mori that were reared at 26 °C and 34 °C throughout the fifth instar. The silkworms and cocoons were weighed. In total, 3115 transcripts were differentially expressed (DE; including 1696 down-regulated and 1419 up-regulated) among the 29,157 sequences found by transcriptome assembly. We emphasize the genes associated with immunological response, transcription factors, silk biosynthesis, and heat shock proteins, among the DE transcripts in response to the temperature conditions. Silkworms reared at 34 °C presented a reduced mean body weight (-0.944 g in comparison to the 26 °C group), which had a direct impact on the weight of cocoons formed and the silk conversion rate. These changes were statistically significant when compared to silkworms reared at 26 °C. Mortality rates (6 and 9 %, at 26 °C and 34 °C, respectively) were similar to those obtained in breeding fields. The findings provide information on the biological processes involved in the temperature response mechanism of silkworms, as well as information that may be used in future climatization processes at rearing facilities and in breeding for improved thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayná Bisson Ferraz Lopes
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Entomologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Colauto Milanezi Aguiar
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Entomologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rogério Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Cristianne Cordeiro Nascimento
- Departamento de Design Gráfico, Centro de Educação, Comunicação e Artes, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Fernanda Dionísio
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Entomologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Mantovani
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Simone Cristine Semprebon
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata da Rosa
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Entomologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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14
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li J, Li W, Liu C. Overexpression of BmJHBPd2 Repressed Silk Synthesis by Inhibiting the JH/Kr-h1 Signaling Pathway in Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12650. [PMID: 37628827 PMCID: PMC10454397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient production of silkworm silk is crucial to the silk industry. Silk protein synthesis is regulated by the juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E). Therefore, the genetic regulation of silk production is a priority. JH binding protein (JHBP) transports JH from the hemolymph to target organs and cells and protects it. In a previous study, we identified 41 genes containing a JHBP domain in the Bombyx mori genome. Only one JHBP gene, BmJHBPd2, is highly expressed in the posterior silk gland (PSG), and its function remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the expression levels of BmJHBPd2 and the major silk protein genes in the high-silk-producing practical strain 872 (S872) and the low-silk-producing local strain Dazao. We found that BmJHBPd2 was more highly expressed in S872 than in the Dazao strain, which is consistent with the expression pattern of fibroin genes. A subcellular localization assay indicated that BmJHBPd2 is located in the cytoplasm. In vitro hormone induction experiments showed that BmJHBPd2 was upregulated by juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) treatment. BmKr-h1 upregulation was significantly inhibited by the overexpression of BmJHBPd2 (BmJHBPd2OE) at the cell level when induced by JHA. However, overexpression of BmJHBPd2 in the PSG by transgenic methods led to the inhibition of silk fibroin gene expression, resulting in a reduction in silk yield. Further investigation showed that in the transgenic BmJHBPd2OE silkworm, the key transcription factor of the JH signaling pathway, Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), was inhibited, and 20E signaling pathway genes, such as broad complex (Brc), E74A, and ultraspiracle protein (USP), were upregulated. Our results indicate that BmJHBPd2 plays an important role in the JH signaling pathway and is important for silk protein synthesis. Furthermore, our findings help to elucidate the mechanisms by which JH regulates silk protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikailang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.Z.)
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
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15
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Waizumi R, Tsubota T, Jouraku A, Kuwazaki S, Yokoi K, Iizuka T, Yamamoto K, Sezutsu H. Highly accurate genome assembly of an improved high-yielding silkworm strain, Nichi01. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:jkad044. [PMID: 36814357 PMCID: PMC10085791 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important lepidopteran model insect and an industrial domestic animal traditionally used for silk production. Here, we report the genome assembly of an improved Japanese strain Nichi01, in which the cocoon yield is comparable to that of commercial silkworm strains. The integration of PacBio Sequel II long-read and ddRAD-seq-based high-density genetic linkage map achieved the highest quality genome assembly of silkworms to date; 22 of the 28 pseudomolecules contained telomeric repeats at both ends, and only four gaps were present in the assembly. A total of 452 Mbp of the assembly with an N50 of 16.614 Mbp covered 99.3% of the complete orthologs of the lepidopteran core genes. Although the genome sequence of Nichi01 and that of the previously reported low-yielding tropical strain p50T assured their accuracy in most regions, we corrected several regions, misassembled in p50T, in our assembly. A total of 18,397 proteins were predicted using over 95 Gb of mRNA-seq derived from 10 different organs, covering 96.9% of the complete orthologs of the lepidopteran core genes. The final assembly and annotation files are available in KAIKObase (https://kaikobase.dna.affrc.go.jp/index.html) along with a genome browser and BLAST searching service, which would facilitate further studies and the breeding of silkworms and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Waizumi
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsubota
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Seigo Kuwazaki
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kakeru Yokoi
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iizuka
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Silkworm Research Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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16
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Xie X, Wang X, Liu Q, Li Y, Dong Z, Wang L, Xia Q, Zhao P. The tissue-specific expression of silkworm cuticle protein gene ASSCP2 is mediated by the Sox-2 transcription factor. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124182. [PMID: 36972822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The silk gland of silkworm is a unique organ in which silk proteins are synthesized, secreted, and transformed into fibers. The anterior silk gland (ASG) is located at the end of the silk gland, and is thought to be involved in silk fibrosis. In our previous study, a cuticle protein, ASSCP2, was identified. This protein is specifically and highly expressed in the ASG. In this work, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of ASSCP2 gene was studied by a transgenic route. The ASSCP2 promoter was analyzed, truncated sequentially, and used to initiate the expression of EGFP gene in silkworm larvae. After egg injection, seven transgenic silkworm lines were isolated. Molecular analysis revealed that the green fluorescent signal could not be detected when the promoter was truncated to -257 bp, suggesting that the -357 to -257 sequence is the key region responsible for the transcriptional regulation of the ASSCP2 gene. Furthermore, an ASG specific transcription factor Sox-2 was identified. EMSA assays showed that Sox-2 binds with the -357 to -257 sequence, and thus regulates the tissue-specific expression of ASSCP2. This study on the transcriptional regulation of ASSCP2 gene provides theoretical and experimental basis for further studies of the regulatory mechanism of tissue-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Xie
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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17
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Cao J, Zheng HS, Zhang R, Xu YP, Pan H, Li S, Liu C, Cheng TC. Dimmed gene knockout shortens larval growth and reduces silk yield in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Mol Biol 2023; 32:26-35. [PMID: 36082617 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH domain transcription factor, Bombyx mori-derived dimmed (Bmdimm), is directly regulated by the JH-BmMet/BmSRC-BmKr-h1 pathway and plays a key role in regulating the expression of FibH, which codes the main component of silk protein. However, the other roles of Bmdimm in silk protein synthesis remain unclear. Here, we established a Bmdimm knockout (KO) line containing a 7-bp deletion via CRISPR/Cas9 system, which led to the absence of the bHLH domain. The expression level of silk protein genes and silk yield decreased significantly in the Bmdimm KO line. Moreover, knocking out Bmdimm led to shortened larval stages and significant weight loss in larvae and adults. Bmdimm was found to be highly expressed in the silk gland, but it was also expressed in the fat body. The expression level of Bmkr-h1 in the fat body was significantly downregulated in the Bmdimm KO line. Exogenous JHA treatment upregulated Bmkr-h1 and rescued the phenotype of larval growth in the Bmdimm KO line. In conclusion, knocking out Bmdimm led to a shortened larval stage via the inhibition of Bmkr-h1 expression, then reduced silk yield. These findings help to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of fibroin synthesis and larval development in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Cai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Qian W, Li H, Zhang X, Tang Y, Yuan D, Huang Z, Cheng D. Fzr regulates silk gland growth by promoting endoreplication and protein synthesis in the silkworm. