1
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Ranfagni A, Marino F, Marin F. Spectral Analysis of Quantum Field Fluctuations in a Strongly Coupled Optomechanical System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:193601. [PMID: 37243649 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
With a levitodynamics experiment in the strong and coherent quantum optomechanical coupling regime, we demonstrate that the oscillator acts as a broadband quantum spectrum analyzer. The asymmetry between positive and negative frequency branches in the displacement spectrum traces out the spectral features of the quantum fluctuations in the cavity field, which are thus explored over a wide spectral range. Moreover, in our two-dimensional mechanical system the quantum backaction, generated by such vacuum fluctuations, is strongly suppressed in a narrow spectral region due to a destructive interference in the overall susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ranfagni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - F Marino
- INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- CNR-INO, largo Enrico Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - F Marin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- CNR-INO, largo Enrico Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
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2
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Bezvershenko AV, Halati CM, Sheikhan A, Kollath C, Rosch A. Dicke Transition in Open Many-Body Systems Determined by Fluctuation Effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:173606. [PMID: 34739289 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.173606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We develop an approach to describe the Dicke transition of interacting many-particle systems strongly coupled to the light of a lossy cavity. A mean-field approach is combined with a perturbative treatment of fluctuations beyond mean field, which becomes exact in the thermodynamic limit. These fluctuations completely change the nature of the steady state, determine the thermal character of the transition, and lead to universal properties of the emerging self-organized states. We validate our results by comparing them with time-dependent matrix-product-state calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V Bezvershenko
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ameneh Sheikhan
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Corinna Kollath
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Rosch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Delić U, Reisenbauer M, Dare K, Grass D, Vuletić V, Kiesel N, Aspelmeyer M. Cooling of a levitated nanoparticle to the motional quantum ground state. Science 2020; 367:892-895. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantum control of complex objects in the regime of large size and mass provides opportunities for sensing applications and tests of fundamental physics. The realization of such extreme quantum states of matter remains a major challenge. We demonstrate a quantum interface that combines optical trapping of solids with cavity-mediated light-matter interaction. Precise control over the frequency and position of the trap laser with respect to the optical cavity allowed us to laser-cool an optically trapped nanoparticle into its quantum ground state of motion from room temperature. The particle comprises 108 atoms, similar to current Bose-Einstein condensates, with the density of a solid object. Our cooling technique, in combination with optical trap manipulation, may enable otherwise unachievable superposition states involving large masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Delić
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Reisenbauer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kahan Dare
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Grass
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nikolai Kiesel
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Meyer N, Sommer ADLR, Mestres P, Gieseler J, Jain V, Novotny L, Quidant R. Resolved-Sideband Cooling of a Levitated Nanoparticle in the Presence of Laser Phase Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:153601. [PMID: 31702279 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of laser phase noise heating on resolved sideband cooling in the context of cooling the center-of-mass motion of a levitated nanoparticle in a high-finesse cavity. Although phase noise heating is not a fundamental physical constraint, the regime where it becomes the main limitation in Levitodynamics has so far been unexplored and hence embodies from this point forward the main obstacle in reaching the motional ground state of levitated mesoscopic objects with resolved sideband cooling. We reach minimal center-of-mass temperatures comparable to T_{min}=10 mK at a pressure of p=3×10^{-7} mbar, solely limited by phase noise. Finally we present possible strategies towards motional ground state cooling in the presence of phase noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Meyer
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés de Los Rios Sommer
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Mestres
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Gieseler
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vijay Jain
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Delić U, Reisenbauer M, Grass D, Kiesel N, Vuletić V, Aspelmeyer M. Cavity Cooling of a Levitated Nanosphere by Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:123602. [PMID: 30978033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report three-dimensional (3D) cooling of a levitated nanoparticle inside an optical cavity. The cooling mechanism is provided by cavity-enhanced coherent scattering off an optical tweezer. The observed 3D dynamics and cooling rates are as theoretically expected from the presence of both linear and quadratic terms in the interaction between the particle motion and the cavity field. By achieving nanometer-level control over the particle location we optimize the position-dependent coupling and demonstrate axial cooling by two orders of magnitude at background pressures of 6×10^{-2} mbar. We also estimate a significant (>40 dB) suppression of laser phase noise heating, which is a specific feature of the coherent scattering scheme. The observed performance implies that quantum ground state cavity cooling of levitated nanoparticles can be achieved for background pressures below 1×10^{-7} mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Delić
