1
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Schlawin F. Two-photon absorption cross sections of pulsed entangled beams. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144117. [PMID: 38619059 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) could form the basis of nonlinear quantum spectroscopy at very low photon fluxes, since, at sufficiently low photon fluxes, ETPA scales linearly with the photon flux. When different pairs start to overlap temporally, accidental coincidences are thought to give rise to a "classical" quadratic scaling that dominates the signal at large photon fluxes and, thus, recovers a supposedly classical regime, where any quantum advantage is thought to be lost. Here, we scrutinize this assumption and demonstrate that quantum-enhanced absorption cross sections can persist even for very large photon numbers. To this end, we use a minimal model for quantum light, which can interpolate continuously between the entangled pair and a high-photon-flux limit, to analytically derive ETPA cross sections and the intensity crossover regime. We investigate the interplay between spectral and spatial degrees of freedom and how linewidth broadening of the sample impacts the experimentally achievable enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schlawin
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany; and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Triana-Arango F, Ramírez-Alarcón R, Ramos-Ortiz G. Entangled Two-Photon Absorption in Transmission-Based Experiments: Deleterious Effects from Linear Optical Losses. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2210-2219. [PMID: 38446597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Recently different experimental schemes have been proposed to study the elusive phenomenon of entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) in nonlinear materials. The attempts to detect ETPA using transmission-based schemes have led to results whose validity is currently under debate because the ETPA signal can be corrupted or emulated by artifacts associated with linear optical losses. The present work addresses the issue of linear losses and the corresponding artifacts in transmission-based ETPA experiments through a new approach that exploits the properties of a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferogram. Here, we analyze solutions of rhodamine B (RhB), commonly used as a model of a nonlinear medium in ETPA studies. Then, by using the HOM interferometer as a sensing device, we first demonstrate the equivalence of the standard transmission vs pump power ETPA experiments, presented in many reports, with our novel approach of transmission vs two-photon temporal delay. Second, a detailed study of the effects of optical losses, unrelated to ETPA, over the HOM interferogram is carried out by: (1) characterizing RhB in solutions prepared with different solvents and (2) considering scattering losses introduced by silica nanoparticles used as a controlled linear loss mechanism. Our results clearly expose the deleterious effects of linear optical losses over the ETPA signal when standard transmission experiments are employed and show how, by using the HOM interferogram as a sensing device, it is possible to detect the presence of such losses. Finally, once we showed that the HOM interferogram discriminates properly linear losses, our study also reveals that under the specific experimental conditions considered here, which are the same as those employed in many reported works, the ETPA was not unequivocally detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freiman Triana-Arango
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C., A. P. 1-948, 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C., A. P. 1-948, 37000 León, Guanajuato, México
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3
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Fujihashi Y, Ishizaki A, Shimizu R. Pathway selectivity in time-resolved spectroscopy using two-photon coincidence counting with quantum entangled photons. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:104201. [PMID: 38456524 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast optical spectroscopy is a powerful technique for studying the dynamic processes of molecular systems in condensed phases. However, in molecular systems containing many dye molecules, the spectra can become crowded and difficult to interpret owing to the presence of multiple nonlinear optical contributions. In this work, we theoretically propose time-resolved spectroscopy based on the coincidence counting of two entangled photons generated via parametric down-conversion with a monochromatic laser. We demonstrate that the use of two-photon counting detection of entangled photon pairs enables the selective elimination of the excited-state absorption signal. This selective elimination cannot be realized with classical coherent light. We anticipate that the proposed spectroscopy will help simplify the spectral interpretation of complex molecular and material systems comprising multiple molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujihashi
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Shimizu
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
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4
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He M, Hickam BP, Harper N, Cushing SK. Experimental upper bounds for resonance-enhanced entangled two-photon absorption cross section of indocyanine green. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:094305. [PMID: 38445732 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Resonant intermediate states have been proposed to increase the efficiency of entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA). Although resonance-enhanced ETPA (r-ETPA) has been demonstrated in atomic systems using bright squeezed vacuum, it has not been studied in organic molecules. We investigate for the first time r-ETPA in an organic molecular dye, indocyanine green (ICG), when excited by broadband entangled photons in near-IR. Similar to many reported virtual state mediated ETPA (v-ETPA) measurements, no r-ETPA signals are measured, with an experimental upper bound for the cross section placed at 6(±2) × 10-23 cm2. In addition, the classical resonance-enhanced two-photon absorption (r-TPA) cross section of ICG at 800 nm is measured for the first time to be 20(±13) GM, where 1 GM equals 10-50 cm4 s, suggesting that having a resonant intermediate state does not significantly enhance two-photon processes in ICG. The spectrotemporally resolved emission signatures of ICG excited by entangled photons are also presented to support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni He
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Bryce P Hickam
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nathan Harper
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Scott K Cushing
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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5
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Yadalam HK, Kizmann M, Rouxel JR, Nam Y, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Quantum Interferometric Pathway Selectivity in Difference-Frequency-Generation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10803-10809. [PMID: 38015605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Even-order spectroscopies such as sum-frequency generation (SFG) and difference-frequency generation (DFG) can serve as direct probes of molecular chirality. Such signals are usually given by the sum of several interaction pathways that carry different information about matter. Here we focus on DFG, involving impulsive optical-optical-IR interactions, where the last IR pulse probes vibrational transitions in the ground or excited electronic state manifolds, depending on the interaction pathway. Spectroscopy with classical light can use phase matching to select the two pathways. In this theoretical study, we propose a novel quantum interferometric protocol that uses entangled photons to isolate individual pathways. This additional selectivity originates from engineering the state of light using a Zou-Wang-Mandel interferometer combined with coincidence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
| | - Matthias Kizmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yeonsig Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
| | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, 656 W. Kirby, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92614, United States
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6
