1
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Messelot S, Aparicio N, de Seze E, Eyraud E, Coraux J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Renard J. Direct Measurement of a sin(2φ) Current Phase Relation in a Graphene Superconducting Quantum Interference Device. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:106001. [PMID: 39303241 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
In a Josephson junction, the current phase relation relates the phase variation of the superconducting order parameter φ, between the two superconducting leads connected through a weak link, to the dissipationless current. This relation is the fingerprint of the junction. It is usually dominated by a sin(φ) harmonic, however, its precise knowledge is necessary to design superconducting quantum circuits with tailored properties. Here, we directly measure the current phase relation of a superconducting quantum interference device made with gate-tunable graphene Josephson junctions and we show that it can behave as a sin(2φ) Josephson element, free of the traditionally dominant sin(φ) harmonic. Such element will be instrumental for the development of superconducting quantum bits protected from decoherence.
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2
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Li G, Shi X, Lin T, Yang G, Rossi M, Badawy G, Zhang Z, Shi J, Qian D, Lu F, Gu L, Wang A, Tong B, Li P, Lyu Z, Liu G, Qu F, Dou Z, Pan D, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Bakkers EPAM, Nowak MP, Wójcik P, Lu L, Shen J. Versatile Method of Engineering the Band Alignment and the Electron Wavefunction Hybridization of Hybrid Quantum Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403176. [PMID: 39082207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid devices that combine superconductors (S) and semiconductors (Sm) have attracted great attention due to the integration of the properties of both materials, which relies on the interface details and the resulting coupling strength and wavefunction hybridization. However, until now, none of the experiments have reported good control of the band alignment of the interface, as well as its tunability to the coupling and hybridization. Here, the interface is modified by inducing specific argon milling while maintaining its high quality, e.g., atomic connection, which results in a large induced superconducting gap and ballistic transport. By comparing with Schrödinger-Poisson calculations, it is proven that this method can vary the band bending/coupling strength and the electronic spatial distribution. In the strong coupling regime, the coexistence and tunability of crossed Andreev reflection and elastic co-tunneling-key ingredients for the Kitaev chain-are confirmed. This method is also generic for other materials and achieves a hard and huge superconducting gap in lead and indium antimonide nanowire (Pb-InSb) devices. Such a versatile method, compatible with the standard fabrication process and accompanied by the well-controlled modification of the interface, will definitely boost the creation of more sophisticated hybrid devices for exploring physics in solid-state systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ghada Badawy
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Degui Qian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bingbing Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Peiling Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zhaozheng Lyu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Guangtong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Fanming Qu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ziwei Dou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Erik P A M Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Michał P Nowak
- AGH University of Krakow, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Paweł Wójcik
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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3
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Sagi O, Crippa A, Valentini M, Janik M, Baghumyan L, Fabris G, Kapoor L, Hassani F, Fink J, Calcaterra S, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. A gate tunable transmon qubit in planar Ge. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6400. [PMID: 39080279 PMCID: PMC11289319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gate-tunable transmons (gatemons) employing semiconductor Josephson junctions have recently emerged as building blocks for hybrid quantum circuits. In this study, we present a gatemon fabricated in planar Germanium. We induce superconductivity in a two-dimensional hole gas by evaporating aluminum atop a thin spacer, which separates the superconductor from the Ge quantum well. The Josephson junction is then integrated into an Xmon circuit and capacitively coupled to a transmission line resonator. We showcase the qubit tunability in a broad frequency range with resonator and two-tone spectroscopy. Time-domain characterizations reveal energy relaxation and coherence times up to 75 ns. Our results, combined with the recent advances in the spin qubit field, pave the way towards novel hybrid and protected qubits in a group IV, CMOS-compatible material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sagi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Alessandro Crippa
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Valentini
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marian Janik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Levon Baghumyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Giorgio Fabris
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lucky Kapoor
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Farid Hassani
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Fink
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Giovanni Isella
- L-NESS, Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Como, Italy
| | - Georgios Katsaros
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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4
