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Liu Q, Lan Z, Guo W, Deng J, Peng X, Chi M, Li S. The Status of Environmental Electric Field Detection Technologies: Progress and Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5532. [PMID: 39275443 PMCID: PMC11397783 DOI: 10.3390/s24175532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
The detection of electric fields in the environment has great importance for understanding various natural phenomena, environmental monitoring, and ensuring human safety. This review paper provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art technologies utilized for sensing electric fields in the environment, the challenges encountered, and the diverse applications of this sensing technology. The technology is divided into three categories according to the differences in the physical mechanism: the electro-optic effect-based measurement system, the MEMS-based sensor, and the newly reported quantum effect-based sensors. The principles of the underlying methods are comprehensively introduced, and the tentative applications for each type are discussed. Detailed comparisons of the three different techniques are identified and discussed with regard to the instrument, its sensitivity, and bandwidth. Additionally, the challenges faced in environmental electric field sensing, the potential solutions, and future development directions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- Electric Power Research Institute, CSG EHV Power Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510663, China
- Joint Laboratory of DC Power Transmission Equipment and Submarine Cable Safe Operation, CSG EHV Power Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Zhaoqing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Electric Power Research Institute, CSG EHV Power Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510663, China
- Joint Laboratory of DC Power Transmission Equipment and Submarine Cable Safe Operation, CSG EHV Power Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Electric Power Research Institute, CSG EHV Power Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510663, China
- Joint Laboratory of DC Power Transmission Equipment and Submarine Cable Safe Operation, CSG EHV Power Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Minghe Chi
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shunbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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2
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Hu Z, Jiang F, He J, Dai Y, Wang Y, Xu N, Du J. Four-Order Power Reduction in Nanoscale Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance with a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamonds. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2846-2852. [PMID: 38391130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Detecting nuclear spins using single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is of particular importance in nanoscale science and engineering but often suffers from the heating effect of microwave fields for spin manipulation, especially under high magnetic fields. Here, we realize an energy-efficient nanoscale nuclear-spin detection using a phase-modulation electron-nuclear double resonance scheme. The microwave field can be reduced to 1/250 of the previous requirements, and the corresponding power is over four orders lower. Meanwhile, the microwave-induced broadening to the line-width of the spectroscopy is significantly canceled, and we achieve a nuclear-spin spectrum with a resolution down to 2.1 kHz under a magnetic field at 1840 Gs. The spectral resolution can be further improved by upgrading the experimental control precision. This scheme can also be used in sensing microwave fields and can be extended to a wide range of applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Hu
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Fengjian Jiang
- School of Information Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Jingyan He
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nanyang Xu
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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3
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Xu F, Zhang S, Ma L, Hou Y, Li J, Denisenko A, Li Z, Spatz J, Wrachtrup J, Lei H, Cao Y, Wei Q, Chu Z. Quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy for quantifying cellular forces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi5300. [PMID: 38266085 PMCID: PMC10807811 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The constant interplay and information exchange between cells and the microenvironment are essential to their survival and ability to execute biological functions. To date, a few leading technologies such as traction force microscopy, optical/magnetic tweezers, and molecular tension-based fluorescence microscopy are broadly used in measuring cellular forces. However, the considerable limitations, regarding the sensitivity and ambiguities in data interpretation, are hindering our thorough understanding of mechanobiology. Here, we propose an innovative approach, namely, quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy (QDMTM), to precisely quantify the integrin-based cell adhesive forces. Specifically, we construct a force-sensing platform by conjugating the magnetic nanotags labeled, force-responsive polymer to the surface of a diamond membrane containing nitrogen-vacancy centers. Notably, the cellular forces will be converted into detectable magnetic variations in QDMTM. After careful validation, we achieved the quantitative cellular force mapping by correlating measurement with the established theoretical model. We anticipate our method can be routinely used in studies like cell-cell or cell-material interactions and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linjie Ma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Department for Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hai Lei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Hu Q, Cheng L, Liu Y, Zhu X, Tian Y, Xu N. Multipoint Lock-in Detection for Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetometry Using DDS-Based Frequency-Shift Keying. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:14. [PMID: 38276842 PMCID: PMC11154285 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds has been demonstrated to be a high-performance multiphysics sensor, where a lock-in amplifier (LIA) is often adopted to monitor photoluminescence changes around the resonance. It is rather complex when multiple resonant points are utilized to realize a vector or temperature-magnetic joint sensing. In this article, we present a novel scheme to realize multipoint lock-in detection with only a single-channel device. This method is based on a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and frequency-shift keying (FSK) technique, which is capable of freely hopping frequencies with a maximum of 1.4 GHz bandwidth and encoding an unlimited number of resonant points during the sensing process. We demonstrate this method in experiments and show it would be generally useful in quantum multi-frequency excitation applications, especially in the portable and highly mobile cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Hu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China; (Q.H.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.)
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Luheng Cheng
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China; (Q.H.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.)
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yushan Liu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China; (Q.H.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China; (Q.H.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.)
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China; (Q.H.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Nanyang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China; (Q.H.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.)