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Fujihashi Y, Miwa K, Higashi M, Ishizaki A. Probing exciton dynamics with spectral selectivity through the use of quantum entangled photons. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114201. [PMID: 37712788 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum light is increasingly recognized as a promising resource for developing optical measurement techniques. Particular attention has been paid to enhancing the precision of the measurements beyond classical techniques by using nonclassical correlations between quantum entangled photons. Recent advances in the quantum optics technology have made it possible to manipulate spectral and temporal properties of entangled photons, and photon correlations can facilitate the extraction of matter information with relatively simple optical systems compared to conventional schemes. In these respects, the applications of entangled photons to time-resolved spectroscopy can open new avenues for unambiguously extracting information on dynamical processes in complex molecular and materials systems. Here, we propose time-resolved spectroscopy in which specific signal contributions are selectively enhanced by harnessing nonclassical correlations of entangled photons. The entanglement time characterizes the mutual delay between an entangled twin and determines the spectral distribution of photon correlations. The entanglement time plays a dual role as the knob for controlling the accessible time region of dynamical processes and the degrees of spectral selectivity. In this sense, the role of the entanglement time is substantially equivalent to the temporal width of the classical laser pulse. The results demonstrate that the application of quantum entangled photons to time-resolved spectroscopy leads to monitoring dynamical processes in complex molecular and materials systems by selectively extracting desired signal contributions from congested spectra. We anticipate that more elaborately engineered photon states would broaden the availability of quantum light spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujihashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Miwa
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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7
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Gu B, Sun S, Chen F, Mukamel S. Photoelectron spectroscopy with entangled photons; enhanced spectrotemporal resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300541120. [PMID: 37186860 PMCID: PMC10214152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300541120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this theoretical study, we show how photoelectron signals generated by time-energy entangled photon pairs can monitor ultrafast excited state dynamics of molecules with high joint spectral and temporal resolutions, not limited by the Fourier uncertainty of classical light. This technique scales linearly, rather than quadratically, with the pump intensity, allowing the study of fragile biological samples with low photon fluxes. Since the spectral resolution is achieved by electron detection and the temporal resolution by a variable phase delay, this technique does not require scanning the pump frequency and the entanglement times, which significantly simplifies the experimental setup, making it feasible with current instrumentation. Application is made to the photodissociation dynamics of pyrrole calculated by exact nonadiabatic wave packet simulations in a reduced two nuclear coordinate space. This study demonstrates the unique advantages of ultrafast quantum light spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310024, China
| | - Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
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8
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Iyen C, Falaye BJ, Liman MS. Scrutinizing joint remote state preparation under decoherence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8066. [PMID: 37202484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This research examines the effect of an open system containing the squeezed generalized amplitude damping channel on the joint remote preparation quantum communication protocol using a maximally entangled two-qubit state. Our findings indicate that the fidelity of a quantum system in contact with a non-zero temperature thermal bath can be enhanced by varying the squeezing parameters. These parameters include the squeezing phase of the channel [Formula: see text] and the amount of squeezing of the channel r.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cookey Iyen
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, 950101, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, 670101, Taraba State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde James Falaye
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, 950101, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
| | - Muhammad Sanusi Liman
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, 950101, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
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9
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Lindel F, Carnio EG, Buhmann SY, Buchleitner A. Quantized Fields for Optimal Control in the Strong Coupling Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:133601. [PMID: 37067298 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We tailor the quantum statistics of a bosonic field to deterministically drive a quantum system into a target state. Experimentally accessible states of the field achieve good control of multilevel or multiqubit systems, notably also at coupling strengths beyond the rotating-wave approximation. This extends optimal control theory to the realm of fully quantized, strongly coupled control and target degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Lindel
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edoardo G Carnio
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Yoshi Buhmann
- Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Andreas Buchleitner
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Giri SK, Schatz GC. Manipulating Two-Photon Absorption of Molecules through Efficient Optimization of Entangled Light. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10140-10146. [PMID: 36270000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report how the unique temporal and spectral features of pulsed entangled photons from a parametric downconversion source can be utilized for manipulating electronic excitations through the optimization of their spectral phase. A new comprehensive optimization protocol based on Bayesian optimization has been developed in this work to selectively excite electronic states accessible by two-photon absorption. Using our optimization method, the entangled two-photon absorption probability for a thiophene dendrimer can be enhanced by up to a factor of 20, while classical light turns out to be nonoptimizable. Moreover, the optimization involving photon entanglement enables selective excitation that would not be possible otherwise. In addition to optimization, we have explored entangled two-photon absorption in the small entanglement time limit showing that entangled light can excite molecular electronic states that are vanishingly small for classical light. We demonstrate these opportunities with an application to a thiophene dendrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Kumar Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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11
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Chen J, Zhang W, Pullerits T. Two-photon absorption in halide perovskites and their applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2255-2287. [PMID: 35727018 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh02074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active research on halide perovskites has given us a deep understanding of this family of materials and their potential for applications in advanced optoelectronic devices. One of the prominent outcomes is the use of perovskite materials for nonlinear optical applications. Two-photon absorption in perovskites, in particular their nanostructures, has been extensively studied and shows huge promise for many applications. However, we are still far from a thorough understanding of two-photon absorption in halide perovskites from a micro to macro perspective. Here we summarize different techniques for studying the two-photon absorption in nonlinear optical materials. We discuss the in-depth photophysics in two-photon absorption in halide perovskites. A comprehensive summary about the factors which influence two-photon absorption provides the direction to improve the two-photon absorption properties of halide perovskites. A summary of the recent applications of two-photon absorption in halide perovskites provides inspirations for engineers to utilize halide perovskites in two-photon absorption device development. This review will help readers to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the research field of two-photon absorption of halide perovskites from microscopic mechanisms to applications. The article can serve as a manual and give inspiration for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Chen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden.
