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Lee Y, Oang KY, Kim D, Ihee H. A comparative review of time-resolved x-ray and electron scattering to probe structural dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:031301. [PMID: 38706888 PMCID: PMC11065455 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The structure of molecules, particularly the dynamic changes in structure, plays an essential role in understanding physical and chemical phenomena. Time-resolved (TR) scattering techniques serve as crucial experimental tools for studying structural dynamics, offering direct sensitivity to molecular structures through scattering signals. Over the past decade, the advent of x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction (MeV-UED) facilities has ushered TR scattering experiments into a new era, garnering significant attention. In this review, we delve into the basic principles of TR scattering experiments, especially focusing on those that employ x-rays and electrons. We highlight the variations in experimental conditions when employing x-rays vs electrons and discuss their complementarity. Additionally, cutting-edge XFELs and MeV-UED facilities for TR x-ray and electron scattering experiments and the experiments performed at those facilities are reviewed. As new facilities are constructed and existing ones undergo upgrades, the landscape for TR x-ray and electron scattering experiments is poised for further expansion. Through this review, we aim to facilitate the effective utilization of these emerging opportunities, assisting researchers in delving deeper into the intricate dynamics of molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Key Young Oang
- Radiation Center for Ultrafast Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, South Korea
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2
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Drucker NC, Nguyen T, Han F, Siriviboon P, Luo X, Andrejevic N, Zhu Z, Bednik G, Nguyen QT, Chen Z, Nguyen LK, Liu T, Williams TJ, Stone MB, Kolesnikov AI, Chi S, Fernandez-Baca J, Nelson CS, Alatas A, Hogan T, Puretzky AA, Huang S, Yu Y, Li M. Topology stabilized fluctuations in a magnetic nodal semimetal. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5182. [PMID: 37626027 PMCID: PMC10457388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between magnetism and electronic band topology enriches topological phases and has promising applications. However, the role of topology in magnetic fluctuations has been elusive. Here, we report evidence for topology stabilized magnetism above the magnetic transition temperature in magnetic Weyl semimetal candidate CeAlGe. Electrical transport, thermal transport, resonant elastic X-ray scattering, and dilatometry consistently indicate the presence of locally correlated magnetism within a narrow temperature window well above the thermodynamic magnetic transition temperature. The wavevector of this short-range order is consistent with the nesting condition of topological Weyl nodes, suggesting that it arises from the interaction between magnetic fluctuations and the emergent Weyl fermions. Effective field theory shows that this topology stabilized order is wavevector dependent and can be stabilized when the interband Weyl fermion scattering is dominant. Our work highlights the role of electronic band topology in stabilizing magnetic order even in the classically disordered regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Drucker
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phum Siriviboon
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ziming Zhu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Grigory Bednik
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Zhantao Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Travis J Williams
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Matthew B Stone
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Songxue Chi
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Christie S Nelson
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet Alatas
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Tom Hogan
- Quantum Design, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingda Li
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Sarkar S, Bhattacharya J, Sadhukhan P, Curcio D, Dutt R, Singh VK, Bianchi M, Pariari A, Roy S, Mandal P, Das T, Hofmann P, Chakrabarti A, Roy Barman S. Charge density wave induced nodal lines in LaTe 3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3628. [PMID: 37336909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
LaTe3 is a non-centrosymmetric material with time reversal symmetry, where the charge density wave is hosted by the Te bilayers. Here, we show that LaTe3 hosts a Kramers nodal line-a twofold degenerate nodal line connecting time reversal-invariant momenta. We use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, density functional theory with an experimentally reported modulated structure, effective band structures calculated by band unfolding, and symmetry arguments to reveal the Kramers nodal line. Furthermore, calculations confirm that the nodal line imposes gapless crossings between the bilayer-split charge density wave-induced shadow bands and the main bands. In excellent agreement with the calculations, spectroscopic data confirm the presence of the Kramers nodal line and show that the crossings traverse the Fermi level. Furthermore, spinless nodal lines-completely gapped out by spin-orbit coupling-are formed by the linear crossings of the shadow and main bands with a high Fermi velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvam Sarkar
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Joydipto Bhattacharya
- Theory and Simulations Laboratory, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pampa Sadhukhan
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Davide Curcio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Rajeev Dutt
- Theory and Simulations Laboratory, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Marco Bianchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Arnab Pariari
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Shubhankar Roy
- Vidyasagar Metropolitan College, 39, Sankar Ghosh Lane, Kolkata, 700006, India
| | - Prabhat Mandal
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Tanmoy Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Philip Hofmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Aparna Chakrabarti
- Theory and Simulations Laboratory, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudipta Roy Barman
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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4
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Saida Y, Shikata R, En-Ya K, Ohmura S, Nishina Y, Hada M. Development of a Multitimescale Time-Resolved Electron Diffraction Setup: Photoinduced Dynamics of Oxygen Radicals on Graphene Oxide. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6301-6308. [PMID: 36063425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a multitimescale time-resolved electron diffraction setup by electrically synchronizing a nanosecond laser with our table-top picosecond time-resolved electron diffractometer. The setup covers the photoinduced structural dynamics of target materials at timescales ranging from picoseconds to submilliseconds. Using this setup, we sequentially observed the ultraviolet (UV) photoinduced bond dissociation, radical formation, and relaxation dynamics of the oxygen atoms in the epoxy functional group on the basal plane of graphene oxide (GO). The results show that oxygen radicals formed via UV photoexcitation on the basal plane of GO in several tens of picoseconds and then relaxed back to the initial state on the microsecond timescale. The results of first-principles calculations also support the formation of oxygen radicals in the excited state on an early timescale. These results are essential for the further discussion of the reactivities on the basal plane of GO, such as catalytic reactions and antibacterial and antiviral activities. The results also suggest that the multitimescale time-resolved electron diffraction system is a promising tool for laboratory-based molecular dynamics studies of materials and chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Saida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryo Shikata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kaito En-Ya