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010602. [PMID: 36652497 PMCID: PMC9886304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Silkworm silk gland cells undergo endoreplicating cycle and rapid growth during the larval period, and synthesize massive silk proteins for silk production. In this study, we demonstrated that a binary transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 approach-mediated Fzr mutation in silkworm posterior silk gland (PSG) cells caused an arrest of silk gland growth and a decrease in silk production. Mechanistically, PSG-specific Fzr mutation blocked endoreplication progression by inducing an expression dysregulation of several cyclin proteins and DNA replication-related regulators. Moreover, based on label-free quantitative proteome analysis, we showed in PSG cells that Fzr mutation-induced decrease in the levels of cyclin proteins and silk proteins was likely due to an inhibition of the ribosome biogenesis pathway associated with mRNA translation, and/or an enhance of the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway. Rbin-1 inhibitor-mediated blocking of ribosomal biogenesis pathway decreased DNA replication in PSG cells and silk production. Altogether, our results reveal that Fzr positively regulates PSG growth and silk production in silkworm by promoting endoreplication and protein synthesis in PSG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing engineering and technology research center for novel silk materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (WQ); (DC)
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing engineering and technology research center for novel silk materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing engineering and technology research center for novel silk materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaohao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing engineering and technology research center for novel silk materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing engineering and technology research center for novel silk materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing engineering and technology research center for novel silk materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daojun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing engineering and technology research center for novel silk materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (WQ); (DC)
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19
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Miller J, Zimin AV, Gordus A. Chromosome-level genome and the identification of sex chromosomes in Uloborus diversus. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad002. [PMID: 36762707 PMCID: PMC9912274 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The orb web is a remarkable example of animal architecture that is observed in families of spiders that diverged over 200 million years ago. While several genomes exist for araneid orb-weavers, none exist for other orb-weaving families, hampering efforts to investigate the genetic basis of this complex behavior. Here we present a chromosome-level genome assembly for the cribellate orb-weaving spider Uloborus diversus. The assembly reinforces evidence of an ancient arachnid genome duplication and identifies complete open reading frames for every class of spidroin gene, which encode the proteins that are the key structural components of spider silks. We identified the 2 X chromosomes for U. diversus and identify candidate sex-determining loci. This chromosome-level assembly will be a valuable resource for evolutionary research into the origins of orb-weaving, spidroin evolution, chromosomal rearrangement, and chromosomal sex determination in spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Miller
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Aleksey V Zimin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Andrew Gordus
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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20
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Yu N, Yang Z, Fan Z, Liu Z. Classification and functional characterization of spidroin genes in a wandering spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 151:103862. [PMID: 36328175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spiders impress us with their sophisticated use of silk and the stunningly distinct silk proteins (spidroins) in each spider species. Understanding how silks and spidroins function and evolve within the spider world is one profound interest to expand our knowledge on spider evolution. Spidroins are characterized with the divergent repeat core region flanked with the relatively conserved N- and C-terminus. The structure and number of the repeats contribute to the unique mechanical properties of the spidroin and the silk. Spidroins have been intensively studied in web-weaver spiders, but information regarding their diversity in wandering spiders remains scarce. Here, twenty spidroin genes were identified in the pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, belonging to the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) clade. These spidroins were categorized into four classes, including twelve ampullate spidroin (AmpSp), four aciniform spidroin (AcSp), one tubuliform spidroin (TuSp), one pyriform spidroin (PiSp), and two spidroin-like proteins. Multiple copies of the AmpSp and AcSp genes were tandemly arranged in a cluster within the genome, and the N-terminal domains and repetitive sequences of the proximately located spidroins were highly similar, suggesting that the spidroin genes diversified via tandem duplication. Only four types of morphologically distinct silk glands were found in P. pseudoannulata, namely Ma, Mi, Ac, and Pi glands, consistent with the glandular affiliation hypothesis that spidroins co-evolved with glandular specialization to fit species-specific needs. Expression profiling revealed that the single tubuliform spidroin (TuSp) gene was highly expressed in gravid females and two AcSp genes displayed synchronous expression. Knock-down of the TuSp gene via RNAi resulted in fragile and cracked eggsacs and prolonged the female pre-oviposition period, validating its importance in spider reproduction. The genome-scale characterization and functional study of spidroin genes allows associating the presence of specific spidroins with silk utility in P. pseudoannulata and will expand our knowledge of spider evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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21
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Šim�škov� M, Daneva A, Doll N, Schilling N, Cubr�a-Rad�o M, Zhou L, De Winter F, Aesaert S, De Rycke R, Pauwels L, Dresselhaus T, Brugi�re N, Simmons CR, Habben JE, Nowack MK. KIL1 terminates fertility in maize by controlling silk senescence. Plant Cell 2022; 34:2852-2870. [PMID: 35608197 PMCID: PMC9338811 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant flowers have a functional life span during which pollination and fertilization occur to ensure seed and fruit development. Once flower senescence is initiated, the potential to set seed or fruit is irrevocably lost. In maize, silk strands are the elongated floral stigmas that emerge from the husk-enveloped inflorescence to intercept airborne pollen. Here we show that KIRA1-LIKE1 (KIL1), an ortholog of the Arabidopsis NAC (NAM (NO APICAL MERISTEM), ATAF1/2 (Arabidopsis thaliana Activation Factor1 and 2) and CUC (CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2)) transcription factor KIRA1, promotes senescence and programmed cell death (PCD) in the silk strand base, ending the window of accessibility for fertilization of the ovary. Loss of KIL1 function extends silk receptivity and thus strongly increases kernel yield following late pollination. This phenotype offers new opportunities for possibly improving yield stability in cereal crops. Moreover, despite diverging flower morphologies and the substantial evolutionary distance between Arabidopsis and maize, our data indicate remarkably similar principles in terminating floral receptivity by PCD, whose modulation offers the potential to be widely used in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Doll
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Neeltje Schilling
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Marta Cubr�a-Rad�o
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Liangzi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Freya De Winter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Stijn Aesaert
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Jorge I, Ruiz V, Lavado-García J, Vázquez J, Hayashi C, Rojo FJ, Atienza JM, Elices M, Guinea GV, Pérez-Rigueiro J. Expression of spidroin proteins in the silk glands of golden orb-weaver spiders. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2022; 338:241-253. [PMID: 34981640 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The expression of spidroins in the major ampullate, minor ampullate, flagelliform, and tubuliform silk glands of Trichonephila clavipes spiders was analyzed using proteomics analysis techniques. Spidroin peptides were identified and assigned to different gene products based on sequence concurrence when compared with the whole genome of the spider. It was found that only a relatively low proportion of the spidroin genes are expressed as proteins in any of the studied glands. In addition, the expression of spidroin genes in different glands presents a wide range of patterns, with some spidroins being found in a single gland exclusively, while others appear in the content of several glands. The combination of precise genomics, proteomics, microstructural, and mechanical data provides new insights both on the design principles of these materials and how these principles might be translated for the production of high-performance bioinspired artificial fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Jorge
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Ruiz
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Lavado-García
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i de Bioprocessos (GECIB), Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cheryl Hayashi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Francisco J Rojo