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Zheng H, Cheung LY, Sangwan N, Kononov A, Haller R, Ridderbos J, Ciaccia C, Ungerer JH, Li A, Bakkers EP, Baumgartner A, Schönenberger C. Coherent Control of a Few-Channel Hole Type Gatemon Qubit. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7173-7179. [PMID: 38848282 PMCID: PMC11194827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Gatemon qubits are the electrically tunable cousins of superconducting transmon qubits. In this work, we demonstrate the full coherent control of a gatemon qubit based on hole carriers in a Ge/Si core/shell nanowire, with the longest coherence times in group IV material gatemons to date. The key to these results is a high-quality Josephson junction obtained using a straightforward and reproducible annealing technique. We demonstrate that the transport through the narrow junction is dominated by only two quantum channels, with transparencies up to unity. This novel qubit platform holds great promise for quantum information applications, not only because it incorporates technologically relevant materials, but also because it provides new opportunities, like an ultrastrong spin-orbit coupling in the few-channel regime of Josephson junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luk Yi Cheung
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikunj Sangwan
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artem Kononov
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roy Haller
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joost Ridderbos
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Ciaccia
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jann Hinnerk Ungerer
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ang Li
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P.A.M. Bakkers
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Baumgartner
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schönenberger
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Geier M, Krøjer S, von Oppen F, Marcus CM, Flensberg K, Brouwer PW. Non-Abelian Holonomy of Majorana Zero Modes Coupled to a Chaotic Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:036604. [PMID: 38307057 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.036604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
If a quantum dot is coupled to a topological superconductor via tunneling contacts, each contact hosts a Majorana zero mode in the limit of zero transmission. Close to a resonance and at a finite contact transparency, the resonant level in the quantum dot couples the Majorana modes, but a ground-state degeneracy per fermion parity subspace remains if the number of Majorana modes coupled to the dot is five or larger. Upon varying shape-defining gate voltages while remaining close to resonance, a nontrivial evolution within the degenerate ground-state manifold is achieved. We characterize the corresponding non-Abelian holonomy for a quantum dot with chaotic classical dynamics using random matrix theory and discuss measurable signatures of the non-Abelian time evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Geier
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend Krøjer
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Felix von Oppen
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Flensberg
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Piet W Brouwer
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Patel H, Pathak V, Can O, Potter AC, Franz M. d-Mon: A Transmon with Strong Anharmonicity Based on Planar c-Axis Tunneling Junction between d-Wave and s-Wave Superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:017002. [PMID: 38242652 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.017002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel qubit architecture based on a planar c-axis Josephson junction between a thin flake d-wave superconductor, such as a high-T_{c} cuprate Bi_{2}Sr_{2}CaCu_{2}O_{8+x}, and a conventional s-wave superconductor. When operated in the transmon regime the device-that we call "d mon"-becomes insensitive to offset charge fluctuations and, importantly, exhibits at the same time energy level spectrum with strong anharmonicity that is widely tunable through the device geometry and applied magnetic flux. Crucially, unlike previous qubit designs based on d-wave superconductors the proposed device operates in a regime where quasiparticles are fully gapped and can be therefore expected to achieve long coherence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Vedangi Pathak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Oguzhan Can
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Andrew C Potter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Marcel Franz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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7
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Brosco V, Serpico G, Vinokur V, Poccia N, Vool U. Superconducting Qubit Based on Twisted Cuprate Van der Waals Heterostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:017003. [PMID: 38242651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.017003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Van-der-Waals assembly enables the fabrication of novel Josephson junctions featuring an atomically sharp interface between two exfoliated and relatively twisted Bi_{2}Sr_{2}CaCu_{2}O_{8+x} (Bi2212) flakes. In a range of twist angles around 45°, the junction provides a regime where the interlayer two-Cooper pair tunneling dominates the current-phase relation. Here we propose employing this novel junction to realize a capacitively shunted qubit that we call flowermon. The d-wave nature of the order parameter endows the flowermon with inherent protection against charge-noise-induced relaxation and quasiparticle-induced dissipation. This inherently protected qubit paves the way to a new class of high-coherence hybrid superconducting quantum devices based on unconventional superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Brosco
- Institute for Complex Systems (ISC) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Physics Department University of Rome, "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale, 1, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Serpico
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Valerii Vinokur
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, CH-9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Physics Department, CUNY, City College of City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Nicola Poccia
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Science Dresden (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uri Vool
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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8