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden.
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12
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Hickam BP, He M, Harper N, Szoke S, Cushing SK. Single-Photon Scattering Can Account for the Discrepancies among Entangled Two-Photon Measurement Techniques. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4934-4940. [PMID: 35635002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Entangled photon pairs are predicted to linearize and increase the efficiency of two-photon absorption, allowing continuous wave laser diodes to drive ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy and nonlinear processes. Despite a range of theoretical studies and experimental measurements, inconsistencies in the value of the entanglement-enhanced interaction cross section persist. A spectrometer that can temporally and spectrally characterize the entangled photon state before, during, and after any potential two-photon excitation event is constructed. For the molecule rhodamine 6G, which has a virtual state pathway, any entangled two-photon interaction is found to be equal to or weaker than classical, single-photon scattering events. This result can account for the discrepancies among the wide variety of entangled two-photon absorption cross sections reported from different measurement techniques. The reported instrumentation can unambiguously separate classical and entangled effects and therefore is important for the growing field of nonlinear and multiphoton entangled spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce P Hickam
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Manni He
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan Harper
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Szilard Szoke
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott K Cushing
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Eshun A, Varnavski O, Villabona-Monsalve JP, Burdick RK, Goodson T. Entangled Photon Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:991-1003. [PMID: 35312287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced interest in quantum-related phenomena has provided new opportunities for chemists to push the limits of detection and analysis of chemical processes. As some have called this the second quantum revolution, a time has come to apply the rules learned from previous research in quantum phenomena toward new methods and technologies important to chemists. While there has been great interest recently in quantum information science (QIS), the quest to understand how nonclassical states of light interact with matter has been ongoing for more than two decades. Our entry into this field started around this time with the use of materials to produce nonclassical states of light. Here, the process of multiphoton absorption led to photon-number squeezed states of light, where the photon statistics are sub-Poissonian. In addition to the great interest in generating squeezed states of light, there was also interest in the formation of entangled states of light. While much of the effort is still in foundational physics, there are numerous new avenues as to how quantum entanglement can be applied to spectroscopy, imaging, and sensing. These opportunities could have a large impact on the chemical community for a broad spectrum of applications.In this Account, we discuss the use of entangled (or quantum) light for spectroscopy as well as applications in microscopy and interferometry. The potential benefits of the use of quantum light are discussed in detail. From the first experiments in porphyrin dendrimer systems by Dr. Dong-Ik Lee in our group to the measurements of the entangled two photon absorption cross sections of biological systems such as flavoproteins, the usefulness of entangled light for spectroscopy has been illustrated. These early measurements led the way to more advanced measurements of the unique characteristics of both entangled light and the entangled photon absorption cross-section, which provides new control knobs for manipulating excited states in molecules.The first reports of fluorescence-induced entangled processes were in organic chromophores where the entangled photon cross-section was measured. These results would later have widespread impact in applications such as entangled two-photon microscopy. From our design, construction and implementation of a quantum entangled photon excited microscope, important imaging capabilities were achieved at an unprecedented low excitation intensity of 107 photons/s, which is 6 orders of magnitude lower than the excitation level for the classical two-photon image. New reports have also illustrated an advantage of nonclassical light in Raman imaging as well.From a standpoint of more precise measurements, the use of entangled photons in quantum interferometry may offer new opportunities for chemistry research. Experiments that combine molecular spectroscopy and quantum interferometry, by utilizing the correlations of entangled photons in a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer, have been carried out. The initial experiment showed that the HOM signal is sensitive to the presence of a resonant organic sample placed in one arm of the interferometer. In addition, parameters such as the dephasing time have been obtained with the opportunity for even more advanced phenomenology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Eshun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Oleg Varnavski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Juan P. Villabona-Monsalve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Ryan K. Burdick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
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14
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Chen F, Mukamel S. Entangled Two-Photon Absorption with Brownian-Oscillator Fluctuations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:074303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- University of California Irvine Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine Department of Chemistry, United States of America
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15
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Is Heralded Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence with Single Absorbers Possible with Current Technology? PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between single or a fixed number of photons with a single absorber is of fundamental interest in quantum technology. The harnessing of light matter interactions at the single particle limit has several potential applications ranging from quantum communication and quantum metrology to quantum imaging. In this perspective, a setup for heralded two-photon excited fluorescence at the single absorber level is proposed. The setup is based on a heralded two-photon source utilizing spontaneous parametric down-conversion, entanglement swapping and sum frequency generation for joint detection. This perspective aimed at triggering a discussion about the study of TPA and TPEF with only very few photons. The feasibility of the scheme is assessed by estimating the performance based on state-of-the-art technologies and losses, with the conclusion that the realization appears to be very challenging, but not completely impossible.