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Atienza
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Elices
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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23
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Zhou J, Lai J, Menda G, Stafstrom JA, Miles CI, Hoy RR, Miles RN. Outsourced hearing in an orb-weaving spider that uses its web as an auditory sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122789119. [PMID: 35349337 PMCID: PMC9169088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122789119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe sense of hearing in all known animals relies on possessing auditory organs that are made up of cellular tissues and constrained by body sizes. We show that hearing in the orb-weaving spider is functionally outsourced to its extended phenotype, the proteinaceous self-manufactured web, and hence processes behavioral controllability. This finding opens new perspectives on animal extended cognition and hearing-the outsourcing and supersizing of auditory function in spiders. This study calls for reinvestigation of the remarkable evolutionary ecology and sensory ecology in spiders-one of the oldest land animals. The sensory modality of outsourced hearing provides a unique model for studying extended and regenerative sensing and presents new design features for inspiring novel acoustic flow detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Junpeng Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Gil Menda
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jay A. Stafstrom
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Carol I. Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Ronald R. Hoy
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ronald N. Miles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
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24
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Liu J, Zhang T, Fu L, Li H, Huang LQ, Yuan Y. [Review of genetic diversity and breed identification of black-bone silky fowl]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:2021-2027. [PMID: 35531717 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220116.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black-bone silky fowl, sweet, pungent, and hot-natured, is one of the valuable domesticated birds with special economic value in China's genebank of poultry breed, which has a long history of medicinal and edible uses. It has the effects of tonifying liver and kidney, replenishing Qi and blood, nourishing yin, clearing heat, regulating menstruation, invigorating spleen, and securing essence. Therefore, it has remarkable efficacy of enhancing physical strength, tonifying blood, and treating diabetes and gynecological diseases. Various local black-bone silky fowl breeds have been generated due to the differences in environmental conditions, breed selection, and rearing conditions in different areas of China, which are mainly concentrated in Taihe, Wan'an, and Ji'an in Jiangxi province and Putian, Jinjiang, and Yongchun in Fujian province. The indigenous chicken breeds in China have different body sizes, appearance, coat colors, etc. The complex lineages lead to extremely unstable genetic traits. The diverse breeds similar in appearance result in the confusion in the market of silky fowl breeds. With the rapid development of molecular biological technology, the genetics of black-bone silky fowls has been intensively studied. This article reviews the research progress of the germplasm resources, genetic diversity, and breed identification of black-bone silky fowl in China at the morphology, chromosome, protein, and DNA levels. Further, it introduces the principles, application status, and limitations of DNA markers such as mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite markers, and SNPs. This review provides a theoretical basis for the mining of elite trait genes and the protection and utilization of local black-bone silky fowl germplasm resources in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lu Fu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
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25
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Liu TH, Dong XL, Chen P, Zhang Q, Zhou XL, Lu C, Pan MH. Geminin is essential for DNA re-replication in the silk gland cells of silkworms. Exp Cell Res 2022; 410:112951. [PMID: 34843715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endoreplication, known as endocycles or endoreduplication, is a cell cycle variant in which the genomic DNA is re-replicated without mitosis leading to polyploidy. Endoreplication is essential for the development and functioning of the different organs in animals and plants. Deletion of Geminin, a DNA replication licensing inhibitor, causes DNA re-replication or damage. However, the role of Geminin in endoreplication is still unclear. Here, we studied the role of Geminin in the endoreplication of the silk gland cells of silkworms by constructing two transgenic silkworm strains, including BmGeminin1-overexpression and BmGeminin1-RNA interference. Interference of BmGeminin1 led to body weight gain, increased silk gland volume, increased DNA content, and enhanced DNA re-replication activity relative to wild-type Dazao. Meanwhile, overexpression of BmGeminin1 showed an opposite phenotype compared to the BmGem1-RNAi strain. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing of the transgenic strains was carried out to explore how BmGeminin1 regulates DNA re-replication. Our data demonstrated a vital role of Geminin in the regulation of endoreplication in the silk gland of silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China; Department of Bioinformatics, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District of Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Xiao-Long Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District of Chongqing, 400716, China.
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26
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Xu H, Chen L, Tong XL, Hu H, Liu LY, Liu GC, Zhu YN, Zhao RP, Wang W, Dai FY, Li X, Xiang H. Comprehensive silk gland multi-omics comparison illuminates two alternative mechanisms in silkworm heterosis. Zool Res 2022; 43:585-596. [PMID: 35726584 PMCID: PMC9336454 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosis is a common phenomenon in plants and animals with diverse underlying mechanisms. Here, we applied two widely used silkworm hybrid systems and performed multi-omics analysis to identify possible intrinsic associations between different hybrid strategies and epigenetic mechanisms with silkworm heterosis. We found significant differences in the silk gland transcriptomic landscape between the two systems, including differentially expressed genes and expression patterns in the hybrid offspring compared to their parents. In the quaternary hybrid system, hybrid vigor was primarily due to up-regulated genes and the parent-dominant up-regulated expression pattern, involving multiple transport processes, cellular nitrogen compound catabolism, glucose metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. In the binary system, hybrid vigor was mainly due to the down-regulated genes and transgressively down-regulated expression pattern, mainly involving basic nitrogen synthesis metabolism and body function. We also demonstrated that DNA methylation may affect hybrid vigor by regulating the expression of several heterosis-related genes. Thus, this study revealed two alternative mechanisms that may contribute to silkworm heterosis, both of which facilitate the efficient utilization of energy and nitrogen for silk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Gui-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ruo-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Fang-Yin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. E-mail:
| | - Xin Li
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China. E-mail:
| | - Hui Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
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27
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Gao K, Yang M, Li B, Chen R, Dong J, Liu Q, Gao Z, Guo X, Deng X. Molecular response mechanisms of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) to the toxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazole chloride based on transcriptome analysis of midguts and silk glands. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 227:112915. [PMID: 34687943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, silkworm larvae were used as a novel model to assess the biotoxicity of ILs, which showed that ILs could cause significant physiological and biochemical changes in midguts and silk glands of the larvae, and result in the death of larvae. In order to investigate the toxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazole chloride ([C8mim]Cl) to the larvae at molecular level, RNA-sequencing technology was used to construct transcriptomic profiles of midguts and silk glands in this work. Results showed that a lot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were effectively screened out through bioinformatics software based on the transcriptome data and reference genome. To give more detail, 5118 and 2211 DEGs (926 and 822 DEGs) were obtained in the midguts (silk glands) when the larvae were exposed to [C8mim]Cl for 6 and 12 h, respectively, relative to the controls. In addition, gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested that the DEGs could be divided into three categories (i.e., biological process, cellular component, and molecular function), and were involved in multiple organelle functions and complex biological processes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in a variety of pathways, such as signal transduction, apoptosis, glycolysis, peroxisome, autophagy, hippo signaling pathway, arginine and proline metabolism. Results of quantitative real-time PCR and histopathological observation indicated that molecular mechanism of the larvae against [C8mim]Cl toxicology may be attributed to cell apoptosis regulation via both the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor-initiated pathway. Thus, these results provided useful data for exploring the toxicity of ILs to insects at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Runzhen Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijie Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Abstract
