1
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Zhang Y, Fan W, Yang J, Guan H, Zhang Q, Qin X, Duan C, de Boo GG, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Sellars MJ, Rogge S, Yin C, Du J. Photoionisation detection of a single Er 3+ ion with sub-100-ns time resolution. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad134. [PMID: 38487492 PMCID: PMC10939366 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient detection of single optical centres in solids is essential for quantum information processing, sensing and single-photon generation applications. In this work, we use radio-frequency (RF) reflectometry to electrically detect the photoionisation induced by a single Er3+ ion in Si. The high bandwidth and sensitivity of the RF reflectometry provide sub-100-ns time resolution for the photoionisation detection. With this technique, the optically excited state lifetime of a single Er3+ ion in a Si nano-transistor is measured for the first time to be [Formula: see text]s. Our results demonstrate an efficient approach for detecting a charge state change induced by Er excitation and relaxation. This approach could be used for fast readout of other single optical centres in solids and is attractive for large-scale integrated optical quantum systems thanks to the multi-channel RF reflectometry demonstrated with frequency multiplexing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenda Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiliang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brett C Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Piot N, Brun B, Schmitt V, Zihlmann S, Michal VP, Apra A, Abadillo-Uriel JC, Jehl X, Bertrand B, Niebojewski H, Hutin L, Vinet M, Urdampilleta M, Meunier T, Niquet YM, Maurand R, Franceschi SD. A single hole spin with enhanced coherence in natural silicon. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1072-1077. [PMID: 36138200 PMCID: PMC9576591 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor spin qubits based on spin-orbit states are responsive to electric field excitations, allowing for practical, fast and potentially scalable qubit control. Spin electric susceptibility, however, renders these qubits generally vulnerable to electrical noise, which limits their coherence time. Here we report on a spin-orbit qubit consisting of a single hole electrostatically confined in a natural silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor device. By varying the magnetic field orientation, we reveal the existence of operation sweet spots where the impact of charge noise is minimized while preserving an efficient electric-dipole spin control. We correspondingly observe an extension of the Hahn-echo coherence time up to 88 μs, exceeding by an order of magnitude existing values reported for hole spin qubits, and approaching the state-of-the-art for electron spin qubits with synthetic spin-orbit coupling in isotopically purified silicon. Our finding enhances the prospects of silicon-based hole spin qubits for scalable quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Piot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France
| | - B Brun
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France.
| | - V Schmitt
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France
| | - S Zihlmann
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France
| | - V P Michal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM-L_Sim, Grenoble, France
| | - A Apra
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France
| | | | - X Jehl
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France
| | - B Bertrand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - H Niebojewski
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - L Hutin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - M Vinet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - M Urdampilleta
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - T Meunier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Y-M Niquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM-L_Sim, Grenoble, France
| | - R Maurand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France.
| | - S De Franceschi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Pheliqs, Grenoble, France.
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3
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Pashin D, Bastrakova M, Satanin A, Klenov N. Bifurcation Oscillator as an Advanced Sensor for Quantum State Control. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176580. [PMID: 36081037 PMCID: PMC9460148 DOI: 10.3390/s22176580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study bifurcation behavior of a high-quality (high-Q) Josephson oscillator coupled to a superconducting qubit. It is shown that the probability of capture into the state of dynamic equilibrium is sensitive to qubit states. On this basis we present a new measurement method for the superposition state of a qubit due to its influence on transition probabilities between oscillator levels located in the energy region near the classical separatrix. The quantum-mechanical behavior of a bifurcation oscillator is also studied, which makes it possible to understand the mechanism of "entanglement" of oscillator and qubit states during the measurement process. The optimal parameters of the driving current and the state of the oscillator are found for performing one-qubit gates with the required precision, when the influence on the qubit from measurement back-action is minimal. A measurement protocol for state populations of the qubit entangled with the oscillator is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Pashin
- Faculty of Physics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina Bastrakova
- Faculty of Physics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arkady Satanin
- Higher School of Economics, Russia National Research University, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Dukhov All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Klenov
- Faculty of Physics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Science and Research Department, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, 111024 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Vyas Y, Gupta S, Punjabi PB, Ameta C. Biogenesis of Quantum Dots: An Update. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwari Vyas
- Department of Chemistry Microwave Synthesis Laboratory University College of Science Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur- 313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Sharoni Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Microwave Synthesis Laboratory University College of Science Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur- 313001 Rajasthan India
- Department of Chemistry Aishwarya Post Graduate College affiliated to Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur- 313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Pinki B. Punjabi
- Department of Chemistry Microwave Synthesis Laboratory University College of Science Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur- 313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Chetna Ameta
- Department of Chemistry Microwave Synthesis Laboratory University College of Science Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur- 313001 Rajasthan India
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5
