1
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Chen S, Fukuda H, Inada T, Moroi T, Nitta T, Sichanugrist T. Quantum Enhancement in Dark Matter Detection with Quantum Computation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:021801. [PMID: 39073967 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.021801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel method to significantly enhance the signal rate in qubit-based dark matter detection experiments with the help of quantum interference. Various quantum sensors possess ideal properties for detecting wavelike dark matter, and qubits, commonly employed in quantum computers, are excellent candidates for dark matter detectors. We demonstrate that, by designing an appropriate quantum circuit to manipulate the qubits, the signal rate scales proportionally to n_{q}^{2}, with n_{q} being the number of sensor qubits, rather than linearly with n_{q}. Consequently, in the dark matter detection with a substantial number of sensor qubits, a significant increase in the signal rate can be expected. We provide a specific example of a quantum circuit that achieves this enhancement by coherently combining the phase evolution in each individual qubit due to its interaction with dark matter. We also demonstrate that the circuit is fault tolerant to dephasing noises, a critical quantum noise source in quantum computers. The enhancement mechanism proposed here is applicable to various modalities for quantum computers, provided that the quantum operations relevant to enhancing the dark matter signal can be applied to these devices.
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2
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Tang Z, Wang B, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Li C, Yang Y, Feng L, Sha P, Mi Z, Pan W, Zhang T, Jin Y, Hao J, Lin L, Wang F, Xie H, Huang S, Shu J. First Scan Search for Dark Photon Dark Matter with a Tunable Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:021005. [PMID: 39073930 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.021005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Dark photons have emerged as promising candidates for dark matter, and their search is a top priority in particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. We report the first use of a tunable niobium superconducting radio-frequency cavity for a scan search of dark photon dark matter with innovative data analysis techniques. We mechanically adjusted the resonant frequency of a cavity submerged in liquid helium at a temperature of 2 K, and scanned the dark photon mass over a frequency range of 1.37 MHz centered at 1.3 GHz. Our study leveraged the superconducting radio-frequency cavity's remarkably high quality factors of approximately 10^{10}, resulting in the most stringent constraints to date on a substantial portion of the exclusion parameter space on the kinetic mixing coefficient ε between dark photons and electromagnetic photons, yielding a value of ε<2.2×10^{-16}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Tang
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Laser Acceleration Innovation Center, Huairou, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Bo Wang
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanjie Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwen Feng
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Sha
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Superconducting RF and Cryogenics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenghui Mi
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Superconducting RF and Cryogenics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weimin Pan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Superconducting RF and Cryogenics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianzong Zhang
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yirong Jin
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiankui Hao
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huamu Xie
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Senlin Huang
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Shu
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Laser Acceleration Innovation Center, Huairou, Beijing 101400, China
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Agrawal A, Dixit AV, Roy T, Chakram S, He K, Naik RK, Schuster DI, Chou A. Stimulated Emission of Signal Photons from Dark Matter Waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:140801. [PMID: 38640371 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.140801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of quantum states of light has resulted in significant advancements in both dark matter searches and gravitational wave detectors. Current dark matter searches operating in the microwave frequency range use nearly quantum-limited amplifiers. Future high frequency searches will use photon counting techniques to evade the standard quantum limit. We present a signal enhancement technique that utilizes a superconducting qubit to prepare a superconducting microwave cavity in a nonclassical Fock state and stimulate the emission of a photon from a dark matter wave. By initializing the cavity in an |n=4⟩ Fock state, we demonstrate a quantum enhancement technique that increases the signal photon rate and hence also the dark matter scan rate each by a factor of 2.78. Using this technique, we conduct a dark photon search in a band around 5.965 GHz (24.67 μeV), where the kinetic mixing angle ε≥4.35×10^{-13} is excluded at the 90% confidence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Agrawal
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Akash V Dixit
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Tanay Roy
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Srivatsan Chakram
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Kevin He
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ravi K Naik
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Chou
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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4