Electron beam lithography (EBL) is renowned to provide fabrication resolution in the deep nanometer scale. One major limitation of current EBL techniques is their incapability of arbitrary 3d nanofabrication. Resolution, structure integrity and functionalization are among the most important factors. Here we report all-aqueous-based, high-fidelity manufacturing of functional, arbitrary 3d nanostructures at a resolution of sub-15 nm using our developed voltage-regulated 3d EBL. Creating arbitrary 3d structures of high resolution and high strength at nanoscale is enabled by genetically engineering recombinant spider silk proteins as the resist. The ability to quantitatively define structural transitions with energetic electrons at different depths within the 3d protein matrix enables polymorphic spider silk proteins to be shaped approaching the molecular level. Furthermore, genetic or mesoscopic modification of spider silk proteins provides the opportunity to embed and stabilize physiochemical and/or biological functions within as-fabricated 3d nanostructures. Our approach empowers the rapid and flexible fabrication of heterogeneously functionalized and hierarchically structured 3d nanocomponents and nanodevices, offering opportunities in biomimetics, therapeutic devices and nanoscale robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tiger H Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Chaw RC, Clarke TH, Arensburger P, Ayoub NA, Hayashi CY. Gene expression profiling reveals candidate genes for defining spider silk gland types. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 135:103594. [PMID: 34052321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular studies of the secretory glands involved in spider silk production have revealed candidate genes for silk synthesis and a complicated history of spider silk gene evolution. However, differential gene expression profiles of the multiple silk gland types within an individual orb-web weaving spider are lacking. Each of these gland types produces a functionally distinct silk type. Comparison of gene expression among spider silk gland types would provide insight into the genes that define silk glands generally from non-silk gland tissues, and the genes that define silk glands from each other. Here, we perform 3' tag digital gene expression profiling of the seven silk gland types of the silver garden orb weaver Argiope argentata. Five of these gland types produce silks that are non-adhesive fibers, one silk includes both fibers and glue-like adhesives, and one silk is exclusively glue-like. We identify 1275 highly expressed, significantly upregulated, and tissue specific silk gland specific transcripts (SSTs). These SSTs include seven types of spider silk protein encoding genes known as spidroin genes. We find that the fiber-producing major ampullate and minor ampullate silk glands have more similar expression profiles than any other pair of glands. We also find that a subset of the SSTs is enriched for transmembrane transport and oxidoreductases, and that these transcripts highlight differences and similarities among the major ampullate, minor ampullate, and aggregate silk glands. Furthermore, we show that the wet glue-producing aggregate glands have the most unique SSTs, but still share some SSTs with fiber producing glands. Aciniform glands were the only gland type to share a majority of SSTs with other silk gland types, supporting previous hypotheses that duplication of aciniform glands and subsequent divergence of the duplicates gave rise to the multiple silk gland types within an individual spider.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crystal Chaw
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 2710 Life Science Building, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Thomas H Clarke
- Washington and Lee University, Department of Biology, Howe Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.
| | - Peter Arensburger
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.
| | - Nadia A Ayoub
- Washington and Lee University, Department of Biology, Howe Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.
| | - Cheryl Y Hayashi
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 2710 Life Science Building, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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30
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Zabelina V, Takasu Y, Sehadova H, Yonemura N, Nakajima K, Sezutsu H, Sery M, Zurovec M, Sehnal F, Tamura T. Mutation in Bombyx mori fibrohexamerin (P25) gene causes reorganization of rough endoplasmic reticulum in posterior silk gland cells and alters morphology of fibroin secretory globules in the silk gland lumen. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 135:103607. [PMID: 34102294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of many lepidopteran species produce a mixture of secretory proteins, known as silk, for building protective shelters and cocoons. Silk consists of a water-insoluble silk filament core produced in the posterior silk gland (PSG) and a sticky hydrophilic coating produced by the middle silk gland (MSG). In Bombyx mori, the fiber core comprises three proteins: heavy chain fibroin (Fib-H), light chain fibroin (Fib-L) and fibrohexamerin (Fhx, previously referred to as P25). To learn more about the role of Fhx, we used transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) mutagenesis and prepared a homozygous line with a null mutation in the Fhx gene. Our characterization of cocoon morphology and silk quality showed that the mutation had very little effect. However, a detailed inspection of the secretory cells in the posterior silk gland (PSG) of mid-last-instar mutant larvae revealed temporary changes in the morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum. We also observed a morphological difference in fibroin secretory globules stored in the PSG lumen of Fhx mutants, which suggests that their fibroin complexes have a slightly lower solubility. Finally, we performed an LC-MS-based quantitative proteomic analysis comparing mutant and wild-type (wt) cocoon proteins and found a high abundance of a 16 kDa secretory protein likely involved in fibroin solubility. Overall, our study shows that whilst Fhx is dispensable for silk formation, it contributes to the stability of fibroin complexes during intracellular transport and affects the morphology of fibroin secretory globules in the PSG lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Zabelina
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yoko Takasu
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hana Sehadova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Naoyuki Yonemura
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakajima
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Michal Sery
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Sehnal
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Institute of Sericulture, Iikura 1053, 300-0324, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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31
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Tsubota T, Yoshioka T, Jouraku A, Suzuki TK, Yonemura N, Yukuhiro K, Kameda T, Sezutsu H. Transcriptomic analysis of the bagworm moth silk gland reveals a number of silk genes conserved within Lepidoptera. Insect Sci 2021; 28:885-900. [PMID: 32589338 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects produce cocoons with unique properties. The cocoons are made of silk produced in the larval tissue silk gland and our understanding of the silk genes is still very limited. Here, we investigated silk genes in the bagworm moth Eumeta variegata, a species that has recently been found to produce extraordinarily strong and tough silk. Using short-read transcriptomic analysis, we identified a partial sequence of the fibroin heavy chain gene and its product was found to have a C-terminal structure that is conserved within nonsaturniid species. This is in accordance with the presence of fibroin light chain/fibrohexamerin genes and it is suggested that the bagworm moth is producing silk composed of fibroin ternary complex. This indicates that the fibroin structure has been evolutionarily conserved longer than previously thought. Other than fibroins we identified candidates for sericin genes, expressed strongly in the middle region of the silk gland and encoding serine-rich proteins, and other silk genes, that are structurally conserved with other lepidopteran homologues. The bagworm moth is thus considered to be producing conventional lepidopteran type of silk. We further found a number of genes expressed in a specific region of the silk gland and some genes showed conserved expression with Bombyx mori counterparts. This is the first study allowing comprehensive silk gene identification and expression analysis in the lepidopteran Psychidae family and should contribute to the understanding of silk gene evolution as well as to the development of novel types of silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tsubota
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taiyo Yoshioka
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Silk Materials Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Insect Genome Research and Engineering Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takao K Suzuki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yonemura
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Yukuhiro
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Silk Materials Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Kameda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Silk Materials Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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32