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Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, de Gijsel T, Jung J, Calcaterra S, Ballabio A, Aguilera Servin J, Aggarwal K, Janik M, Adletzberger T, Seoane Souto R, Leijnse M, Danon J, Schrade C, Bakkers E, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. Nat Commun 2024; 15:169. [PMID: 38167818 PMCID: PMC10762135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing interest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement semiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of new ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this work, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium hole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We demonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux tunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a regime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a [Formula: see text] CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this interpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with ≈ 100% efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards integration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected) superconducting qubits on the same silicon technology compatible platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Valentini
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Oliver Sagi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Levon Baghumyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thijs de Gijsel
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Jung
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Ballabio
- L-NESS, Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Como, Italy
| | | | - Kushagra Aggarwal
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marian Janik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Rubén Seoane Souto
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Leijnse
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Danon
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Constantin Schrade
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Erik Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni Isella
- L-NESS, Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Como, Italy
| | - Georgios Katsaros
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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9
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Souto RS, Leijnse M, Schrade C. Josephson Diode Effect in Supercurrent Interferometers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:267702. [PMID: 36608204 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.267702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A Josephson diode is a nonreciprocal circuit element that supports a larger dissipationless supercurrent in one direction than in the other. In this Letter, we propose a class of Josephson diodes based on supercurrent interferometers composed of Andreev bound state Josephson junctions or interacting quantum dot Josephson junctions, which are not diodes themselves but possess nonsinusoidal current-phase relations. We show that such Josephson diodes have several important advantages, like being electrically tunable and requiring only time-reversal breaking by a magnetic flux. We also show that our diodes have a characteristic ac response, revealed by the Shapiro steps. Even the simplest realization of our Josephson diode paradigm that relies on only two junctions can achieve efficiencies of up to ∼40% and, interestingly, far greater efficiencies are achievable by concatenating interferometer loops. We hope that our Letter will stimulate the search for highly tunable Josephson diode effects in Josephson devices based semiconductor-superconductor hybrids, 2d materials, and topological insulators, where nonsinusoidal current-phase relations were recently observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Seoane Souto
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Leijnse
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Constantin Schrade
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Hao Y, Zhang G, Liu D, Liu DE. Anomalous universal conductance as a hallmark of non-locality in a Majorana-hosted superconducting island. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6699. [PMID: 36335121 PMCID: PMC9637197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-local feature of topological states of matter is the key for the topological protection of quantum information and enables robust non-local manipulation in quantum information. Here we propose to manifest the non-local feature of a Majorana-hosted superconducting island by measuring the temperature dependence of Coulomb blockade peak conductance in different regimes. In the low-temperature regime, we discover a coherent double Majorana-assisted teleportation (MT) process, where any independent tunneling process always involves two coherent non-local MTs; and we also find an anomalous universal scaling behavior, i.e., a crossover from a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${[\max (T,eV)]}^{6}$$\end{document}[max(T,eV)]6 power-law to a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${[\max (T,eV)]}^{3}$$\end{document}[max(T,eV)]3 power-law conductance behavior when energy scale increases — in stark contrast to the usual exponential suppression due to certain local transport. In the high-temperature regime, the conductance is instead proportional to the temperature inverse, indicating a non-monotonic temperature-dependence of the conductance. Both the anomalous power law and non-monotonic temperature-dependence of the conductance can be distinguished from the conductance peak in the traditional Coulomb block, and therefore, together serve as a hallmark for the non-local feature in the Majorana-hosted superconducting island. The ability to detect the non-local nature of topological states in electron transport is highly desirable for topological quantum computation. Hao et al. propose a two-terminal transport scheme to detect the non-locality of a topological superconducting island via anomalous scaling of the tunnelling conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, 100184, Beijing, China
| | - Gu Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Donghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Dong E Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, 100184, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.