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Liu CH, Harrison DC, Patel S, Wilen CD, Rafferty O, Shearrow A, Ballard A, Iaia V, Ku J, Plourde BLT, McDermott R. Quasiparticle Poisoning of Superconducting Qubits from Resonant Absorption of Pair-Breaking Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:017001. [PMID: 38242669 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The ideal superconductor provides a pristine environment for the delicate states of a quantum computer: because there is an energy gap to excitations, there are no spurious modes with which the qubits can interact, causing irreversible decay of the quantum state. As a practical matter, however, there exists a high density of excitations out of the superconducting ground state even at ultralow temperature; these are known as quasiparticles. Observed quasiparticle densities are of order 1 μm^{-3}, tens of orders of magnitude greater than the equilibrium density expected from theory. Nonequilibrium quasiparticles extract energy from the qubit mode and can induce dephasing. Here we show that a dominant mechanism for quasiparticle poisoning is direct absorption of high-energy photons at the qubit junction. We use a Josephson junction-based photon source to controllably dose qubit circuits with millimeter-wave radiation, and we use an interferometric quantum gate sequence to reconstruct the charge parity of the qubit. We find that the structure of the qubit itself acts as a resonant antenna for millimeter-wave radiation, providing an efficient path for photons to generate quasiparticles. A deep understanding of this physics will pave the way to realization of next-generation superconducting qubits that are robust against quasiparticle poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D C Harrison
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Patel
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C D Wilen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - O Rafferty
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Shearrow
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Ballard
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - V Iaia
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - J Ku
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - B L T Plourde
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - R McDermott
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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5
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Oripov BG, Rampini DS, Allmaras J, Shaw MD, Nam SW, Korzh B, McCaughan AN. A superconducting nanowire single-photon camera with 400,000 pixels. Nature 2023; 622:730-734. [PMID: 37880435 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
For the past 50 years, superconducting detectors have offered exceptional sensitivity and speed for detecting faint electromagnetic signals in a wide range of applications. These detectors operate at very low temperatures and generate a minimum of excess noise, making them ideal for testing the non-local nature of reality1,2, investigating dark matter3,4, mapping the early universe5-7 and performing quantum computation8-10 and communication11-14. Despite their appealing properties, however, there are at present no large-scale superconducting cameras-even the largest demonstrations have never exceeded 20,000 pixels15. This is especially true for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs)16-18. These detectors have been demonstrated with system detection efficiencies of 98.0% (ref. 19), sub-3-ps timing jitter20, sensitivity from the ultraviolet21 to the mid-infrared22 and microhertz dark-count rates3, but have never achieved an array size larger than a kilopixel23,24. Here we report on the development of a 400,000-pixel SNSPD camera, a factor of 400 improvement over the state of the art. The array spanned an area of 4 × 2.5 mm with 5 × 5-μm resolution, reached unity quantum efficiency at wavelengths of 370 nm and 635 nm, counted at a rate of 1.1 × 105 counts per second (cps) and had a dark-count rate of 1.0 × 10-4 cps per detector (corresponding to 0.13 cps over the whole array). The imaging area contains no ancillary circuitry and the architecture is scalable well beyond the present demonstration, paving the way for large-format superconducting cameras with near-unity detection efficiencies across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Oripov
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - D S Rampini
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Allmaras
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M D Shaw
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S W Nam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B Korzh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A N McCaughan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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6
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Nitta T, Braine T, Du N, Guzzetti M, Hanretty C, Leum G, Rosenberg LJ, Rybka G, Sinnis J, Clarke J, Siddiqi I, Awida MH, Chou AS, Hollister M, Knirck S, Sonnenschein A, Wester W, Gleason JR, Hipp AT, Sikivie P, Sullivan NS, Tanner DB, Khatiwada R, Carosi G, Robertson N, Duffy LD, Boutan C, Lentz E, Oblath NS, Taubman MS, Yang J, Daw EJ, Perry MG, Bartram C, Buckley JH, Gaikwad C, Hoffman J, Murch KW, Goryachev M, Hartman E, McAllister BT, Quiskamp A, Thomson C, Tobar ME, Dror JA, Murayama H, Rodd NL. Search for a Dark-Matter-Induced Cosmic Axion Background with ADMX. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:101002. [PMID: 37739367 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the first result of a direct search for a cosmic axion background (CaB)-a relativistic background of axions that is not dark matter-performed with the axion haloscope, the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX). Conventional haloscope analyses search for a signal with a narrow bandwidth, as predicted for dark matter, whereas the CaB will be broad. We introduce a novel analysis strategy, which searches for a CaB induced daily modulation in the power measured by the haloscope. Using this, we repurpose data collected to search for dark matter to set a limit on the axion photon coupling of a CaB originating from dark matter cascade decay via a mediator in the 800-995 MHz frequency range. We find that the present sensitivity is limited by fluctuations in the cavity readout as the instrument scans across dark matter masses. Nevertheless, we suggest that these challenges can be surmounted using superconducting qubits as single photon counters, and allow ADMX to operate as a telescope searching for axions emerging from the decay of dark matter. The daily modulation analysis technique we introduce can be deployed for various broadband rf signals, such as other forms of a CaB or even high-frequency gravitational waves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J A Dror