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Whittall DR, Baker KV, Breitling R, Takano E. Host Systems for the Production of Recombinant Spider Silk. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:560-573. [PMID: 33051051 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spider silk is renowned for its impressive mechanical properties. It is one of the strongest known biomaterials, possessing mechanical properties that outmatch both steel and Kevlar. However, the farming of spiders for their silk is unfeasible. Consequently, production of recombinant spider silk proteins (spidroins) in more amenable hosts is an exciting field of research. For large-scale production to be viable, a heterologous silk production system that is both highly efficient and cost effective is essential. Genes encoding recombinant spidroin have been expressed in bacterial, yeast, insect, and mammalian cells, in addition to many other platforms. This review discusses the recent advances in exploiting an increasingly diverse range of host platforms in the heterologous production of recombinant spidroins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic R Whittall
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Katherine V Baker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre SYNBIOCHEM, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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33
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Hou S, Tao C, Yang H, Cheng T, Liu C. Sage controls silk gland development by regulating Dfd in Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 132:103568. [PMID: 33741432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silk gland is an organ that produces and secretes silk proteins. The development of the silk gland is essential for high silk production yield and silk quality. Although Sage reportedly plays a pivotal role in embryonic silk gland development, the mechanism underlying its action remains unclear. Our study aimed to determine the genes downstream of Sage through which it regulates the development of the silk gland. After chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, Dfd was identified as a downstream target gene of Sage and it was confirmed that Sage could inhibit Dfd expression by competing with SGF1. When Dfd was knocked down through RNA interference (RNAi), the number of cells in the middle silk gland decreased, and the posterior silk gland was straightened. Simultaneously, the expression of Ser1 and silk fibroin genes was no longer strictly regional. These changes eventually led to an alteration in the composition of the Dfd RNAi cocoon. In conclusion, our research contributes to a deeper understanding of the development of silk glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Cuicui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongguo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, China.
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34
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Li F, Lv Y, Wen Z, Bian C, Zhang X, Guo S, Shi Q, Li D. The complete mitochondrial genome of the intertidal spider (Desis jiaxiangi) provides novel insights into the adaptive evolution of the mitogenome and the evolution of spiders. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:72. [PMID: 33931054 PMCID: PMC8086345 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although almost all extant spider species live in terrestrial environments, a few species live fully submerged in freshwater or seawater. The intertidal spiders (genus Desis) built silk nests within coral crevices can survive submerged in high tides. The diving bell spider, Argyroneta aquatica, resides in a similar dynamic environment but exclusively in freshwater. Given the pivotal role played by mitochondria in supplying most energy for physiological activity via oxidative phosphorylation and the environment, herein we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Desis jiaxiangi to investigate the adaptive evolution of the aquatic spider mitogenomes and the evolution of spiders. RESULTS We assembled a complete mitogenome of the intertidal spider Desis jiaxiangi and performed comparative mitochondrial analyses of data set comprising of Desis jiaxiangi and other 45 previously published spider mitogenome sequences, including that of Argyroneta aquatica. We found a unique transposition of trnL2 and trnN genes in Desis jiaxiangi. Our robust phylogenetic topology clearly deciphered the evolutionary relationships between Desis jiaxiangi and Argyroneta aquatica as well as other spiders. We dated the divergence of Desis jiaxiangi and Argyroneta aquatica to the late Cretaceous at ~ 98 Ma. Our selection analyses detected a positive selection signal in the nd4 gene of the aquatic branch comprising both Desis jiaxiangi and Argyroneta aquatica. Surprisingly, Pirata subpiraticus, Hypochilus thorelli, and Argyroneta aquatica each had a higher Ka/Ks value in the 13 PCGs dataset among 46 taxa with complete mitogenomes, and these three species also showed positive selection signal in the nd6 gene. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of the unique transposition of trnL2 and trnN genes indicates that these genes may have experienced rearrangements in the history of intertidal spider evolution. The positive selection signals in the nd4 and nd6 genes might enable a better understanding of the spider metabolic adaptations in relation to different environments. Our construction of a novel mitogenome for the intertidal spider thus sheds light on the evolutionary history of spiders and their mitogenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100 China
| | - Zhengyong Wen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Chao Bian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Shengtao Guo
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Qiong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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35
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Agnieray H, Glasson J, Chen Q, Kaur M, Domigan L. Recent developments in sustainably sourced protein-based biomaterials. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:953-964. [PMID: 33729443 PMCID: PMC8106505 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research into the development of sustainable biomaterials is increasing in both interest and global importance due to the increasing demand for materials with decreased environmental impact. This research field utilises natural, renewable resources to develop innovative biomaterials. The development of sustainable biomaterials encompasses the entire material life cycle, from desirable traits, and environmental impact from production through to recycling or disposal. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive definition of sustainable biomaterials and to give an overview of the use of natural proteins in biomaterial development. Proteins such as collagen, gelatin, keratin, and silk, are biocompatible, biodegradable, and may form materials with varying properties. Proteins, therefore, provide an intriguing source of biomaterials for numerous applications, including additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering. We give an insight into current research and future directions in each of these areas, to expand knowledge on the capabilities of sustainably sourced proteins as advanced biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Agnieray
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J.L. Glasson
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Q. Chen
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M. Kaur
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L.J. Domigan
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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36
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Berger CA, Brewer MS, Kono N, Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Kennedy SR, Wood HM, Adams SA, Gillespie RG. Shifts in morphology, gene expression, and selection underlie web loss in Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:48. [PMID: 33752590 PMCID: PMC7983290 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A striking aspect of evolution is that it often converges on similar trajectories. Evolutionary convergence can occur in deep time or over short time scales, and is associated with the imposition of similar selective pressures. Repeated convergent events provide a framework to infer the genetic basis of adaptive traits. The current study examines the genetic basis of secondary web loss within web-building spiders (Araneoidea). Specifically, we use a lineage of spiders in the genus Tetragnatha (Tetragnathidae) that has diverged into two clades associated with the relatively recent (5 mya) colonization of, and subsequent adaptive radiation within, the Hawaiian Islands. One clade has adopted a cursorial lifestyle, and the other has retained the ancestral behavior of capturing prey with sticky orb webs. We explore how these behavioral phenotypes are reflected in the morphology of the spinning apparatus and internal silk glands, and the expression of silk genes. Several sister families to the Tetragnathidae have undergone similar web loss, so we also ask whether convergent patterns of selection can be detected in these lineages. RESULTS The cursorial clade has lost spigots associated with the sticky spiral of the orb web. This appears to have been accompanied by loss of silk glands themselves. We generated phylogenies of silk proteins (spidroins), which showed that the transcriptomes of cursorial Tetragnatha contain all major spidroins except for flagelliform. We also found an uncharacterized spidroin that has higher expression in cursorial species. We found evidence for convergent selection acting on this spidroin, as well as genes involved in protein metabolism, in the cursorial Tetragnatha and divergent cursorial lineages in the families Malkaridae and Mimetidae. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide strong evidence that independent web loss events and the associated adoption of a cursorial lifestyle are based on similar genetic mechanisms. Many genes we identified as having evolved convergently are associated with protein synthesis, degradation, and processing, which are processes that play important roles in silk production. This study demonstrates, in the case of independent evolution of web loss, that similar selective pressures act on many of the same genes to produce the same phenotypes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Berger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA.