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Reisenbauer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Grass
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Kiesel
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Windey D, Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Maurer P, Novotny L, Romero-Isart O, Reimann R. Cavity-Based 3D Cooling of a Levitated Nanoparticle via Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:123601. [PMID: 30978044 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally realize cavity cooling of all three translational degrees of motion of a levitated nanoparticle in vacuum. The particle is trapped by a cavity-independent optical tweezer and coherently scatters tweezer light into the blue detuned cavity mode. For vacuum pressures around 10^{-5} mbar, minimal temperatures along the cavity axis in the millikelvin regime are observed. Simultaneously, the center-of-mass (c.m.) motion along the other two spatial directions is cooled to minimal temperatures of a few hundred millikelvin. Measuring temperatures and damping rates as the pressure is varied, we find that the cooling efficiencies depend on the particle position within the intracavity standing wave. This data and the behavior of the c.m. temperatures as functions of cavity detuning and tweezer power are consistent with a theoretical analysis of the experiment. Experimental limits and opportunities of our approach are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Windey
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Maurer
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - René Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Lu Y, Chakram S, Leung N, Earnest N, Naik RK, Huang Z, Groszkowski P, Kapit E, Koch J, Schuster DI. Universal Stabilization of a Parametrically Coupled Qubit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:150502. [PMID: 29077454 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.150502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We autonomously stabilize arbitrary states of a qubit through parametric modulation of the coupling between a fixed frequency qubit and resonator. The coupling modulation is achieved with a tunable coupling design, in which the qubit and the resonator are connected in parallel to a superconducting quantum interference device. This allows for quasistatic tuning of the qubit-cavity coupling strength from 12 MHz to more than 300 MHz. Additionally, the coupling can be dynamically modulated, allowing for single-photon exchange in 6 ns. Qubit coherence times exceeding 20 μs are maintained over the majority of the range of tuning, limited primarily by the Purcell effect. The parametric stabilization technique realized using the tunable coupler involves engineering the qubit bath through a combination of photon nonconserving sideband interactions realized by flux modulation, and direct qubit Rabi driving. We demonstrate that the qubit can be stabilized to arbitrary states on the Bloch sphere with a worst-case fidelity exceeding 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - S Chakram
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - N Leung
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - N Earnest
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R K Naik
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ziwen Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Peter Groszkowski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Eliot Kapit
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Jens Koch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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9
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Hosseini M, Duan Y, Beck KM, Chen YT, Vuletić V. Cavity Cooling of Many Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:183601. [PMID: 28524680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.183601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate cavity cooling of all motional degrees of freedom of an atomic ensemble using light that is far detuned from the atomic transitions by several gigahertz. The cooling is achieved by cavity-induced frequency-dependent asymmetric enhancement of the atomic emission spectrum, thereby extracting thermal kinetic energy from the atomic system. Within 100 ms, the atomic temperature is reduced from 200 to 10 μK, where the final temperature is mainly limited by the linewidth of the cavity. In principle, the technique can be applied to molecules and atoms with complex internal energy structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hosseini
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yiheng Duan
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kristin M Beck
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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10
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Schütz S, Jäger SB, Morigi G. Dissipation-Assisted Prethermalization in Long-Range Interacting Atomic Ensembles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:083001. [PMID: 27588853 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.083001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically characterize the semiclassical dynamics of an ensemble of atoms after a sudden quench across a driven-dissipative second-order phase transition. The atoms are driven by a laser and interact via conservative and dissipative long-range forces mediated by the photons of a single-mode cavity. These forces can cool the motion and, above a threshold value of the laser intensity, induce spatial ordering. We show that the relaxation dynamics following the quench exhibits a long prethermalizing behavior which is first dominated by coherent long-range forces and then by their interplay with dissipation. Remarkably, dissipation-assisted prethermalization is orders of magnitude longer than prethermalization due to the coherent dynamics. We show that it is associated with the creation of momentum-position correlations, which remain nonzero for even longer times than mean-field predicts. This implies that cavity cooling of an atomic ensemble into the self-organized phase can require longer time scales than the typical experimental duration. In general, these results demonstrate that noise and dissipation can substantially slow down the onset of thermalization in long-range interacting many-body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schütz