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - H Murayama
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
| | - N L Rodd
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1 Esplanade des Particules, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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7
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Ramanathan K, Klimovich N, Basu Thakur R, Eom BH, Leduc HG, Shu S, Beyer AD, Day PK. Wideband Direct Detection Constraints on Hidden Photon Dark Matter with the QUALIPHIDE Experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:231001. [PMID: 37354392 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.231001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
We report direction detection constraints on the presence of hidden photon dark matter with masses between 20-30 μeV c^{-2}, using a cryogenic emitter-receiver-amplifier spectroscopy setup designed as the first iteration of QUALIPHIDE (quantum limited photons in the dark experiment). A metallic dish sources conversion photons, from hidden photon kinetic mixing, onto a horn antenna which is coupled to a C band kinetic inductance traveling wave parametric amplifier, providing for near quantum-limited noise performance. We demonstrate a first probing of the kinetic mixing parameter χ to the 10^{-12} level for the majority of hidden photon masses in this region. These results not only represent stringent constraints on new dark matter parameter space, but are also the first demonstrated use of wideband quantum-limited amplification for astroparticle applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ramanathan
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - N Klimovich
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Basu Thakur
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - B H Eom
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - H G Leduc
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - S Shu
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A D Beyer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - P K Day
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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8
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An H, Ge S, Guo WQ, Huang X, Liu J, Lu Z. Direct Detection of Dark Photon Dark Matter Using Radio Telescopes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:181001. [PMID: 37204893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.181001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dark photons can be the ultralight dark matter candidate, interacting with Standard Model particles via kinetic mixing. We propose to search for ultralight dark photon dark matter (DPDM) through the local absorption at different radio telescopes. The local DPDM can induce harmonic oscillations of electrons inside the antenna of radio telescopes. It leads to a monochromatic radio signal and can be recorded by telescope receivers. Using the observation data from the FAST telescope, the upper limit on the kinetic mixing can already reach 10^{-12} for DPDM oscillation frequencies at 1-1.5 GHz, which is stronger than the cosmic microwave background constraint by about one order of magnitude. Furthermore, large-scale interferometric arrays like LOFAR and SKA1 telescopes can achieve extraordinary sensitivities for direct DPDM search from 10 MHz to 10 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng An
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuailiang Ge
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Qing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiyao Lu
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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9
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Kumar A, Suleymanzade A, Stone M, Taneja L, Anferov A, Schuster DI, Simon J. Quantum-enabled millimetre wave to optical transduction using neutral atoms. Nature 2023; 615:614-619. [PMID: 36949338 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Early experiments with transiting circular Rydberg atoms in a superconducting resonator laid the foundations of modern cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics1, and helped explore the defining features of quantum mechanics such as entanglement. Whereas ultracold atoms and superconducting circuits have since taken rather independent paths in the exploration of new physics, taking advantage of their complementary strengths in an integrated system enables access to fundamentally new parameter regimes and device capabilities2,3. Here we report on such a system, coupling an ensemble of cold 85Rb atoms simultaneously to an, as far as we are aware, first-of-its-kind optically accessible, three-dimensional superconducting resonator4 and a vibration-suppressed optical cavity in a cryogenic (5 K) environment. To demonstrate the capabilities of this platform, and with an eye towards quantum networking5, we leverage the strong coupling between Rydberg atoms and the superconducting resonator to implement a quantum-enabled millimetre wave (mmwave) photon to optical photon transducer6. We measured an internal conversion efficiency of 58(11)%, a conversion bandwidth of 360(20) kHz and added thermal noise of 0.6 photons, in agreement with a parameter-free theory. Extensions of this technique will allow near-unity efficiency transduction in both the mmwave and microwave regimes. More broadly, our results open a new field of hybrid mmwave/optical quantum science, with prospects for operation deep in the strong coupling regime for efficient generation of metrologically or computationally useful entangled states7 and quantum simulation/computation with strong non-local interactions8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Kumar
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- The Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Aziza Suleymanzade
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Stone
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lavanya Taneja
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Anferov
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Simon