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, N1088 Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Nobuaki Kono
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Susan R Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hannah M Wood
- Smithsonian Institution, Entomology, MRC105, Natural History Bldg. E519, 1000 Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC, 20560-0188, USA
| | - Seira A Adams
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
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Rouhova L, Kludkiewicz B, Sehadova H, Sery M, Kucerova L, Konik P, Zurovec M. Silk of the common clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella, a cosmopolitan pest belonging to the basal ditrysian moth line. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 130:103527. [PMID: 33476773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many lepidopteran larvae produce silk secretions to build feeding tubes and cocoons that play important protective roles in their lives. Recent research on the silk of bombycoid and pyralid moths has shown that it contains several highly abundant silk components with remarkable mechanical properties. It was also found to contain a number of other proteins of which the functions have yet to be identified. To gain an overview of the silk composition in more primitive lepidopteran species and to identify the core silk components common to most species, we analyzed the cocoon proteins of Tineola bisselliella, which belongs to the basal ditrysian moth line. Using de novo transcriptome sequencing combined with mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, we detected more than 100 secretory proteins in the silk cocoons. Fibroin, sericins, and protease inhibitors were found to be the most abundant proteins, along with several novel candidate silk components. We also verified the tissue and developmental stage specificity of the silk protein expression and characterized the morphology of both the silk glands and silk in T. bisselliella. Our study provides a detailed analysis of silk in the primitive moth, expands the known set of silk-specific genes in Lepidoptera, and helps to elucidate their evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Rouhova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Kludkiewicz
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sehadova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sery
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Konik
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Sun X, Zhang K, Gu J, Yang J, Huang Q, Yan R, Qin S, Hou C, Zhang G, Wang S, Li M. The biological characters of Bmelav-like genes in the development of Bombyx mori. Insect Mol Biol 2021; 30:9-17. [PMID: 32940384 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ELAV/Hu family is a conserved multigene family of pan-neuronal RNA-binding protein involved in post-transcriptional regulation in metazoans. In Drosophila, three members of this family, ELAV, RBP9 and FNE, are involved in neuronal differentiation, gene expression regulation and so on. This family is less well characterized in Bombyx mori. Two orthologs BmELAV-like-1 (BmEL-1) and BmELAV-like-2 (BmEL-2) share 55%-71% and 47%-62% identity with that of in Drosophila and humans, respectively. Bmel-1 is ubiquitously expressed while Bmel-2 is expressed in the head and ovaries specifically. Proteins encoded by both genes are localized in nuclear and cytoplasm. The weight of body, cocoon, pupae and cocoon shell are differently affected in Bmel-1- /-2- mutants created using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Mutations of both genes increase the expression of four silk protein genes, Fib-L, Fib-H, P25 and Ser-1. In addition, the oviposition ability of Bmel-2- females is decreased. This study not only provides valuable insights into the functional roles of Bmelav-like genes in the growth, cocoon characters and regulation of silk protein genes expression, but also provides useful information for silkworm variety breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - K Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - C Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - M Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Miller J, Vienneau-Hathaway J, Dendev E, Lan M, Ayoub NA. The common house spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum, maintains silk gene expression on sub-optimal diet. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237286. [PMID: 33296374 PMCID: PMC7725297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobweb weaving spiders and their relatives spin multiple task-specific fiber types. The unique material properties of each silk type result from differences in amino acid sequence and structure of their component proteins, primarily spidroins (spider fibrous proteins). Amino acid content and gene expression measurements of spider silks suggest some spiders change expression patterns of individual protein components in response to environmental cues. We quantified mRNA abundance of three spidroin encoding genes involved in prey capture in the common house spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Theridiidae), fed different diets. After 10 days of acclimation to the lab on a diet of mealworms, spiders were split into three groups: (1) individuals were immediately dissected, (2) spiders were fed high-energy crickets, or (3) spiders were fed low-energy flies, for 1 month. All spiders gained mass during the acclimation period and cricket-fed spiders continued to gain mass, while fly-fed spiders either maintained or lost mass. Using quantitative PCR, we found no significant differences in the absolute or relative abundance of dragline gene transcripts, major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) and major ampullate spidroin 2 (MaSp2), among groups. In contrast, prey-wrapping minor ampullate spidroin (MiSp) gene transcripts were significantly less abundant in fly-fed than lab-acclimated spiders. However, when measured relative to Actin, cricket-fed spiders showed the lowest expression of MiSp. Our results suggest that house spiders are able to maintain silk production, even in the face of a low-quality diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Miller
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States of America
| | | | - Enkhbileg Dendev
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States of America
| | - Merrina Lan
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States of America
| | - Nadia A. Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Tang X, Liu H, Shi Z, Chen Q, Kang X, Wang Y, Zhao P. Enhanced silk yield in transgenic silkworm (Bombyx mori) via ectopic expression of BmGT1-L in the posterior silk gland. Insect Mol Biol 2020; 29:452-465. [PMID: 32654295 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm is an economically important insect producing plentiful silk fibre in the silk gland. In this study, we reported a cross-talk between the fat body, silk gland and midgut through a glycine-serine biosynthetic pathway in the silkworm. Amino acid sequence and functional domains of glycine transporter gene BmGT1-L were mapped. Our results indicated that BmGT1-L was specifically expressed in the midgut microvilli and persistently expressed during the feeding stages. RNA interference of BmGT1-L activated glycine biosynthesis, and BmGT1-L overexpression facilitated serine biosynthesis in the BmN4-SID1 cell. In addition, silkworms after FibH gene knock-out or silk gland extirpation showed markedly decreased BmGT1-L transcripts in the midgut and disturbed glycine-serine biosynthesis as silk yield decreased. Finally, BmGT1-L ectopic expression in the posterior silk gland promoted glycine biosynthesis, and enhanced silk yield via increasing fibroin synthesis. These results suggested that cross-talk between tissues can be used for enhancing silk yield in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Liu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Shi
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Kang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - P Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Zhao G, Zhang X, Wang C, Zhang H, Guo H, Qian H, Li G, Xu A. Effect of pyriproxyfen exposure on cocooning and gene expression in the silk gland of Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 202:110914. [PMID: 32800249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori(Linnaeus, 1758) is an important economical insect, and the sericulture is a flourishing industry in many developing countries. Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone pesticide, is often applied to cultivations widely in the world, and its exposure often resulted in silk yield reduction and non-cocooning. However, the effect of pyriproxyfen exposure on cocooning and gene expression level in the silk gland of B. mori has not been studied yet, and this study focused on the above issues. The result indicated that pyriproxyfen exposure can lead to silk gland injury, reduction of silk yield and cocooning rate. Furthermore, the expression levels of silk protein synthesis related genes were down regulated significantly. The same change trends were shown between PI3K/Akt and CncC/Keap1 pathway, which is the expressions of key genes can be elevated by pyriproxyfen exposure. In addition, the activity of detoxification enzymes (P450, GST and CarE) and the expression levels of detoxification genes were elevated after pyriproxyfen exposure, suggesting that detoxification enzymes may play an important role in detoxification of pyriproxyfen in silk gland. These results provided possible clues to the silk gland injury and gene transcriptional level changes in silkworm after pyriproxyfen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Chentao Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Heying Qian
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Anying Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China.