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16
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Sánchez Muñoz C, Jaksch D. Squeezed Lasing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:183603. [PMID: 34767390 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.183603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of a squeezed laser, in which a squeezed cavity mode develops a macroscopic photonic occupation due to stimulated emission. Above the lasing threshold, the emitted light retains both the spectral purity of a laser and the photon correlations characteristic of quadrature squeezing. Our proposal, implementable in optical setups, relies on a combination of the parametric driving of the cavity and the excitation by a broadband squeezed vacuum to achieve lasing behavior in a squeezed cavity mode. The squeezed laser can find applications that go beyond those of standard lasers thanks to the squeezed character, such as the direct application in Michelson interferometry beyond the standard quantum limit, or its use in atomic metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez Muñoz
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Jaksch
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Institut für Laserphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy relies on multiple light-matter interactions to provide unique contrast mechanisms and imaging capabilities that are inaccessible to traditional linear optical imaging approaches, making them versatile tools to understand a wide range of complex systems. However, the strong excitation fields that are necessary to drive higher-order optical processes efficiently are often responsible for photobleaching, photodegradation, and interruption in many systems of interest. This is especially true for imaging living biological samples over prolonged periods of time or in accessing intrinsic dynamics of electronic excited-state processes in spatially heterogeneous materials. This perspective outlines some of the key limitations of two NLO imaging modalities implemented in our lab and highlights the unique potential afforded by the quantum properties of light, especially entangled two-photon absorption based NLO spectroscopy and microscopy. We further review some of the recent exciting advances in this emerging filed and highlight some major challenges facing the realization of quantum-light-enabled NLO imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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18
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Raymer MG, Landes T, Marcus AH. Entangled two-photon absorption by atoms and molecules: A quantum optics tutorial. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:081501. [PMID: 34470351 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon absorption (TPA) and other nonlinear interactions of molecules with time-frequency-entangled photon pairs have been predicted to display a variety of fascinating effects. Therefore, their potential use in practical quantum-enhanced molecular spectroscopy requires close examination. This Tutorial presents a detailed theoretical study of one- and two-photon absorption by molecules, focusing on how to treat the quantum nature of light. We review some basic quantum optics theory and then we review the density-matrix (Liouville) derivation of molecular optical response, emphasizing how to incorporate quantum states of light into the treatment. For illustration, we treat in detail the TPA of photon pairs created by spontaneous parametric down conversion, with an emphasis on how quantum light TPA differs from that with classical light. In particular, we treat the question of how much enhancement of the TPA rate can be achieved using entangled states. This Tutorial includes a review of known theoretical methods and results as well as some extensions, especially the comparison of TPA processes that occur via far-off-resonant intermediate states only and those that involve off-resonant intermediate states by virtue of dephasing processes. A brief discussion of the main challenges facing experimental studies of entangled two-photon absorption is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Raymer
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Tiemo Landes
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Andrew H Marcus
- Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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19
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Lerch S, Stefanov A. Experimental requirements for entangled two-photon spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:064201. [PMID: 34391354 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherently controlling the spectral properties of energy-entangled photons is a key component of future entangled two-photon spectroscopy schemes that are expected to provide advantages with respect to classical methods. We present here an experimental setup based on a grating compressor. It allows for the spectral shaping of entangled photons with a sevenfold increase in resolution, compared to previous setups with a prism compressor. We evaluate the performances of the shaper by detecting sum frequency generation in a nonlinear crystal with both classical pulses and entangled photon pairs. The efficiency of both processes is experimentally compared and is in accordance with a simple model relating the classical and entangled two-photon absorption coefficients. Finally, the entangled two-photon shaping capability is demonstrated by implementing an interferometric transfer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lerch
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André Stefanov
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Fujihashi Y, Ishizaki A. Achieving two-dimensional optical spectroscopy with temporal and spectral resolution using quantum entangled three photons. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:044101. [PMID: 34340393 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in techniques for generating quantum light have stimulated research on novel spectroscopic measurements using quantum entangled photons. One such spectroscopy technique utilizes non-classical correlations among entangled photons to enable measurements with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Here, we investigate the spectroscopic measurement utilizing entangled three photons. In this measurement, time-resolved entangled photon spectroscopy with monochromatic pumping [A. Ishizaki, J. Chem. Phys. 153, 051102 (2020)] is integrated with the frequency-dispersed two-photon counting technique, which suppresses undesired accidental photon counts in the detector and thus allows one to separate the weak desired signal. This time-resolved frequency-dispersed two-photon counting signal, which is a function of two frequencies, is shown to provide the same information as that of coherent two-dimensional optical spectra. The spectral distribution of the phase-matching function works as a frequency filter to selectively resolve a specific region of the two-dimensional spectra, whereas the excited-state dynamics under investigation are temporally resolved in the time region longer than the entanglement time. The signal is not subject to Fourier limitations on the joint temporal and spectral resolution, and therefore, it is expected to be useful for investigating complex molecular systems in which multiple electronic states are present within a narrow energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujihashi
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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21
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Landes T, Raymer MG, Allgaier M, Merkouche S, Smith BJ, Marcus AH. Quantifying the enhancement of two-photon absorption due to spectral-temporal entanglement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20022-20033. [PMID: 34266101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When a low flux of time-frequency-entangled photon pairs (EPP) illuminates a two-photon transition, the rate of two-photon absorption (TPA) can be enhanced considerably by the quantum nature of photon number correlations and frequency correlations. We use a quantum-theoretic derivation of entangled TPA (ETPA) and calculate an upper bound on the amount of quantum enhancement that is possible in such systems. The derived bounds indicate that in order to observe ETPA the experiments would need to operate at a combination of significantly higher rates of EPP illumination, molecular concentrations, and conventional TPA cross sections than are achieved in typical experiments.