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Cochrane L, Lundberg T, Ibberson DJ, Ibberson LA, Hutin L, Bertrand B, Stelmashenko N, Robinson JWA, Vinet M, Seshia AA, Gonzalez-Zalba MF. Parametric Amplifiers Based on Quantum Dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:197701. [PMID: 35622052 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.197701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs) approaching quantum-limited noise performance have been instrumental in enabling high fidelity readout of superconducting qubits and, recently, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). We propose that the quantum capacitance arising in electronic two-level systems (the dual of Josephson inductance) can provide an alternative dissipationless nonlinear element for parametric amplification. We experimentally demonstrate phase-sensitive parametric amplification using a QD-reservoir electron transition in a CMOS nanowire split-gate transistor embedded in a 1.8 GHz superconducting lumped-element microwave cavity, achieving parametric gains of -3 to +3 dB, limited by Sisyphus dissipation. Using a semiclassical model, we find an optimized design within current technological capabilities could achieve gains and bandwidths comparable to JPAs, while providing complementary specifications with respect to integration in semiconductor platforms or operation at higher magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Cochrane
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
- Quantum Motion Technologies, Windsor House, Cornwall Road, Harrogate HG1 2PW, United Kingdom
| | - Theodor Lundberg
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - David J Ibberson
- Quantum Motion Technologies, Windsor House, Cornwall Road, Harrogate HG1 2PW, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A Ibberson
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Hutin
- CEA/LETI-MINATEC, CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Nadia Stelmashenko
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Jason W A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Maud Vinet
- CEA/LETI-MINATEC, CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ashwin A Seshia
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
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6
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Xue X, Russ M, Samkharadze N, Undseth B, Sammak A, Scappucci G, Vandersypen LMK. Quantum logic with spin qubits crossing the surface code threshold. Nature 2022; 601:343-347. [PMID: 35046604 PMCID: PMC8770146 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-fidelity control of quantum bits is paramount for the reliable execution of quantum algorithms and for achieving fault tolerance-the ability to correct errors faster than they occur1. The central requirement for fault tolerance is expressed in terms of an error threshold. Whereas the actual threshold depends on many details, a common target is the approximately 1% error threshold of the well-known surface code2,3. Reaching two-qubit gate fidelities above 99% has been a long-standing major goal for semiconductor spin qubits. These qubits are promising for scaling, as they can leverage advanced semiconductor technology4. Here we report a spin-based quantum processor in silicon with single-qubit and two-qubit gate fidelities, all of which are above 99.5%, extracted from gate-set tomography. The average single-qubit gate fidelities remain above 99% when including crosstalk and idling errors on the neighbouring qubit. Using this high-fidelity gate set, we execute the demanding task of calculating molecular ground-state energies using a variational quantum eigensolver algorithm5. Having surpassed the 99% barrier for the two-qubit gate fidelity, semiconductor qubits are well positioned on the path to fault tolerance and to possible applications in the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xue
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Russ
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nodar Samkharadze
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Brennan Undseth
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Sammak
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Giordano Scappucci
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lieven M K Vandersypen
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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7
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Bugu S, Nishiyama S, Kato K, Liu Y, Murakami S, Mori T, Ferrus T, Kodera T. 4.2 K sensitivity-tunable radio frequency reflectometry of a physically defined p-channel silicon quantum dot. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20039. [PMID: 34625617 PMCID: PMC8501031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the measurement of p-channel silicon-on-insulator quantum dots at liquid helium temperatures by using a radio frequency (rf) reflectometry circuit comprising of two independently tunable GaAs varactors. This arrangement allows observing Coulomb diamonds at 4.2 K under nearly best matching condition and optimal signal-to-noise ratio. We also discuss the rf leakage induced by the presence of the large top gate in MOS nanostructures and its consequence on the efficiency of rf-reflectometry. These results open the way to fast and sensitive readout in multi-gate architectures, including multi qubit platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Bugu
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Shimpei Nishiyama
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kato
- Device Technology Research Institute (D-Tech), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yongxun Liu
- Device Technology Research Institute (D-Tech), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Shigenori Murakami
- Device Technology Research Institute (D-Tech), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Device Technology Research Institute (D-Tech), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Thierry Ferrus
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, J. J. Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tetsuo Kodera
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
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8
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Tadokoro M, Nakajima T, Kobayashi T, Takeda K, Noiri A, Tomari K, Yoneda J, Tarucha S, Kodera T. Designs for a two-dimensional Si quantum dot array with spin qubit addressability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19406. [PMID: 34593827 PMCID: PMC8484262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron spins in Si are an attractive platform for quantum computation, backed with their scalability and fast, high-fidelity quantum logic gates. Despite the importance of two-dimensional integration with efficient connectivity between qubits for medium- to large-scale quantum computation, however, a practical device design that guarantees qubit addressability is yet to be seen. Here, we propose a practical 3 × 3 quantum dot device design and a larger-scale design as a longer-term target. The design goal is to realize qubit connectivity to the four nearest neighbors while ensuring addressability. We show that a 3 × 3 quantum dot array can execute four-qubit Grover’s algorithm more efficiently than the one-dimensional counterpart. To scale up the two-dimensional array beyond 3 × 3, we propose a novel structure with ferromagnetic gate electrodes. Our results showcase the possibility of medium-sized quantum processors in Si with fast quantum logic gates and long coherence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tadokoro
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.,Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenta Takeda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akito Noiri
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kaito Tomari
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jun Yoneda
- Tokyo Tech Academy for Super Smart Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Seigo Tarucha
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kodera
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
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