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42
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Craig HC, Piorkowski D, Nakagawa S, Kasumovic MM, Blamires SJ. Meta-analysis reveals materiomic relationships in major ampullate silk across the spider phylogeny. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200471. [PMID: 32993436 PMCID: PMC7536055 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider major ampullate (MA) silk, with its combination of strength and extensibility, outperforms any synthetic equivalents. There is thus much interest in understanding its underlying materiome. While the expression of the different silk proteins (spidroins) appears an integral component of silk performance, our understanding of the nature of the relationship between the spidroins, their constituent amino acids and MA silk mechanics is ambiguous. To provide clarity on these relationships across spider species, we performed a meta-analysis using phylogenetic comparative methods. These showed that glycine and proline, both of which are indicators of differential spidroin expression, had effects on MA silk mechanics across the phylogeny. We also found serine to correlate with silk mechanics, probably via its presence within the carboxyl and amino-terminal domains of the spidroins. From our analyses, we concluded that the spidroin expression shifts across the phylogeny from predominantly MaSp1 in the MA silks of ancestral spiders to predominantly MaSp2 in the more derived spiders' silks. This trend was accompanied by an enhanced ultimate strain and decreased Young's modulus in the silks. Our meta-analysis enabled us to decipher between real and apparent influences on MA silk properties, providing significant insights into spider silk and web coevolution and enhancing our capacity to create spider silk-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish C. Craig
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael M. Kasumovic
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sean J. Blamires
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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43
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Leem JW, Llacsahuanga Allcca AE, Kim YJ, Park J, Kim SW, Kim SR, Ryu W, Chen YP, Kim YL. Photoelectric Silk via Genetic Encoding and Bioassisted Plasmonics. Adv Biosyst 2020; 4:e2000040. [PMID: 32462817 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded photoelectric silk that can convert photons to electrons (light to electricity) over a wide visible range in a self-power mode is reported. As silk is a versatile host material with electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and processability, a photoelectric protein is genetically fused with silk by silkworm transgenesis. Specifically, mKate2, which is conventionally known as a far-red fluorescent protein, is used as a photoelectric protein. Characterization of the electrochemical and optical properties of mKate2 silk allows designing a photoelectric measurement system. A series of in situ photocurrent experiments support the sensitive and stable performance of photoelectric conversion. In addition, as a plasmonic nanomaterial with a broad spectral resonance, titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles are biologically hybridized into the silk glands, taking full advantage of the silkworms' open circulatory system as well as the absorption band of mKate2 silk. This biological hybridization via direct feeding of TiN nanoparticles further enhances the overall photoelectric conversion ability of mKate2 silk. It is envisioned that the biologically derived photoelectric protein, its ecofriendly scalable production by transgenic silkworms, and the bioassisted plasmonic hybridization can potentially broaden the biomaterial choices for developing next-generation biosensing, retina prosthesis, and neurostimulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Yong Jae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ryul Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong P Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Young L Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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44
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Wang Y, Huang W, Wang Y, Mu X, Ling S, Yu H, Chen W, Guo C, Watson MC, Yu Y, Black LD, Li M, Omenetto FG, Li C, Kaplan DL. Stimuli-responsive composite biopolymer actuators with selective spatial deformation behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14602-14608. [PMID: 32522869 PMCID: PMC7322001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002996117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired actuators with stimuli-responsive and deformable properties are being pursued in fields such as artificial tissues, medical devices and diagnostics, and intelligent biosensors. These applications require that actuator systems have biocompatibility, controlled deformability, biodegradability, mechanical durability, and stable reversibility. Herein, we report a bionic actuator system consisting of stimuli-responsive genetically engineered silk-elastin-like protein (SELP) hydrogels and wood-derived cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), which respond to temperature and ionic strength underwater by ecofriendly methods. Programmed site-selective actuation can be predicted and folded into three-dimensional (3D) origami-like shapes. The reversible deformation performance of the SELP/CNF actuators was quantified, and complex spatial transformations of multilayer actuators were demonstrated, including a biomimetic flower design with selective petal movements. Such actuators consisting entirely of biocompatible and biodegradable materials will offer an option toward constructing stimuli-responsive systems for in vivo biomedicine soft robotics and bionic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Matthew C Watson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Lauren D Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | | | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155;
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155;
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45
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Chen T, Sun Q, Ma Y, Zeng W, Liu R, Qu D, Huang L, Xu H. A transcriptome atlas of silkworm silk glands revealed by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1227-1237. [PMID: 32524299 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The silk gland of the silkworm Bombyx mori is a specialized organ where silk proteins are efficiently synthesized under precise regulation that largely determines the properties of silk fibers. To understand the genes involved in the regulation of silk protein synthesis, considerable research has focused on the transcripts expressed in silk glands; however, the complete transcriptome profile of this organ has yet to be elucidated. Here, we report a full-length silk gland transcriptome obtained by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing technology. In total, 11,697 non-redundant transcripts were identified in mixed samples of silk glands dissected from larvae at five developmental stages. When compared with the published reference, the full-length transcripts optimized the structures of 3002 known genes, and a total of 9061 novel transcripts with an average length of 2171 bp were detected. Among these, 1403 (15.5%) novel transcripts were computationally revealed to be lncRNAs, 8135 (89.8%) novel transcripts were annotated to different protein and nucleotide databases, and 5655 (62.4%) novel transcripts were predicted to have complete ORFs. Furthermore, we found 1867 alternative splicing events, 2529 alternative polyadenylation events, 784 fusion events and 6596 SSRs. This study provides a comprehensive set of reference transcripts and greatly revises and expands the available silkworm transcript data. In addition, these data will be very useful for studying the regulatory mechanisms of silk protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiwei Sun
- International Bioinformatics Center, BGI Genomics Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518083, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenhui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rongpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dawei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- International Bioinformatics Center, BGI Genomics Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518083, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Weiss ACG, Herold HM, Lentz S, Faria M, Besford QA, Ang CS, Caruso F, Scheibel T. Surface Modification of Spider Silk Particles to Direct Biomolecular Corona Formation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:24635-24643. [PMID: 32369330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, spider silk-based materials have attracted attention because of their biocompatibility, processability, and biodegradability. For their potential use in biomaterial applications, i.e., as drug delivery systems and implant coatings for tissue regeneration, it is vital to understand the interactions between the silk biomaterial surface and the biological environment. Like most polymeric carrier systems, spider silk material surfaces can adsorb proteins when in contact with blood, resulting in the formation of a biomolecular corona. Here, we assessed the effect of surface net charge of materials made of recombinant spider silk on the biomolecular corona composition. In-depth proteomic analysis of the biomolecular corona revealed that positively charged spider silk materials surfaces interacted predominantly with fibrinogen-based proteins. This fibrinogen enrichment correlated with blood clotting observed for both positively charged spider silk films and particles. In contrast, negative surface charges prevented blood clotting. Genetic engineering allows the fine-tuning of surface properties of the spider silk particles providing a whole set of recombinant spider silk proteins with different charges or peptide tags to be used for, for example, drug delivery or cell docking, and several of these were analyzed concerning the composition of their biomolecular corona. Taken together this study demonstrates how the surface net charge of recombinant spider silk surfaces affects the composition of the biomolecular corona, which in turn affects macroscopic effects such as fibrin formation and blood clotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia C G Weiss