- College of Engineering Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohmura
- Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima 731-5193, Japan
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Hada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan.,Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
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5
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Gao FY, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Ye L, Cheng YH, Liu ZJ, Checkelsky JG, Baldini E, Nelson KA. Snapshots of a light-induced metastable hidden phase driven by the collapse of charge order. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9076. [PMID: 35867789 PMCID: PMC9307249 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium hidden states provide a unique window into thermally inaccessible regimes of strong coupling between microscopic degrees of freedom in quantum materials. Understanding the origin of these states allows the exploration of far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics and the development of optoelectronic devices with on-demand photoresponses. However, mapping the ultrafast formation of a long-lived hidden phase remains a longstanding challenge since the initial state is not recovered rapidly. Here, using state-of-the-art single-shot spectroscopy techniques, we present a direct ultrafast visualization of the photoinduced phase transition to both transient and long-lived hidden states in an electronic crystal, 1T-TaS2, and demonstrate a commonality in their microscopic pathways, driven by the collapse of charge order. We present a theory of fluctuation-dominated process that helps explain the nature of the metastable state. Our results shed light on the origin of this elusive state and pave the way for the discovery of other exotic phases of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y. Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhuquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Linda Ye
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zi-Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph G. Checkelsky
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edoardo Baldini
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Keith A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Abstract
Photoinduced phase transition (PIPT) is always treated as a coherent process, but ultrafast disordering in PIPT is observed in recent experiments. Utilizing the real-time time-dependent density functional theory method, here we track the motion of individual vanadium (V) ions during PIPT in VO2 and uncover that their coherent or disordered dynamics can be manipulated by tuning the laser fluence. We find that the photoexcited holes generate a force on each V-V dimer to drive their collective coherent motion, in competing with the thermal-induced vibrations. If the laser fluence is so weak that the photoexcited hole density is too low to drive the phase transition alone, the PIPT is a disordered process due to the interference of thermal phonons. We also reveal that the photoexcited holes populated by the V-V dimerized bonding states will become saturated if the laser fluence is too strong, limiting the timescale of photoinduced phase transition.
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7
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Liu XB, Hu SQ, Chen D, Guan M, Chen Q, Meng S. Calibrating Out-of-Equilibrium Electron-Phonon Couplings in Photoexcited MoS 2. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4800-4806. [PMID: 35648107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium electron-phonon coupling (EPC) serves as a dominant interaction in a multitude of transient processes, including photoinduced phase transitions, coherent phonon generation, and possible light-induced superconductivity. Here we use monolayer MoS2 as a prototype to investigate the variation in electron-phonon couplings under laser excitation, on the basis of real-time time-dependent density functional theory simulations. Phonon softening, anisotropic modification of the deformation potential, and enhancement of EPC are observed, which are attributed to the reduced electronic screening and modulated potential energy surfaces by photoexcitation. Furthermore, by tracking the transient deformation potential and nonthermal electronic population, we can monitor the ultrafast time evolution of the energy exchange rate between electrons and phonons upon laser excitation. This work provides an effective strategy to investigate the nonequilibrium EPC and constructs a scaffold for understanding nonequilibrium states beyond the multitemperature models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Qi Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Daqiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
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8
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Cheng Y, Zong A, Li J, Xia W, Duan S, Zhao W, Li Y, Qi F, Wu J, Zhao L, Zhu P, Zou X, Jiang T, Guo Y, Yang L, Qian D, Zhang W, Kogar A, Zuerch MW, Xiang D, Zhang J. Light-induced dimension crossover dictated by excitonic correlations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:963. [PMID: 35181649 PMCID: PMC8857203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In low-dimensional systems with strong electronic correlations, the application of an ultrashort laser pulse often yields novel phases that are otherwise inaccessible. The central challenge in understanding such phenomena is to determine how dimensionality and many-body correlations together govern the pathway of a non-adiabatic transition. To this end, we examine a layered compound, 1T-TiSe2, whose three-dimensional charge-density-wave (3D CDW) state also features exciton condensation due to strong electron-hole interactions. We find that photoexcitation suppresses the equilibrium 3D CDW while creating a nonequilibrium 2D CDW. Remarkably, the dimension reduction does not occur unless bound electron-hole pairs are broken. This relation suggests that excitonic correlations maintain the out-of-plane CDW coherence, settling a long-standing debate over their role in the CDW transition. Our findings demonstrate how optical manipulation of electronic interaction enables one to control the dimensionality of a broken-symmetry order, paving the way for realizing other emergent states in strongly correlated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Alfred Zong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yidian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fengfeng Qi
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingrong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanfeng Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lexian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Anshul Kogar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Michael W Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Dao Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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