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Quiskamp A, McAllister BT, Altin P, Ivanov EN, Goryachev M, Tobar ME. Exclusion of Axionlike-Particle Cogenesis Dark Matter in a Mass Window above 100 μeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:031601. [PMID: 38307052 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
We report the results of Phase 1b of the ORGAN experiment, a microwave cavity haloscope searching for dark matter axions in the 107.42-111.93 μeV mass range. The search excludes axions with two-photon coupling g_{aγγ}≥4×10^{-12} GeV^{-1} with 95% confidence interval, setting the best upper bound to date and with the required sensitivity to exclude the axionlike particle cogenesis model for dark matter in this range. This result was achieved using a tunable rectangular cavity, which mitigated several practical issues that become apparent when conducting high-mass axion searches, and was the first such axion search to be conducted with such a cavity. It also represents the most sensitive axion haloscope experiment to date in the ∼100 μeV mass region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Quiskamp
- Quantum Technologies and Dark Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ben T McAllister
- Quantum Technologies and Dark Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Paul Altin
- ARC Centre of Excellence For Engineered Quantum Systems, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Eugene N Ivanov
- Quantum Technologies and Dark Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Maxim Goryachev
- Quantum Technologies and Dark Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Michael E Tobar
- Quantum Technologies and Dark Matter Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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2
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Microwave-to-optical transduction with erbium ions coupled to planar photonic and superconducting resonators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1153. [PMID: 36859486 PMCID: PMC9977906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical quantum networks can connect distant quantum processors to enable secure quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. Superconducting qubits are a leading technology for quantum information processing but cannot couple to long-distance optical networks without an efficient, coherent, and low noise interface between microwave and optical photons. Here, we demonstrate a microwave-to-optical transducer using an ensemble of erbium ions that is simultaneously coupled to a superconducting microwave resonator and a nanophotonic optical resonator. The coherent atomic transitions of the ions mediate the frequency conversion from microwave photons to optical photons and using photon counting we observed device conversion efficiency approaching 10-7. With pulsed operation at a low duty cycle, the device maintained a spin temperature below 100 mK and microwave resonator heating of less than 0.15 quanta.
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3
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Wang CH, Li F, Jiang L. Quantum capacities of transducers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6698. [PMID: 36335174 PMCID: PMC9637183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance quantum transducers, which faithfully convert quantum information between disparate physical carriers, are essential in quantum science and technology. Different figures of merit, including efficiency, bandwidth, and added noise, are typically used to characterize the transducers' ability to transfer quantum information. Here we utilize quantum capacity, the highest achievable qubit communication rate through a channel, to define a single metric that unifies various criteria of a desirable transducer. Using the continuous-time quantum capacities of bosonic pure-loss channels as benchmarks, we investigate the optimal designs of generic quantum transduction schemes implemented by transmitting external signals through a coupled bosonic chain. With physical constraints on the maximal coupling rate [Formula: see text], the highest continuous-time quantum capacity [Formula: see text] is achieved by transducers with a maximally flat conversion frequency response, analogous to Butterworth electric filters. We further investigate the effect of thermal noise on the performance of transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Fangxin Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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4
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Quiskamp A, McAllister BT, Altin P, Ivanov EN, Goryachev M, Tobar ME. Direct search for dark matter axions excluding ALP cogenesis in the 63- to 67-μeV range with the ORGAN experiment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3765. [PMID: 35857478 PMCID: PMC9258816 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The standard model axion seesaw Higgs portal inflation (SMASH) model is a well-motivated, self-contained description of particle physics that predicts axion dark matter particles to exist within the mass range of 50 to 200 micro-electron volts. Scanning these masses requires an axion haloscope to operate under a constant magnetic field between 12 and 48 gigahertz. The ORGAN (Oscillating Resonant Group AxioN) experiment (in Perth, Australia) is a microwave cavity axion haloscope that aims to search the majority of the mass range predicted by the SMASH model. Our initial phase 1a scan sets an upper limit on the coupling of axions to two photons of ∣gaγγ∣ ≤ 3 × 10-12 per giga-electron volts over the mass range of 63.2 to 67.1 micro-electron volts with 95% confidence interval. This highly sensitive result is sufficient to exclude the well-motivated axion-like particle cogenesis model for dark matter in the searched region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Quiskamp
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ben T. McAllister
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Swinburne University of Technology, John St., Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Paul Altin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Eugene N. Ivanov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maxim Goryachev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael E. Tobar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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5
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Rodrigues IC, Bothner D, Steele GA. Cooling photon-pressure circuits into the quantum regime. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6653. [PMID: 34652939 PMCID: PMC8519572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum control of electromagnetic fields was initially established in the optical domain and has been advanced to lower frequencies in the gigahertz range during the past decades extending quantum photonics to broader frequency regimes. In standard cryogenic systems, however, thermal decoherence prevents access to the quantum regime for photon frequencies below the gigahertz domain. Here, we engineer two superconducting LC circuits coupled by a photon-pressure interaction and demonstrate sideband cooling of a hot radio frequency (RF) circuit using a microwave cavity. Because of a substantially increased coupling strength, we obtain a large single-photon quantum cooperativity 𝒞q0 ∼ 1 and reduce the thermal RF occupancy by 75% with less than one pump photon. For larger pump powers, the coupling rate exceeds the RF thermal decoherence rate by a factor of 3, and the RF circuit is cooled into the quantum ground state. Our results lay the foundation for RF quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Corveira Rodrigues
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bothner
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Physikalisches Institut, Center for Quantum Science (CQ) and LISA, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gary Alexander Steele
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