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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Kotaka S, Adachi S, Fujinaka R, Honda S, Nakata H, Seino Y, Sueno Y, Sumida T, Suzuki J, Tajima O, Takeichi S. Search for Dark Photon Dark Matter in the Mass Range 74-110 μeV with a Cryogenic Millimeter-Wave Receiver. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:071805. [PMID: 36867799 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.071805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We search for the dark photon dark matter (DPDM) using a cryogenic millimeter-wave receiver. DPDM has a kinetic coupling with electromagnetic fields with a coupling constant of χ and is converted into ordinary photons at the surface of a metal plate. We search for signal of this conversion in the frequency range 18-26.5 GHz, which corresponds to the mass range 74-110 μeV/c^{2}. We observed no significant signal excess, allowing us to set an upper bound of χ<(0.3-2.0)×10^{-10} at 95% confidence level. This is the most stringent constraint to date and tighter than cosmological constraints. Improvements from previous studies are obtained by employing a cryogenic optical path and a fast spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kotaka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - S Adachi
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - R Fujinaka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - S Honda
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - H Nakata
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Y Seino
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Y Sueno
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - T Sumida
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - J Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - O Tajima
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - S Takeichi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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11
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Navarathna R, Le DT, Hamann AR, Nguyen HD, Stace TM, Fedorov A. Passive Superconducting Circulator on a Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:037001. [PMID: 36763376 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.037001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An on-chip microwave circulator that is compatible with superconducting devices is a key element for scale up of superconducting circuits. Previous approaches to integrating circulators on chip involve either external driving that requires extra microwave lines or a strong magnetic field that would compromise superconductivity. Here we report the first proof-of-principle realization of a passive on-chip circulator that is made from a superconducting loop interrupted by three notionally identical Josephson junctions and is tuned with only dc control fields. Our experimental results show evidence for nonreciprocal scattering, and excellent agreement with theoretical simulations. We also present a detailed analysis of quasiparticle tunneling in our device using a hidden Markov model. By reducing the junction asymmetry and utilizing the known methods of protection from quasiparticles, we anticipate that Josephson-loop circulator will become ubiquitous in superconducting circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Navarathna
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dat Thanh Le
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrés Rosario Hamann
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hien Duy Nguyen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas M Stace
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Arkady Fedorov
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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12
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Cervantes R, Carosi G, Hanretty C, Kimes S, LaRoque BH, Leum G, Mohapatra P, Oblath NS, Ottens R, Park Y, Rybka G, Sinnis J, Yang J. Search for 70 μeV Dark Photon Dark Matter with a Dielectrically Loaded Multiwavelength Microwave Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:201301. [PMID: 36462025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.201301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microwave cavities have been deployed to search for bosonic dark matter candidates with masses of a few μeV. However, the sensitivity of these cavity detectors is limited by their volume, and the traditionally employed half-wavelength cavities suffer from a significant volume reduction at higher masses. Axion dark matter experiment (ADMX)-Orpheus mitigates this issue by operating a tunable, dielectrically loaded cavity at a higher-order mode, which allows the detection volume to remain large. The ADMX-Orpheus inaugural run excludes dark photon dark matter with kinetic mixing angle χ>10^{-13} between 65.5 μeV (15.8 GHz) and 69.3 μeV (16.8 GHz), marking the highest-frequency tunable microwave cavity dark matter search to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cervantes
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Carosi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Hanretty
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - S Kimes
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - B H LaRoque
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - G Leum
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - P Mohapatra
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - N S Oblath
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - R Ottens
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Y Park
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Rybka
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - J Sinnis
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - J Yang
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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13
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Dutta P, Maurya SS, Patel K, Biswas K, Mangaonkar J, Sarkar S, D. Rapol U. A Decade of Advancement of Quantum Sensing and Metrology in India Using Cold Atoms and Ions. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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14