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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5
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Xu N, Zhou F, Ye X, Lin X, Chen B, Zhang T, Yue F, Chen B, Wang Y, Du J. Noise Prediction and Reduction of Single Electron Spin by Deep-Learning-Enhanced Feedforward Control. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2460-2466. [PMID: 36942925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Noise-induced control imperfection is an important problem in applications of diamond-based nanoscale sensing, where measurement-based strategies are generally utilized to correct low-frequency noises in realtime. However, the spin-state readout requires a long time due to the low photon-detection efficiency. This inevitably introduces a delay in the noise-reduction process and limits its performance. Here we introduce the deep learning approach to relax this restriction by predicting the trend of noise and compensating for the delay. We experimentally implement feedforward quantum control of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond to protect its spin coherence and improve the sensing performance against noise. The new approach effectively enhances the decoherence time of the electron spin, which enables exploration of more physics from its resonant spectroscopy. A theoretical model is provided to explain the improvement. This scheme could be applied in general sensing schemes and extended to other quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Bao Chen
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Safety Critical Industrial Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Monge R, Delord T, Proscia NV, Shotan Z, Jayakumar H, Henshaw J, Zangara PR, Lozovoi A, Pagliero D, Esquinazi PD, An T, Sodemann I, Menon VM, Meriles CA. Spin Dynamics of a Solid-State Qubit in Proximity to a Superconductor. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:422-428. [PMID: 36602464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A broad effort is underway to understand and harness the interaction between superconductors and spin-active color centers with an eye on hybrid quantum devices and novel imaging modalities of superconducting materials. Most work, however, overlooks the interplay between either system and the environment created by the color center host. Here we use a diamond scanning probe to investigate the spin dynamics of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center proximal to a superconducting film. We find that the presence of the superconductor increases the NV spin coherence lifetime, a phenomenon we tentatively rationalize as a change in the electric noise due to a superconductor-induced redistribution of charge carriers near induced redistribution of charge carriers near the NV. We then build on these findings to demonstrate transverse-relaxation-time-weighted imaging of the superconductor film. These results shed light on the dynamics governing the spin coherence of shallow NVs, and promise opportunities for new forms of noise spectroscopy and imaging of superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Monge
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York10016, United States
| | - Tom Delord
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Nicholas V Proscia
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Zav Shotan
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Harishankar Jayakumar
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Artur Lozovoi
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Pablo D Esquinazi
- Division of Superconductivity and Magnetism, Felix-Bloch-Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toshu An
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi City, Ishikawa923-1292, Japan
| | - Inti Sodemann
- Institut for Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, D-01187Dresden, Germany
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York10016, United States
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York10016, United States
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7
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Wu H, Yang S, Oxborrow M, Jiang M, Zhao Q, Budker D, Zhang B, Du J. Enhanced quantum sensing with room-temperature solid-state masers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade1613. [PMID: 36449621 PMCID: PMC9710876 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing with solid-state electron spin systems finds broad applications in diverse areas ranging from material and biomedical sciences to fundamental physics. Exploiting collective behavior of noninteracting spins holds the promise of pushing the detection limit to even lower levels, while to date, those levels are scarcely reached because of the broadened linewidth and inefficient readout of solid-state spin ensembles. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that such drawbacks can be overcome by a reborn maser technology at room temperature in the solid state. Owing to maser action, we observe a fourfold reduction in the electron paramagnetic resonance linewidth of an inhomogeneously broadened molecular spin ensemble, which is narrower than the same measured from single spins at cryogenic temperatures. The maser-based readout applied to near zero-field magnetometry showcases the measurement signal-to-noise ratio of 133 for single shots. This technique would be an important addition to the toolbox for boosting the sensitivity of solid-state ensemble spin sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mark Oxborrow
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Min Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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8
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Chen B, Chen B, Zhu X, Fan J, Yu Z, Qian P, Xu N. Sensitivity-enhanced magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy ensembles via adaptively complete transitions overlapping. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:125105. [PMID: 36586914 DOI: 10.1063/5.0121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are suitable sensors of high-sensitivity magnetometry, which have attracted much interest in recent years. Here, we demonstrate sensitivity-enhanced ensemble magnetometry via adaptively complete transitions overlapping with a bias magnetic field equally projecting onto all existing NV orientations. Under such conditions, the spin transitions corresponding to different NV orientations are completely overlapped, which will bring about an obviously improved photoluminescence contrast. We, furthermore, introduce particle swarm optimization into the calibration process, to generate this bias magnetic field automatically and adaptively using computer-controlled Helmholtz coils. By applying this technique, we realize an ∼1.5 times enhancement and obtain a magnetic field sensitivity of 855pT/Hz by utilizing a group of completely overlapped transitions, compared to the 1.33nT/Hz obtained utilizing a single transition in continuous-wave magnetometry. Our approach can be conveniently applied in direction-fixed magnetic sensing and to obtain the potentially maximum sensitivity of ensemble-NV magnetometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Chen
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Jingwei Fan
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Zhifei Yu
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Peng Qian
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Nanyang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
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9
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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10
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Zhang T, Pramanik G, Zhang K, Gulka M, Wang L, Jing J, Xu F, Li Z, Wei Q, Cigler P, Chu Z. Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2077-2107. [PMID: 34038091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-dreamed-of capability of monitoring the molecular machinery in living systems has not been realized yet, mainly due to the technical limitations of current sensing technologies. However, recently emerging quantum sensors are showing great promise for molecular detection and imaging. One of such sensing qubits is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a photoluminescent impurity in a diamond lattice with unique room-temperature optical and spin properties. This atomic-sized quantum emitter has the ability to quantitatively measure nanoscale electromagnetic fields via optical means at ambient conditions. Moreover, the unlimited photostability of NV centers, combined with the excellent diamond biocompatibility and the possibility of diamond nanoparticles internalization into the living cells, makes NV-based sensors one of the most promising and versatile platforms for various life-science applications. In this review, we will summarize the latest developments of NV-based quantum sensing with a focus on biomedical applications, including measurements of magnetic biomaterials, intracellular temperature, localized physiological species, action potentials, and electronic and nuclear spins. We will also outline the main unresolved challenges and provide future perspectives of many promising aspects of NV-based bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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