1
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Budakian R, Finkler A, Eichler A, Poggio M, Degen CL, Tabatabaei S, Lee I, Hammel PC, Eugene SP, Taminiau TH, Walsworth RL, London P, Bleszynski Jayich A, Ajoy A, Pillai A, Wrachtrup J, Jelezko F, Bae Y, Heinrich AJ, Ast CR, Bertet P, Cappellaro P, Bonato C, Altmann Y, Gauger E. Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:412001. [PMID: 38744268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Budakian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sahand Tabatabaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Inhee Lee
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - P Chris Hammel
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - S Polzik Eugene
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tim H Taminiau
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- University of Maryland 2218 Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Paz London
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ania Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
- Quantum Information Science Program, CIFAR, 661 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Cristian Bonato
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Altmann
- Institute of Signals, Sensors and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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2
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Puthirath Balan A, Kumar A, Reiser P, Vimal Vas J, Denneulin T, Lee KD, Saunderson TG, Tschudin M, Pellet-Mary C, Dutta D, Schrader C, Scholz T, Geuchies J, Fu S, Wang H, Bonanni A, Lotsch BV, Nowak U, Jakob G, Gayles J, Kovacs A, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Maletinsky P, Kläui M. Identifying the Origin of Thermal Modulation of Exchange Bias in MnPS 3/Fe 3GeTe 2 van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403685. [PMID: 38994679 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The exchange bias phenomenon, inherent in exchange-coupled ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems, has intrigued researchers for decades. Van der Waals materials, with their layered structures, offer an ideal platform for exploring exchange bias. However, effectively manipulating exchange bias in van der Waals heterostructures remains challenging. This study investigates the origin of exchange bias in MnPS3/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals heterostructures, demonstrating a method to modulate nearly 1000% variation in magnitude through simple thermal cycling. Despite the compensated interfacial spin configuration of MnPS3, a substantial 170 mT exchange bias is observed at 5 K, one of the largest observed in van der Waals heterostructures. This significant exchange bias is linked to anomalous weak ferromagnetic ordering in MnPS3 below 40 K. The tunability of exchange bias during thermal cycling is attributed to the amorphization and changes in the van der Waals gap during field cooling. The findings highlight a robust and adjustable exchange bias in van der Waals heterostructures, presenting a straightforward method to enhance other interface-related spintronic phenomena for practical applications. Detailed interface analysis reveals atom migration between layers, forming amorphous regions on either side of the van der Waals gap, emphasizing the importance of precise interface characterization in these heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Puthirath Balan
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Reiser
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Vimal Vas
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thibaud Denneulin
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Khoa Dang Lee
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Tom G Saunderson
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Märta Tschudin
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Clement Pellet-Mary
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Debarghya Dutta
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Schrader
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Scholz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jaco Geuchies
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alberta Bonanni
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid-State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nowak
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jakob
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacob Gayles
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Andras Kovacs
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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3
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Fan S, Gao H, Zhang Y, Nie L, Bártolo R, Bron R, Santos HA, Schirhagl R. Quantum Sensing of Free Radical Generation in Mitochondria of Single Heart Muscle Cells during Hypoxia and Reoxygenation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2982-2991. [PMID: 38235677 PMCID: PMC10832053 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Cells are damaged during hypoxia (blood supply deprivation) and reoxygenation (oxygen return). This damage occurs in conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and organ transplantation, potentially harming the tissue and organs. The role of free radicals in cellular metabolic reprogramming under hypoxia is under debate, but their measurement is challenging due to their short lifespan and limited diffusion range. In this study, we employed a quantum sensing technique to measure the real-time production of free radicals at the subcellular level. We utilize fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) that exhibit changes in their optical properties based on the surrounding magnetic noise. This way, we were able to detect the presence of free radicals. To specifically monitor radical generation near mitochondria, we coated the FNDs with an antibody targeting voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (anti-VDAC2), which is located in the outer membrane of mitochondria. We observed a significant increase in the radical load on the mitochondrial membrane when cells were exposed to hypoxia. Subsequently, during reoxygenation, the levels of radicals gradually decreased back to the normoxia state. Overall, by applying a quantum sensing technique, the connections among hypoxia, free radicals, and the cellular redox status has been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Fan
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gao
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linyan Nie
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Bártolo
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier Bron
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Monge R, Delord T, Thiering G, Gali Á, Meriles CA. Resonant Versus Nonresonant Spin Readout of a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond under Cryogenic Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:236901. [PMID: 38134790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.236901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen an explosive growth in the use of color centers for metrology applications, the paradigm example arguably being the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Here, we focus on the regime of cryogenic temperatures and examine the impact of spin-selective, narrow-band laser excitation on NV readout. Specifically, we demonstrate a more than fourfold improvement in sensitivity compared to that possible with nonresonant (green) illumination, largely due to a boost in readout contrast and integrated photon count. We also leverage nuclear spin relaxation under resonant excitation to polarize the ^{14}N host, which we then prove beneficial for spin magnetometry. These results open opportunities in the application of NV sensing to the investigation of condensed matter systems, particularly those exhibiting superconducting, magnetic, or topological phases selectively present at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Monge
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Tom Delord
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Gergő Thiering
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Gali
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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5
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Happacher J, Bocquel J, Dinani HT, Tschudin MA, Reiser P, Broadway DA, Maze JR, Maletinsky P. Temperature-Dependent Photophysics of Single NV Centers in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:086904. [PMID: 37683170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.086904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent photoluminescence (PL) of individual NV centers in diamond, spanning the temperature-range from cryogenic to ambient conditions. We directly observe the emergence of the NV's room-temperature effective excited-state structure and provide a clear explanation for a previously poorly understood broad quenching of NV PL at intermediate temperatures around 50 K, as well as the subsequent revival of NV PL. We develop a model based on two-phonon orbital averaging that quantitatively explains all of our findings, including the strong impact that strain has on the temperature dependence of the NV's PL. These results complete our understanding of orbital averaging in the NV excited state and have significant implications for the fundamental understanding of the NV center and its applications in quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodok Happacher
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Juanita Bocquel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Hossein T Dinani
- Escuela de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7500994, Chile
| | - Märta A Tschudin
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reiser
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - David A Broadway
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Jeronimo R Maze
- Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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6
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Ernst S, Scheidegger PJ, Diesch S, Lorenzelli L, Degen CL. Temperature Dependence of Photoluminescence Intensity and Spin Contrast in Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:086903. [PMID: 37683157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.086903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on measurements of the photoluminescence properties of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond at temperatures between 4 K and 300 K. We observe a strong reduction of the PL intensity and spin contrast between ca. 10 K and 100 K that recovers to high levels below and above. Further, we find a rich dependence on magnetic bias field and crystal strain. We develop a comprehensive model based on spin mixing and orbital hopping in the electronic excited state that quantitatively explains the observations. Beyond a more complete understanding of the excited-state dynamics, our work provides a novel approach for probing electron-phonon interactions and a predictive tool for optimizing experimental conditions for quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ernst
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P J Scheidegger
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Diesch
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Lorenzelli
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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