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22
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Carnio EG, Buchleitner A, Schlawin F. Optimization of selective two-photon absorption in cavity polaritons. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214114. [PMID: 34240974 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate optimal states of photon pairs to excite a target transition in a multilevel quantum system. With the help of coherent control theory for two-photon absorption with quantum light, we infer the maximal population achievable by optimal entangled vs separable states of light. Interference between excitation pathways as well as the presence of nearby states may hamper the selective excitation of a particular target state, but we show that quantum correlations can help to overcome this problem and enhance the achievable "selectivity" between two energy levels, i.e., the relative difference in population transferred into each of them. We find that the added value of optimal entangled states of light increases with broadening linewidths of the target states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo G Carnio
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Buchleitner
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schlawin
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Mohamed ABA, Khalil EM, Yassen MF, Eleuch H. Two-Qubit Local Fisher Information Correlation beyond Entanglement in a Nonlinear Generalized Cavity with an Intrinsic Decoherence. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23030311. [PMID: 33800739 PMCID: PMC7999430 DOI: 10.3390/e23030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study a Hamiltonian system constituted by two coupled two-level atoms (qubits) interacting with a nonlinear generalized cavity field. The nonclassical two-qubit correlation dynamics are investigated using Bures distance entanglement and local quantum Fisher information under the influences of intrinsic decoherence and qubit–qubit interaction. The effects of the superposition of two identical generalized coherent states and the initial coherent field intensity on the generated two-qubit correlations are investigated. Entanglement of sudden death and sudden birth of the Bures distance entanglement as well as the sudden changes in local Fisher information are observed. We show that the robustness, against decoherence, of the generated two-qubit correlations can be controlled by qubit–qubit coupling and the initial coherent cavity states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.-B. A. Mohamed
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Aflaj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Aflaj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - E. M. Khalil
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - M. F. Yassen
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Aflaj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Aflaj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt
| | - H. Eleuch
- Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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24
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Junker J, Wilken D, Huntington E, Heurs M. High-precision cavity spectroscopy using high-frequency squeezed light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:6053-6068. [PMID: 33726135 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a novel spectroscopy technique that improves the signal-to-shot-noise ratio without the need to increase the laser power. Detrimental effects by technical noise sources are avoided by frequency-modulation techniques (frequency up-shifting). Superimposing the signal on non-classical states of light leads to a reduced quantum noise floor. Our method reveals in a proof-of-concept experiment small signals at Hz to kHz frequencies even below the shot noise limit. Our theoretical calculations fully support our experimental findings. The proposed technique is interesting for applications such as high-precision cavity spectroscopy, e.g., for explosive trace gas detection where the specific gas might set an upper limit for the laser power employed.
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25
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Gu B, Mukamel S. Manipulating Two-Photon-Absorption of Cavity Polaritons by Entangled Light. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8177-8182. [PMID: 32877607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that two-photon excitations to bipolariton states created by placing several molecules in an optical cavity can be manipulated by quantum light. Entangled photons can access classically dark bipolariton states by modifying the quantum interferences of two-photon transition pathways involving different single-polariton intermediate states and time-ordering of the two photon beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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26
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Wasielewski MR, Forbes MDE, Frank NL, Kowalski K, Scholes GD, Yuen-Zhou J, Baldo MA, Freedman DE, Goldsmith RH, Goodson T, Kirk ML, McCusker JK, Ogilvie JP, Shultz DA, Stoll S, Whaley KB. Exploiting chemistry and molecular systems for quantum information science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:490-504. [PMID: 37127960 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The power of chemistry to prepare new molecules and materials has driven the quest for new approaches to solve problems having global societal impact, such as in renewable energy, healthcare and information science. In the latter case, the intrinsic quantum nature of the electronic, nuclear and spin degrees of freedom in molecules offers intriguing new possibilities to advance the emerging field of quantum information science. In this Perspective, which resulted from discussions by the co-authors at a US Department of Energy workshop held in November 2018, we discuss how chemical systems and reactions can impact quantum computing, communication and sensing. Hierarchical molecular design and synthesis, from small molecules to supramolecular assemblies, combined with new spectroscopic probes of quantum coherence and theoretical modelling of complex systems, offer a broad range of possibilities to realize practical quantum information science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm D E Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Natia L Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Karol Kowalski
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James K McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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27
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Ishizaki A. Probing excited-state dynamics with quantum entangled photons: Correspondence to coherent multidimensional spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:051102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0015432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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28
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Kim S, Marino AM. Atomic resonant single-mode squeezed light from four-wave mixing through feedforward. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4630-4633. [PMID: 31568403 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Squeezed states of light have received renewed attention due to their applicability to quantum-enhanced sensing. To take full advantage of their reduced noise properties to enhance atomic-based sensors, it is necessary to generate narrowband near or on atomic resonance single-mode squeezed states of light. We have previously generated bright two-mode squeezed states of light, or twin beams, that can be tuned to resonance with the D1 line of Rb87 with a non-degenerate four-wave-mixing process in a double-lambda configuration in a Rb85 vapor cell. Here, we report on the use of feedforward to transfer the amplitude quantum correlations present in the twin beams to a single beam for the generation of single-mode amplitude squeezed light. With this technique, we obtain a single-mode squeezed state with -2.9±0.1 dB of squeezing when tuned off resonance and -2.0±0.1 dB when tuned on resonance with the D1 F=2 to F'=2 transition of Rb87.
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29
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Yu CS, Guo BQ, Liu T. Quantum self-contained refrigerator in terms of the cavity quantum electrodynamics in the weak internal-coupling regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:6863-6877. [PMID: 30876263 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.006863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present two schemes to implement the self-contained refrigerator in the framework of the cavity quantum electrodynamics. The considered refrigerators are composed of three interacting microcavities (or two microcavities simultaneously interacting with one three-level atom) separately coupling to a thermal bath with a certain temperature. Despite the local master equation employed, the proposed analytic procedure shows the perfect thermodynamical consistency. It is also demonstrated that the heat is stably extracted from the lowest temperature bath with a fixed efficiency only determined by the intrinsic properties of the refrigerators, i.e., the frequency ratio of the two cavities in contact with the two higher temperature baths. These two schemes indicate that the system with the weak internal coupling in the infinite dimensional Hilbert space can be used to realize the quantum self-contained refrigerator on the principle completely the same as the original self-contained refrigerator.