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Quiskamp A, McAllister BT, Altin P, Ivanov EN, Goryachev M, Tobar ME. Direct search for dark matter axions excluding ALP cogenesis in the 63- to 67-μeV range with the ORGAN experiment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3765. [PMID: 35857478 PMCID: PMC9258816 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The standard model axion seesaw Higgs portal inflation (SMASH) model is a well-motivated, self-contained description of particle physics that predicts axion dark matter particles to exist within the mass range of 50 to 200 micro-electron volts. Scanning these masses requires an axion haloscope to operate under a constant magnetic field between 12 and 48 gigahertz. The ORGAN (Oscillating Resonant Group AxioN) experiment (in Perth, Australia) is a microwave cavity axion haloscope that aims to search the majority of the mass range predicted by the SMASH model. Our initial phase 1a scan sets an upper limit on the coupling of axions to two photons of ∣gaγγ∣ ≤ 3 × 10-12 per giga-electron volts over the mass range of 63.2 to 67.1 micro-electron volts with 95% confidence interval. This highly sensitive result is sufficient to exclude the well-motivated axion-like particle cogenesis model for dark matter in the searched region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Quiskamp
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ben T. McAllister
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Swinburne University of Technology, John St., Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Paul Altin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Eugene N. Ivanov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maxim Goryachev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael E. Tobar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems and ARC Centre of Excellence For Dark Matter Particle Physics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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15
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Stefanazzi L, Treptow K, Wilcer N, Stoughton C, Bradford C, Uemura S, Zorzetti S, Montella S, Cancelo G, Sussman S, Houck A, Saxena S, Arnaldi H, Agrawal A, Zhang H, Ding C, Schuster DI. The QICK (Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit): Readout and control for qubits and detectors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:044709. [PMID: 35489924 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a Xilinx RF System-on-Chip (RFSoC)-based qubit controller (called the Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit, or QICK for short), which supports the direct synthesis of control pulses with carrier frequencies of up to 6 GHz. The QICK can control multiple qubits or other quantum devices. The QICK consists of a digital board hosting an RFSoC field-programmable gate array, custom firmware, and software and an optional companion custom-designed analog front-end board. We characterize the analog performance of the system as well as its digital latency, important for quantum error correction and feedback protocols. We benchmark the controller by performing standard characterizations of a transmon qubit. We achieve an average gate fidelity of Favg=99.93%. All of the schematics, firmware, and software are open-source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Treptow
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Neal Wilcer
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Chris Stoughton
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Collin Bradford
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Sho Uemura
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Silvia Zorzetti
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | | | - Gustavo Cancelo
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Sara Sussman
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Andrew Houck
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Shefali Saxena
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | | | - Ankur Agrawal
- Department of Physics and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Helin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chunyang Ding
- Department of Physics and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- Department of Physics and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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16
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Liu J, Dona K, Hoshino G, Knirck S, Kurinsky N, Malaker M, Miller DW, Sonnenschein A, Awida MH, Barry PS, Berggren KK, Bowring D, Carosi G, Chang C, Chou A, Khatiwada R, Lewis S, Li J, Nam SW, Noroozian O, Zhou TX. Broadband Solenoidal Haloscope for Terahertz Axion Detection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:131801. [PMID: 35426699 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.131801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the Broadband Reflector Experiment for Axion Detection (BREAD) conceptual design and science program. This haloscope plans to search for bosonic dark matter across the [10^{-3},1] eV ([0.24, 240] THz) mass range. BREAD proposes a cylindrical metal barrel to convert dark matter into photons, which a novel parabolic reflector design focuses onto a photosensor. This unique geometry enables enclosure in standard cryostats and high-field solenoids, overcoming limitations of current dish antennas. A pilot 0.7 m^{2} barrel experiment planned at Fermilab is projected to surpass existing dark photon coupling constraints by over a decade with one-day runtime. Axion sensitivity requires <10^{-20} W/sqrt[Hz] sensor noise equivalent power with a 10 T solenoid and 10 m^{2} barrel. We project BREAD sensitivity for various sensor technologies and discuss future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Liu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Kristin Dona
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Gabe Hoshino
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Stefan Knirck
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Noah Kurinsky
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Malaker
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - David W Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | - Mohamed H Awida
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Peter S Barry
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Bowring
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Gianpaolo Carosi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Clarence Chang
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Aaron Chou
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Rakshya Khatiwada