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Simon B Jäger
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Giovanna Morigi
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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11
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Xu M, Jäger SB, Schütz S, Cooper J, Morigi G, Holland MJ. Supercooling of Atoms in an Optical Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:153002. [PMID: 27127966 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.153002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate laser cooling of an ensemble of atoms in an optical cavity. We demonstrate that when atomic dipoles are synchronized in the regime of steady-state superradiance, the motion of the atoms may be subject to a giant frictional force leading to potentially very low temperatures. The ultimate temperature limits are determined by a modified atomic linewidth, which can be orders of magnitude smaller than the cavity linewidth. The cooling rate is enhanced by the superradiant emission into the cavity mode allowing reasonable cooling rates even for dipolar transitions with ultranarrow linewidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Xu
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Simon B Jäger
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - S Schütz
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J Cooper
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Giovanna Morigi
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M J Holland
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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12
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An Optomechanical Elevator: Transport of a Bloch Oscillating Bose–Einstein Condensate up and down an Optical Lattice by Cavity Sideband Amplification and Cooling. ATOMS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Goldwin J, Venkatesh BP, O'Dell DHJ. Backaction-driven transport of Bloch oscillating atoms in ring cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:073003. [PMID: 25170704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.073003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We predict that an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate strongly coupled to an intracavity optical lattice can undergo resonant tunneling and directed transport when a constant and uniform bias force is applied. The bias force induces Bloch oscillations, causing amplitude and phase modulation of the lattice which resonantly modifies the site-to-site tunneling. For the right choice of parameters a net atomic current is generated. The transport velocity can be oriented oppositely to the bias force, with its amplitude and direction controlled by the detuning between the pump laser and the cavity. The transport can also be enhanced through imbalanced pumping of the two counterpropagating running wave cavity modes. Our results add to the cold atoms quantum simulation toolbox, with implications for quantum sensing and metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Goldwin
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - B Prasanna Venkatesh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada and Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - D H J O'Dell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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14
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Kessler H, Klinder J, Wolke M, Hemmerich A. Steering matter wave superradiance with an ultranarrow-band optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:070404. [PMID: 25170694 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A superfluid atomic gas is prepared inside an optical resonator with an ultranarrow bandwidth on the order of the single photon recoil energy. When a monochromatic off-resonant laser beam irradiates the atoms, above a critical intensity the cavity emits superradiant light pulses with a duration on the order of its photon storage time. The atoms are collectively scattered into coherent superpositions of discrete momentum states, which can be precisely controlled by adjusting the cavity resonance frequency. With appropriate pulse sequences the entire atomic sample can be collectively accelerated or decelerated by multiples of two recoil momenta. The instability boundary for the onset of matter wave superradiance is recorded and its main features are explained by a mean field model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kessler
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Klinder
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Wolke
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Hemmerich
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Cavity cooling of free silicon nanoparticles in high vacuum. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2743. [PMID: 24193438 PMCID: PMC3831283 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser cooling has given a boost to atomic physics throughout the last 30 years, as it allows one to prepare atoms in motional states, which can only be described by quantum mechanics. Most methods rely, however, on a near-resonant and cyclic coupling between laser light and well-defined internal states, which has remained a challenge for mesoscopic particles. An external cavity may compensate for the lack of internal cycling transitions in dielectric objects and it may provide assistance in the cooling of their centre-of-mass state. Here we demonstrate cavity cooling of the transverse kinetic energy of silicon nanoparticles freely propagating in high vacuum (<10−8 mbar). We create and launch them with longitudinal velocities down to v≤1 m s−1 using laser-induced ablation of a pristine silicon wafer. Their interaction with the light of a high-finesse infrared cavity reduces their transverse kinetic energy by up to a factor of 30. Laser cooling has been a successful technique to cool atoms and diatomic molecules to very low temperatures. Here, using an external cavity for an improved light coupling, Asenbaum et al. achieve the cooling of much larger objects, silicon nanoparticles, and reduce their transverse kinetic energy by up to a factor of 30.