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30
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Abstract
The application of quantum states of light such as entangled photons, for example, created by parametric down conversion, has experienced tremendous progress in the almost 40 years since their first experimental realization. Initially, they were employed in the investigation of the foundations of quantum physics, such as the violation of Bell's inequalities and studies of quantum entanglement. They later emerged as basic platforms for quantum communication protocols and, in the recent experiments on single-photon interactions, in photonic quantum computation. These applications aim at the controlled manipulation of the photonic degrees of freedom, and therefore rely on simple models of matter, where the analysis is simpler. Furthermore, quantum imaging with entangled light can achieve enhanced resolution, and quantum metrology can overcome the shot noise limit for classical light. This Account focuses on an entirely different emerging class of applications using quantum light as a powerful spectroscopic tool to reveal novel information about complex molecules. These applications utilize two appealing properties of quantum light: its distinct intensity fluctuations and its nonclassical bandwidth properties. These give rise to new and surprising behavior of nonlinear optical signals. Nonclassical intensity fluctuations can enhance nonlinear optical signals relative to linear absorption. For instance, the two-photon absorption of entangled photon pairs scales linearly (rather than quadratically) in the photon flux, just like a single photon absorption. This enables nonlinear quantum spectroscopy of photosensitive, for example, biological, samples at low light intensities. We will discuss how the two-photon absorption cross section becomes a function of the photonic quantum state, which can be manipulated by properties of the entangled photon pairs. In addition, the quantum correlations in entangled photon states further influence the nonlinear signals in a variety of ways. Apart from affecting the signal's scaling with intensity, they also constitute an entirely new approach to shaping and controlling excitation pathways in molecular aggregates in a way that cannot be achieved with shaped classical pulses. This is because between the two absorption events in entangled two-photon absorption, the light and material system are entangled. Classical constraints for the simultaneous time and frequency resolution can thus be circumvented, since the two are not Fourier conjugates. Here we review the simplest manifestation of quantum light spectroscopy, two-photon absorption spectroscopy with entangled photons. This will allow us to discuss exemplarily the impact of quantum properties of light on a nonlinear optical signal and explore the opportunities for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schlawin
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1PU, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin E. Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Chemistry Department and Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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31
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Khalili FY, Polzik ES. Overcoming the Standard Quantum Limit in Gravitational Wave Detectors Using Spin Systems with a Negative Effective Mass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:031101. [PMID: 30085801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.031101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum backaction (QBA) of a measurement limits the precision of observation of the motion of a free mass. This profound effect, dubbed the "Heisenberg microscope" in the early days of quantum mechanics, leads to the standard quantum limit (SQL) stemming from the balance between the measurement sensitivity and the QBA. We consider the measurement of motion of a free mass performed in a quantum reference frame with an effective negative mass which is not limited by QBA. As a result, the disturbance on the motion of a free mass can be measured beyond the SQL. QBA-limited detection of motion for a free mass is extremely challenging, but there are devices where this effect is expected to play an essential role, namely, gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) such as LIGO and Virgo. Recent reports on the observations of gravitational waves have opened new horizons in cosmology and astrophysics. We present a general idea and a detailed numerical analysis for QBA-evading measurement of the gravitational wave effect on the GWD mirrors, which can be considered free masses under relevant conditions. The measurement is performed by two entangled beams of light, probing the GWD and an auxiliary atomic spin ensemble, respectively. The latter plays the role of a free negative mass. We show that under realistic conditions the sensitivity of the GWD in m/sqrt[Hz] can be increased by 6 dB over the entire frequency band of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ya Khalili
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia and Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo 143025, Russia
| | - E S Polzik
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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32
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Chekhova MV, Germanskiy S, Horoshko DB, Kitaeva GK, Kolobov MI, Leuchs G, Phillips CR, Prudkovskii PA. Broadband bright twin beams and their upconversion. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:375-378. [PMID: 29400863 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of broadband (40 THz) bright twin beams through high-gain parametric downconversion in an aperiodically poled lithium niobate crystal. The output photon number is shown to scale exponentially with the pump power and not with the pump amplitude, as in homogeneous crystals. Photon number correlations and the number of frequency/temporal modes are assessed by spectral covariance measurements. By using sum-frequency generation on the surface of a non-phase-matched crystal, we measure a cross-correlation peak with the temporal width of 90 fs.