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - Samantha Lewis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Juliang Li
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Sae Woo Nam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Omid Noroozian
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Tony X Zhou
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Semertzidis YK, Youn S. Axion dark matter: How to see it? SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9928. [PMID: 35196091 PMCID: PMC8865767 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The axion is a highly motivated elementary particle that could address two fundamental questions in physics-the strong charge-parity (CP) problem and the dark matter mystery. Experimental searches for this hypothetical particle started reaching theoretically interesting sensitivity levels, particularly in the micro-electron volt (gigahertz) region. They rely on microwave resonators in strong magnetic fields with signals read out by quantum noise limited amplifiers. Concurrently, there have been intensive experimental efforts to widen the search range by devising various techniques and to enhance sensitivities by implementing advanced technologies. These orthogonal approaches will enable us to explore most of the parameter space for axions and axion-like particles within the next decades, with the 1- to 25-gigahertz frequency range to be conquered well within the first decade. We review the experimental aspects of axion physics and discuss the past, present, and future of the direct search programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis K. Semertzidis
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research, IBS, Daejeon 34051, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - SungWoo Youn
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research, IBS, Daejeon 34051, Republic of Korea
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18
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Chakram S, Oriani AE, Naik RK, Dixit AV, He K, Agrawal A, Kwon H, Schuster DI. Seamless High-Q Microwave Cavities for Multimode Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:107701. [PMID: 34533363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multimode cavity quantum electrodynamics-where a two-level system interacts simultaneously with many cavity modes-provides a versatile framework for quantum information processing and quantum optics. Because of the combination of long coherence times and large interaction strengths, one of the leading experimental platforms for cavity QED involves coupling a superconducting circuit to a 3D microwave cavity. In this work, we realize a 3D multimode circuit QED system with single photon lifetimes of 2 ms across 9 modes of a novel seamless cavity. We demonstrate a variety of protocols for universal single-mode quantum control applicable across all cavity modes, using only a single drive line. We achieve this by developing a straightforward flute method for creating monolithic superconducting microwave cavities that reduces loss while simultaneously allowing control of the mode spectrum and mode-qubit interaction. We highlight the flexibility and ease of implementation of this technique by using it to fabricate a variety of 3D cavity geometries, providing a template for engineering multimode quantum systems with exceptionally low dissipation. This work is an important step towards realizing hardware efficient random access quantum memories and processors, and for exploring quantum many-body physics with photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsan Chakram
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Andrew E Oriani
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ravi K Naik
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Akash V Dixit
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Kevin He
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ankur Agrawal
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hyeokshin Kwon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - David I Schuster
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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19
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Gilmore KA, Affolter M, Lewis-Swan RJ, Barberena D, Jordan E, Rey AM, Bollinger JJ. Quantum-enhanced sensing of displacements and electric fields with two-dimensional trapped-ion crystals. Science 2021; 373:673-678. [PMID: 34353950 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fully controllable ultracold atomic systems are creating opportunities for quantum sensing, yet demonstrating a quantum advantage in useful applications by harnessing entanglement remains a challenging task. Here, we realize a many-body quantum-enhanced sensor to detect displacements and electric fields using a crystal of ~150 trapped ions. The center-of-mass vibrational mode of the crystal serves as a high-Q mechanical oscillator, and the collective electronic spin serves as the measurement device. By entangling the oscillator and collective spin and controlling the coherent dynamics via a many-body echo, a displacement is mapped into a spin rotation while avoiding quantum back-action and thermal noise. We achieve a sensitivity to displacements of 8.8 ± 0.4 decibels below the standard quantum limit and a sensitivity for measuring electric fields of 240 ± 10 nanovolts per meter in 1 second. Feasible improvements should enable the use of trapped ions in searches for dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Gilmore
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. .,Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matthew Affolter
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Robert J Lewis-Swan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.,Center for Quantum Research and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Diego Barberena
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.,JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Elena Jordan
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ana Maria Rey
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. .,JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John J Bollinger
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. .,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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