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Heike M Herold
- Lehrstuhl für Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Prof. Rüdiger-Bormann-Strasse 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Sarah Lentz
- Lehrstuhl für Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Prof. Rüdiger-Bormann-Strasse 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Matthew Faria
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Quinn A Besford
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung, Hohe Straβe 6, Dresden 01069 , Germany
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl für Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Prof. Rüdiger-Bormann-Strasse 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
- Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
- Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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47
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Seijsing F, Nilebäck L, Öhman O, Pasupuleti R, Ståhl C, Seijsing J, Hedhammar M. Recombinant spider silk coatings functionalized with enzymes targeting bacteria and biofilms. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e993. [PMID: 32032479 PMCID: PMC7142364 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria forming biofilms on surgical implants is a problem that might be alleviated by the use of antibacterial coatings. In this article, recombinant spider silk was functionalized with the peptidoglycan degrading endolysin SAL-1 from the staphylococcal bacteriophage SAP-1 and the biofilm-matrix-degrading enzyme Dispersin B from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using direct genetic fusion and/or covalent protein-protein fusion catalyzed by Sortase A. Spider silk assembly and enzyme immobilization was monitored using quartz crystal microbalance analysis. Enzyme activity was investigated both with a biochemical assay using cleavage of fluorescent substrate analogues and bacterial assays for biofilm degradation and turbidity reduction. Spider silk coatings functionalized with SAL-1 and Disperin B were found to exhibit bacteriolytic effect and inhibit biofilm formation, respectively. The strategy to immobilize antibacterial enzymes to spider silk presented herein show potential to be used as surface coatings of surgical implants and other medical equipment to avoid bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Seijsing
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Linnea Nilebäck
- Department of Protein ScienceSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAlbaNova University CenterStockholmSweden
| | - Oskar Öhman
- Department of Protein ScienceSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAlbaNova University CenterStockholmSweden
| | - Rajeev Pasupuleti
- Department of Protein ScienceSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAlbaNova University CenterStockholmSweden
| | - Camilla Ståhl
- Department of Protein ScienceSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAlbaNova University CenterStockholmSweden
| | - Johan Seijsing
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - My Hedhammar
- Department of Protein ScienceSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAlbaNova University CenterStockholmSweden
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Rapson TD, Ju H, Marshall P, Devilla R, Jackson CJ, Giddey S, Sutherland TD. Engineering a solid-state metalloprotein hydrogen evolution catalyst. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3774. [PMID: 32111964 PMCID: PMC7048781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen has the potential to play an important role in decarbonising our energy systems. Crucial to achieving this is the ability to produce clean sources of hydrogen using renewable energy sources. Currently platinum is commonly used as a hydrogen evolution catalyst, however, the scarcity and expense of platinum is driving the need to develop non-platinum-based catalysts. Here we report a protein-based hydrogen evolution catalyst based on a recombinant silk protein from honeybees and a metal macrocycle, cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPPIX). We enhanced the hydrogen evolution activity three fold compared to the unmodified silk protein by varying the coordinating ligands to the metal centre. Finally, to demonstrate the use of our biological catalyst, we built a proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis cell using CoPPIX-silk as the hydrogen evolution catalyst that is able to produce hydrogen with a 98% Faradaic efficiency. This represents an exciting advance towards allowing protein-based catalysts to be used in electrolysis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Rapson
- Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.
| | - HyungKuk Ju
- Energy, CSIRO, 3169, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Marshall
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia
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49
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Li S, Jiang H, Qiao K, Gui W, Zhu G. Insights into the effect on silkworm (Bombyx mori) cocooning and its potential mechanisms following non-lethal dose tebuconazole exposure. Chemosphere 2019; 234:338-345. [PMID: 31228835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is one of the most important economic insects in the world, while pesticides impact its economic benefits. Tebuconazole is a fungicide that has been frequently detected in agriculture systems at concentrations that affect endocrine function in organisms. In the present study, silkworm larvae at different instar stages were exposed to tebuconazole, respectively. Cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell rate were significantly decreased by 6.8%, 11.8% and 4.4% respectively, after exposure to 0.40 mg/L tebuconazole at 2nd -3rd instar stage. Vacuolization was found in the exposure silkworm under histopathological study at all stages exposures, indicating potential damage to silk gland. Downregulation of genes transcription (Fibh, Fibl, P25, Ser2, Ser3) involved with protein synthesis in the silk gland were further observed, and the results showed significant decreasing in mRNA expression among the tebuconazole treatments. Ecdysteroid levels in silkworm were changed with pronounced decreases after exposed to tebuconazole. In contrast, exposure to tebuconazole significantly increased juvenile hormone 1 concentrations and the maximum increasing fold of juvenile hormone 1 was up to 3.73 which was observed at stage I exposure. In addition, co-exposure to 2 and 10 mg/L forskolin able to mitigate tebuconazole-induced downregulate of mRNA expression of Sgf1 in the present study, indicating the potential mechanism of tebuconazole-induced chronic toxicity in silkworm may relative to PI3K/AKT/TORC1/Sgf1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Kun Qiao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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50
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Feng XB, Zheng ZW, Zhang X, Gu J, Feng QL, Huang LH. Discovering genes responsible for silk synthesis in Bombyx mori by piggyBac-based random insertional mutagenesis. Insect Sci 2019; 26:821-830. [PMID: 29645353 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm mutants are valuable resources for both transgenic breeding and gene discovery. PiggyBac-based random insertional mutagenesis has been widely used in gene functional studies. In order to discover genes involved in silk synthesis, a piggyBac-based random insertional library was constructed using Bombyx mori, and the mutants with abnormal cocoon were particularly screened. By this means, a "thin cocoon" mutant was identified. This mutant revealed thinner cocoon shell and shorter posterior silk gland (PSG) compared with the wild type. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of all the three fibroin genes, including Fib-H, Fib-L and P25, were significantly down-regulated in the PSG of mutants. Four piggyBac insertion sites were identified in Aquaporin (AQP), Longitudinals lacking protein-like (Lola), Glutamyl aminopeptidase-like (GluAP) and Loc101744460. The mRNA levels of all the four genes were significantly altered in the silk gland of mutants. In particular, the mRNA amount of AQP, a gene responsible for the regulation of osmotic pressure, decreased dramatically immediately prior to the spinning stage in the anterior silk gland of mutants. The identification of the genes disrupted in the "thin cocoon" mutant in this study provided useful information for understanding silk production and transgenic breeding of silkworms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bao Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Wen Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Li Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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