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33
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Villabona-Monsalve JP, Calderón-Losada O, Nuñez Portela M, Valencia A. Entangled Two Photon Absorption Cross Section on the 808 nm Region for the Common Dyes Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin and Rhodamine B. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7869-7875. [PMID: 28933852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the measurement of the entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) cross section, σE, at 808 nm on organic chromophores in solution in a low photon flux regime. We performed measurements on zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) in toluene and rhodamine B (RhB) in methanol. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time that σE is measured for RhB. Additionally, we report a study of the dependence of σE on the molecular concentration for both molecular systems. In contrast to previous experiments, our measurements are based on detecting the pairs of photons that are transmitted by the molecular system. By using a coincidence count circuit it was possible to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. This type of work is important for the development of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques using entangled photons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Calderón-Losada
- Laboratorio de Óptica Cuántica, Universidad de los Andes , A.A. 4976, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - M Nuñez Portela
- Laboratorio de Óptica Cuántica, Universidad de los Andes , A.A. 4976, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Alejandra Valencia
- Laboratorio de Óptica Cuántica, Universidad de los Andes , A.A. 4976, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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34
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Kalashnikov DA, Melik-Gaykazyan EV, Kalachev AA, Yu YF, Kuznetsov AI, Krivitsky LA. Quantum interference in the presence of a resonant medium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11444. [PMID: 28904390 PMCID: PMC5597610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of light with media often occurs with a femtosecond response time. Its measurement by conventional techniques requires the use of femtosecond lasers and sophisticated time-gated optical detection. Here we demonstrate that by exploiting quantum interference of entangled photons it is possible to measure the dephasing time of a resonant media on the femtosecond time scale (down to 100 fs) using accessible continuous wave laser and single-photon counting. We insert a sample in the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer and observe the modification of the two-photon interference pattern, which is driven by the coherent response of the medium, determined by the dephasing time. The dephasing time is then inferred from the observed pattern. This effect is distinctively different from the basic effect of spectral filtering, which was studied in earlier works. In addition to its ease of use, our technique does not require compensation of group velocity dispersion and does not induce photo-damage of the samples. Our technique will be useful for characterization of ultrafast phase relaxation processes in material science, chemistry, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Kalashnikov
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Elizaveta V Melik-Gaykazyan
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore, Singapore
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Kalachev
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420029, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ye Feng Yu
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leonid A Krivitsky
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore, Singapore
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35
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Steiner M, Leong V, Seidler MA, Cerè A, Kurtsiefer C. Photon bandwidth dependence of light-matter interaction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:6294-6301. [PMID: 28380982 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.006294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the scattering of single photons by single atoms and, in particular, the dependence of the atomic dynamics and the scattering probability on the photon bandwidth. We tightly focus the incident photons onto a single trapped 87Rb atom and use the time-resolved transmission to characterize the interaction strength. Decreasing the bandwidth of the single photons from 6 to 2 times the atomic linewidth, we observe an increase in atomic peak excitation and photon scattering probability.
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36
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Cheng GL, Chen AX. Squeezing induced high-efficiency diffraction grating in two-level system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:4483-4492. [PMID: 28241650 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.004483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We show the effect of squeezed vacuum on laser-induced grating in a weak standing-wave-driving two-level atomic system. Using the optical Bloch equation and the Floquet harmonic expansion, we obtain the linear response of the medium with respect to the probe field, which determines the transmission spectrum and diffraction intensity. At the presence of the squeezing, the grating with large intensity both in the first- and higher-order directions can be obtainable even though the driving is relatively weak. The responsible mechanism is due to squeezing-induced gain accompanied by the large dispersion. Based on the spatial gain and phase modulations, the first- and high-order diffraction intensities simultaneously could have the large values. Such a scheme we present could have potential applications in implementing lensless imaging and developing the photon devices in quantum information processing.
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Varnavski O, Pinsky B, Goodson T. Entangled Photon Excited Fluorescence in Organic Materials: An Ultrafast Coincidence Detector. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:388-393. [PMID: 28029793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the fluorescence emission from organic systems selectively excited by entangled pairs of photons. We have demonstrated a linear dependence of this two-photon excited fluorescence on the excitation intensity which is a unique nonclassical feature of two-photon interactions induced by entangled photons. The entangled photon (ETPA) excited fluorescence has been detected in several organic molecules possessing a high entangled photon absorption cross section. The ETPA fluorescence showed a nonmonotonic dependence on the delay between signal and idler beams. The fluorescence signal was detectable within the signal-idler relative delay time interval of ∼100 fs. This time is comparable with the estimated entanglement time, TE, making the ETPA-excited fluorescence in organic materials an ideal ultrafast coincidence detector. These results have widespread impact in applications ranging from spectroscopy to chemical and biological sensing, imaging, and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varnavski
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Applied Physics, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brian Pinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Applied Physics, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Applied Physics, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Zhang X, Xu C, Ren Z. A simple and general strategy for generating frequency-anticorrelated photon pairs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24509. [PMID: 27087255 PMCID: PMC4834487 DOI: 10.1038/srep24509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, two-photon excitation microscopy is the method of choice for imaging living cells within thick specimen. A remaining problem for this technique is the damage caused by the high photon flux in the excitation region. To reduce the required flux, a promising solution is to use highly frequency-anticorrelated photon pairs, which are known to induce two-photon transitions much more efficiently. It is still an open question what the best scheme is for generating such photon pairs. Here we propose one simple general strategy for this task. As an example, we show explicitly that this general strategy can be realized faithfully within the widely applicable coherently pumped Jaynes-Cummings model. It is shown quantitatively that this strategy can generate highly frequency-anticorrelated photon pairs which can dramatically enhance two-photon excitation efficiency. We believe the proposed strategy can guide new designs for generating frequency-anticorrelated photon pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Joint Center of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhongzhou Ren
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Joint Center of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Laboratory of Heavy-Ion Accelerator, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Lü XY, Wu Y, Johansson JR, Jing H, Zhang J, Nori F. Squeezed optomechanics with phase-matched amplification and dissipation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:093602. [PMID: 25793814 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the nonlinear interaction between a squeezed cavity mode and a mechanical mode in an optomechanical system (OMS) that allows us to selectively obtain either a radiation-pressure coupling or a parametric-amplification process. The squeezing of the cavity mode can enhance the interaction strength into the single-photon strong-coupling regime, even when the OMS is originally in the weak-coupling regime. Moreover, the noise of the squeezed mode can be suppressed completely by introducing a broadband-squeezed vacuum environment that is phase matched with the parametric amplification that squeezes the cavity mode. This proposal offers an alternative approach to control the OMS using a squeezed cavity mode, which should allow single-photon quantum processes to be implemented with currently available optomechanical technology. Potential applications range from engineering single-photon sources to nonclassical phonon states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-You Lü
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- iTHES, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | | | - Hui Jing
- CEMS, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- CEMS, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Franco Nori
- CEMS, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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40
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Xiao Y, Yu YF, Zhang ZM. Controllable optomechanically induced transparency and ponderomotive squeezing in an optomechanical system assisted by an atomic ensemble. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:17979-17989. [PMID: 25089417 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.017979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a system for realizing controllable optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) and ponderomotive squeezing. In this system, an atomic ensemble driven by an external optical field couples with the cavity field in a typical optomechanical cavity. When the cavity is driven by a coupling laser and a probe laser, we can produce a switch for the probe field and adjust the width of the transparency window flexibly by manipulating the coupling strength between the atomic ensemble and the external optical field. We also investigate the ponderomotive squeezing properties of the transmitted field by analyzing its spectrum. Interestingly, the coupling strength between the atomic ensemble and the cavity field plays an important role in controlling the squeezing properties and the squeezing spectrum presents distinct features at red-detuned and blue-detuned frequencies by adjusting the coupling strength.