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11
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Butseraen G, Ranadive A, Aparicio N, Rafsanjani Amin K, Juyal A, Esposito M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Roch N, Lefloch F, Renard J. A gate-tunable graphene Josephson parametric amplifier. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1153-1158. [PMID: 36280762 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With a large portfolio of elemental quantum components, superconducting quantum circuits have contributed to advances in microwave quantum optics1. Of these elements, quantum-limited parametric amplifiers2-4 are essential for low noise readout of quantum systems whose energy range is intrinsically low (tens of μeV)5,6. They are also used to generate non-classical states of light that can be a resource for quantum enhanced detection7. Superconducting parametric amplifiers, such as quantum bits, typically use a Josephson junction as a source of magnetically tunable and dissipation-free non-linearity. In recent years, efforts have been made to introduce semiconductor weak links as electrically tunable non-linear elements, with demonstrations of microwave resonators and quantum bits using semiconductor nanowires8,9, a two-dimensional electron gas10, carbon nanotubes11 and graphene12,13. However, given the challenge of balancing non-linearity, dissipation, participation and energy scale, parametric amplifiers have not yet been implemented with a semiconductor weak link. Here, we demonstrate a parametric amplifier leveraging a graphene Josephson junction and show that its working frequency is widely tunable with a gate voltage. We report gain exceeding 20 dB and noise performance close to the standard quantum limit. Our results expand the toolset for electrically tunable superconducting quantum circuits. They also offer opportunities for the development of quantum technologies such as quantum computing, quantum sensing and for fundamental science14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilliam Butseraen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Arpit Ranadive
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Aparicio
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Kazi Rafsanjani Amin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Grenoble, France
| | - Abhishek Juyal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Martina Esposito
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- CNR-SPIN Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nicolas Roch
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - François Lefloch
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG-PHELIQS, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Renard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France.
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12
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Sarkar J, Salunkhe KV, Mandal S, Ghatak S, Marchawala AH, Das I, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Vijay R, Deshmukh MM. Quantum-noise-limited microwave amplification using a graphene Josephson junction. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1147-1152. [PMID: 36309589 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Josephson junctions (JJs) and their tunable properties, including their nonlinearities, play an important role in superconducting qubits and amplifiers. JJs together with the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture form many key components of quantum information processing1. In quantum circuits, low-noise amplification of feeble microwave signals is essential, and Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs)2 are the widely used devices. The existing JPAs are based on Al-AlOx-Al tunnel junctions realized in a superconducting quantum interference device geometry, where magnetic flux is the knob for tuning the frequency. Recent experimental realizations of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals JJs3-5 provide an opportunity to implement various circuit quantum electrodynamics devices6-8 with the added advantage of tuning the junction properties and the operating point using a gate potential. While other components of a possible 2D van der Waals circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture have been demonstrated, a quantum-noise-limited amplifier, an essential component, has not been realized, to the best of our knowledge. Here we implement a quantum-noise-limited JPA using a graphene JJ, that has a linear resonance gate tunability of 3.5 GHz. We report 24 dB amplification with 10 MHz bandwidth and -130 dBm saturation power, a performance on par with the best single-junction JPAs2,9. Importantly, our gate-tunable JPA works in the quantum-limited noise regime, which makes it an attractive option for highly sensitive signal processing. Our work has implications for novel bolometers; the low heat capacity of graphene together with JJ nonlinearity can result in an extremely sensitive microwave bolometer embedded inside a quantum-noise-limited amplifier. In general, this work will open up the exploration of scalable device architectures of 2D van der Waals materials by integrating a sensor with the quantum amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Sarkar
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Kishor V Salunkhe
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Supriya Mandal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Subhamoy Ghatak
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Alisha H Marchawala
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ipsita Das
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - R Vijay
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
| | - Mandar M Deshmukh
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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13