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Wu H, Mirkhanov S, Ng W, Oxborrow M. Bench-Top Cooling of a Microwave Mode Using an Optically Pumped Spin Refrigerator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:053604. [PMID: 34397251 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.053604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the temporary removal of thermal photons from a microwave mode at 1.45 GHz through its interaction with the spin-polarized triplet states of photo-excited pentacene molecules doped within a p-terphenyl crystal at room temperature. The crystal functions electromagnetically as a narrowband cryogenic load, removing photons from the otherwise room-temperature mode via stimulated absorption. The noise temperature of the microwave mode dropped to 50_{-32}^{+18} K (as directly inferred by noise-power measurements), while the metal walls of the cavity enclosing the mode remained at room temperature. Simulations based on the same system's behavior as a maser (which could be characterized more accurately) indicate the possibility of the mode's temperature sinking to ∼10 K (corresponding to ∼140 microwave photons). These observations, when combined with engineering improvements to deepen the cooling, identify the system as a narrowband yet extremely convenient platform-free of cryogenics, vacuum chambers, and strong magnets-for realizing low-noise detectors, quantum memory, and quantum-enhanced machines (such as heat engines) based on strong spin-photon coupling and entanglement at microwave frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Shamil Mirkhanov
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wern Ng
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Oxborrow
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Krastanov S, Raniwala H, Holzgrafe J, Jacobs K, Lončar M, Reagor MJ, Englund DR. Optically Heralded Entanglement of Superconducting Systems in Quantum Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:040503. [PMID: 34355947 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Networking superconducting quantum computers is a longstanding challenge in quantum science. The typical approach has been to cascade transducers: converting to optical frequencies at the transmitter and to microwave frequencies at the receiver. However, the small microwave-optical coupling and added noise have proven formidable obstacles. Instead, we propose optical networking via heralding end-to-end entanglement with one detected photon and teleportation. This new protocol can be implemented on standard transduction hardware while providing significant performance improvements over transduction. In contrast to cascaded direct transduction, our scheme absorbs the low optical-microwave coupling efficiency into the heralding step, thus breaking the rate-fidelity trade-off. Moreover, this technique unifies and simplifies entanglement generation between superconducting devices and other physical modalities in quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Krastanov
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hamza Raniwala
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey Holzgrafe
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kurt Jacobs
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Matthew J Reagor
- Rigetti Computing, 775 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, California 94710, USA
| | - Dirk R Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Xu Y, Sayem AA, Fan L, Zou CL, Wang S, Cheng R, Fu W, Yang L, Xu M, Tang HX. Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4453. [PMID: 34294711 PMCID: PMC8298523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Superconducting cavity electro-optics presents a promising route to coherently convert microwave and optical photons and distribute quantum entanglement between superconducting circuits over long-distance. Strong Pockels nonlinearity and high-performance optical cavity are the prerequisites for high conversion efficiency. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) offers these desired characteristics. Despite significant recent progresses, only unidirectional conversion with efficiencies on the order of 10-5 has been realized. In this article, we demonstrate the bidirectional electro-optic conversion in TFLN-superconductor hybrid system, with conversion efficiency improved by more than three orders of magnitude. Our air-clad device architecture boosts the sustainable intracavity pump power at cryogenic temperatures by suppressing the prominent photorefractive effect that limits cryogenic performance of TFLN, and reaches an efficiency of 1.02% (internal efficiency of 15.2%). This work firmly establishes the TFLN-superconductor hybrid EO system as a highly competitive transduction platform for future quantum network applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ayed Al Sayem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Linran Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Risheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Likai Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mingrui Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Wang Z, Xu M, Han X, Fu W, Puri S, Girvin SM, Tang HX, Shankar S, Devoret MH. Quantum Microwave Radiometry with a Superconducting Qubit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:180501. [PMID: 34018799 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.180501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of photons and coherent quantum systems can be employed to detect electromagnetic radiation with remarkable sensitivity. We introduce a quantum radiometer based on the photon-induced dephasing process of a superconducting qubit for sensing microwave radiation at the subunit photon level. Using this radiometer, we demonstrate the radiative cooling of a 1 K microwave resonator and measure its mode temperature with an uncertainty ∼0.01 K. We thus develop a precise tool for studying the thermodynamics of quantum microwave circuits, which provides new solutions for calibrating hybrid quantum systems and detecting candidate particles for dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wang
- Department of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mingrui Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Shruti Puri
- Department of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S M Girvin
- Department of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S Shankar
- Department of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - M H Devoret
- Department of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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10
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Han X, Fu W, Zhong C, Zou CL, Xu Y, Sayem AA, Xu M, Wang S, Cheng R, Jiang L, Tang HX. Cavity piezo-mechanics for superconducting-nanophotonic quantum interface. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3237. [PMID: 32591510 PMCID: PMC7320138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid quantum systems are essential for the realization of distributed quantum networks. In particular, piezo-mechanics operating at typical superconducting qubit frequencies features low thermal excitations, and offers an appealing platform to bridge superconducting quantum processors and optical telecommunication channels. However, integrating superconducting and optomechanical elements at cryogenic temperatures with sufficiently strong interactions remains a tremendous challenge. Here, we report an integrated superconducting cavity piezo-optomechanical platform where 10 GHz phonons are resonantly coupled with photons in a superconducting cavity and a nanophotonic cavity at the same time. Taking advantage of the large piezo-mechanical cooperativity (Cem ~7) and the enhanced optomechanical coupling boosted by a pulsed optical pump, we demonstrate coherent interactions at cryogenic temperatures via the observation of efficient microwave-optical photon conversion. This hybrid interface makes a substantial step towards quantum communication at large scale, as well as novel explorations in microwave-optical photon entanglement and quantum sensing mediated by gigahertz phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Changchun Zhong
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yuntao Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ayed Al Sayem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mingrui Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Risheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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