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41
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Osaka Y, Yokoshi N, Nakatani M, Ishihara H. Enhanced up-conversion of entangled photons and quantum interference under a localized field in nanostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:133601. [PMID: 24745414 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the up-conversion process of two entangled photons on a molecule, which is coupled by a cavity or nanoscale metallic structure. Within one-dimensional input-output theory, the propagators of the photons are derived analytically and the up-conversion probability is calculated numerically. It is shown that the coupling with the nanostructure clearly enhances the process. We also find that the enhancement becomes further pronounced for some balanced system parameters, such as the quantum correlation between photons, radiation decay, and coupling between the nanostructure and molecule. The nonmonotonic dependencies are reasonably explained in view of quantum interference between the coupled modes of the whole system. This result indicates that controlling quantum interference and correlation is crucial for few-photon nonlinearity, and provides a new guidance to wide variety of fields, e.g., quantum electronics and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Osaka
- Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yokoshi
- Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakatani
- Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishihara
- Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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42
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Raymer MG, Marcus AH, Widom JR, Vitullo DLP. Entangled Photon-Pair Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EPP-2DFS). J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15559-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405829n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Raymer
- Oregon
Center for Optics and Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Andrew H. Marcus
- Oregon
Center for Optics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Julia R. Widom
- Oregon
Center for Optics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Dashiell L. P. Vitullo
- Oregon
Center for Optics and Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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Abstract
Traditional Ramsey spectroscopy has the frequency resolution 2π/T, where T is the time separation between two light fields. Using squeezed states and two-atom excitation joint detection, we present a new scheme achieving a higher resolution, π/T. We use two-mode squeezed light, which exhibits strong entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Qu
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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44
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Reduction of the radiative decay of atomic coherence in squeezed vacuum. Nature 2013; 499:62-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Sun YZ, Huang YP, Kumar P. Photonic nonlinearities via quantum Zeno blockade. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:223901. [PMID: 23767724 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.223901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Realizing optical-nonlinear effects at a single-photon level is a highly desirable but also extremely challenging task, because of both fundamental and practical difficulties. We present an avenue to surmounting these difficulties by exploiting quantum Zeno blockade in nonlinear optical systems. Considering specifically a lithium-niobate microresonator, we find that a deterministic phase gate can be realized between single photons with near-unity fidelity. Supported by established techniques for fabricating and operating such devices, our approach can provide an enabling tool for all-optical applications in both classical and quantum domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhu Sun
- Center for Photonic Communication and Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3112, USA
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46
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Sete EA, Das S. Entanglement of two spatially separated qubits via correlated photons. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1733-1735. [PMID: 22627553 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show that a high degree of steady-state entanglement between two spatially separated and initially uncoupled qubits can be achieved via interaction with a quantized squeezed field in a cavity. The cavity field induces two-photon coherence, which is crucial in creating entanglement between the qubits. Optimum entanglement is obtained when the less dissipative qubit is incoherently pumped while the other dissipates the excitation. Given the current state-of-the-art in cavity quantum electrodynamics and squeezed light sources, our scheme presents an effective way for light-to-matter entanglement transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyob A Sete
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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47
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Oka H. Control of vibronic excitation using quantum-correlated photons. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:164304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3654136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Oka H. Selective two-photon excitation of a vibronic state by correlated photons. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:124313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3573565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Oka H. Efficient two-step up-conversion by quantum-correlated photon pairs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:25839-25846. [PMID: 21164929 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.025839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the sequential two-step upconversion of correlated photon pairs with positive and negative energy correlations, in terms of how the up-conversion efficiency depends on the incident pulse delay. A three-level atomic system having a metastable state is used to evaluate the up-conversion efficiency. It is shown that a photon pair with a positive energy correlation can drastically enhance the up-conversion efficiency compared with uncorrelated photons and correlated photons with a negative energy correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaki Oka
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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50
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Adesso G, Campbell S, Illuminati F, Paternostro M. Controllable gaussian-qubit interface for extremal quantum state engineering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:240501. [PMID: 20867288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.240501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We study state engineering through bilinear interactions between two remote qubits and two-mode gaussian light fields. The attainable two-qubit states span the entire physically allowed region in the entanglement-versus-global-purity plane. Two-mode gaussian states with maximal entanglement at fixed global and marginal entropies produce maximally entangled two-qubit states in the corresponding entropic diagram. We show that a small set of parameters characterizing extremally entangled two-mode gaussian states is sufficient to control the engineering of extremally entangled two-qubit states, which can be realized in realistic matter-light scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Adesso
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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