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Chirolli L, Yao NY, Moore JE. SWAP Gate between a Majorana Qubit and a Parity-Protected Superconducting Qubit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:177701. [PMID: 36332252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.177701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High fidelity quantum information processing requires a combination of fast gates and long-lived quantum memories. In this Letter, we propose a hybrid architecture, where a parity-protected superconducting qubit is directly coupled to a Majorana qubit, which plays the role of a quantum memory. The superconducting qubit is based upon a π-periodic Josephson junction realized with gate-tunable semiconducting wires, where the tunneling of individual Cooper pairs is suppressed. One of the wires additionally contains four Majorana zero modes that define a qubit. We demonstrate that this enables the implementation of a SWAP gate, allowing for the transduction of quantum information between the topological and conventional qubit. This architecture combines fast gates, which can be realized with the superconducting qubit, with a topologically protected Majorana memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chirolli
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Norman Y Yao
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Joel E Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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14
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Subgap dynamics of double quantum dot coupled between superconducting and normal leads. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11138. [PMID: 34045499 PMCID: PMC8160274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamical processes induced by the external time-dependent fields can provide valuable insight into the characteristic energy scales of a given physical system. We investigate them here in a nanoscopic heterostructure, consisting of the double quantum dot coupled in series to the superconducting and the metallic reservoirs, analyzing its response to (i) abrupt bias voltage applied across the junction, (ii) sudden change of the energy levels, and imposed by (iii) their periodic driving. We explore subgap properties of this setup which are strictly related to the in-gap quasiparticles and discuss their signatures manifested in the time-dependent charge currents. The characteristic multi-mode oscillations, their beating patters and photon-assisted harmonics reveal a rich spectrum of dynamical features that might be important for designing the superconducting qubits.
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15
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Chirolli L, Moore JE. Enhanced Coherence in Superconducting Circuits via Band Engineering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:187701. [PMID: 34018786 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.187701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In superconducting circuits interrupted by Josephson junctions, the dependence of the energy spectrum on offset charges on different islands is 2e periodic through the Aharonov-Casher effect and resembles a crystal band structure that reflects the symmetries of the Josephson potential. We show that higher-harmonic Josephson elements described by a cos(2φ) energy-phase relation provide an increased freedom to tailor the shape of the Josephson potential and design spectra featuring multiplets of flat bands and Dirac points in the charge Brillouin zone. Flat bands provide noise-insensitive energy levels, and consequently, engineering band pairs with flat spectral gaps can help improve the coherence of the system. We discuss a modified version of a flux qubit that achieves, in principle, no decoherence from charge noise and introduce a flux qutrit that shows a spin-1 Dirac spectrum and is simultaneously quite robust to both charge and flux noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chirolli
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Joel E Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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16
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Sabonis D, Erlandsson O, Kringhøj A, van Heck B, Larsen TW, Petkovic I, Krogstrup P, Petersson KD, Marcus CM. Destructive Little-Parks Effect in a Full-Shell Nanowire-Based Transmon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:156804. [PMID: 33095630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.156804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A semiconductor transmon with an epitaxial Al shell fully surrounding an InAs nanowire core is investigated in the low E_{J}/E_{C} regime. Little-Parks oscillations as a function of flux along the hybrid wire axis are destructive, creating lobes of reentrant superconductivity separated by a metallic state at a half quantum of applied flux. In the first lobe, phase winding around the shell can induce topological superconductivity in the core. Coherent qubit operation is observed in both the zeroth and first lobes. Splitting of parity bands by coherent single-electron coupling across the junction is not resolved beyond line broadening, placing a bound on Majorana coupling, E_{M}/h<10 MHz, much smaller than the Josephson coupling E_{J}/h∼4.7 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deividas Sabonis
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oscar Erlandsson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Kringhøj
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernard van Heck
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Thorvald W Larsen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Petkovic
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab-Copenhagen, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl D Petersson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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