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16
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Wood CJ, Borneman TW, Cory DG. Cavity cooling of an ensemble spin system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:050501. [PMID: 24580576 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe how sideband cooling techniques may be applied to large spin ensembles in magnetic resonance. Using the Tavis-Cummings model in the presence of a Rabi drive, we solve a Markovian master equation describing the joint spin-cavity dynamics to derive cooling rates as a function of ensemble size. Our calculations indicate that the coupled angular momentum subspaces of a spin ensemble containing roughly 10(11) electron spins may be polarized in a time many orders of magnitude shorter than the typical thermal relaxation time. The described techniques should permit efficient removal of entropy for spin-based quantum information processors and fast polarization of spin samples. The proposed application of a standard technique in quantum optics to magnetic resonance also serves to reinforce the connection between the two fields, which has recently begun to be explored in further detail due to the development of hybrid designs for manufacturing noise-resilient quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wood
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Troy W Borneman
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - David G Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
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17
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Sames C, Chibani H, Hamsen C, Altin PA, Wilk T, Rempe G. Antiresonance phase shift in strongly coupled cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:043601. [PMID: 24580448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.043601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate phase shifts in the strong coupling regime of single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics. On the light transmitted through the system, we observe a phase shift associated with an antiresonance and show that both its frequency and width depend solely on the atom, despite the strong coupling to the cavity. This shift is optically controllable and reaches 140°--the largest ever reported for a single emitter. Our result offers a new technique for the characterization of complex integrated quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sames
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Chibani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Hamsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P A Altin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Wilk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lemeshko
- a ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
| | - Roman V. Krems
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
- d Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , BC V6T 1Z1, Vancouver , Canada
| | - John M. Doyle
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
| | - Sabre Kais
- e Departments of Chemistry and Physics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , 47907 , USA
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19
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Abstract
The coupling of a levitated submicron particle and an optical cavity field promises access to a unique parameter regime both for macroscopic quantum experiments and for high-precision force sensing. We report a demonstration of such controlled interactions by cavity cooling the center-of-mass motion of an optically trapped submicron particle. This paves the way for a light-matter interface that can enable room-temperature quantum experiments with mesoscopic mechanical systems.
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20
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Wei S, Lin J, Wang R, Wang Q, Yuan G, Du L, Wang Y, Luo X, Hong M, Min C, Yuan X. Self-imaging generation of plasmonic void arrays. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:2783-2785. [PMID: 23903141 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.002783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A plasmonic device is proposed to produce a self-imaging surface plasmon void array (2D surface bottle beam array) by the interference of two nondiffracting surface beams, namely, cosine-Gauss beams. The self-imaging surface voids are shown by full-wave calculations and then verified experimentally with an aperture-type near-field scanning optical microscope. We also demonstrate that the void array can be adjusted with flexibility in terms of the pattern and the number of voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibiao Wei
- Institute of Modern Optics, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science & Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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21
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Juffmann T, Ulbricht H, Arndt M. Experimental methods of molecular matter-wave optics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:086402. [PMID: 23907707 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/8/086402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the state of the art in preparing, manipulating and detecting coherent molecular matter. We focus on experimental methods for handling the quantum motion of compound systems from diatomic molecules to clusters or biomolecules.Molecular quantum optics offers many challenges and innovative prospects: already the combination of two atoms into one molecule takes several well-established methods from atomic physics, such as for instance laser cooling, to their limits. The enormous internal complexity that arises when hundreds or thousands of atoms are bound in a single organic molecule, cluster or nanocrystal provides a richness that can only be tackled by combining methods from atomic physics, chemistry, cluster physics, nanotechnology and the life sciences.We review various molecular beam sources and their suitability for matter-wave experiments. We discuss numerous molecular detection schemes and give an overview over diffraction and interference experiments that have already been performed with molecules or clusters.Applications of de Broglie studies with composite systems range from fundamental tests of physics up to quantum-enhanced metrology in physical chemistry, biophysics and the surface sciences.Nanoparticle quantum optics is a growing field, which will intrigue researchers still for many years to come. This review can, therefore, only be a snapshot of a very dynamical process.
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22
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Yi Z, Gu WJ, Li GX. Ground-state cooling for a trapped atom using cavity-induced double electromagnetically induced transparency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:3445-3462. [PMID: 23481803 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.003445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a cooling scheme for a trapped atom using the phenomenon of cavity-induced double electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), where the atom comprising of four levels in tripod configuration is confined inside a high-finesse optical cavity. By exploiting one cavity-induced EIT, which involves one cavity photon and two laser photons, carrier transition can be eliminated due to the quantum destructive interference of excitation paths. Heating process originated from blue-sideband transition mediated by cavity field can also be prohibited due to the destructive quantum interference with the additional transition between the additional ground state and the excited state. As a consequence, the trapped atom can be cooled to the motional ground state in the leading order of the Lamb-Dicke parameters. In addition, the cooling rate is of the same order of magnitude as that obtained in the cavity-induced single EIT scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yi
- Department of Physics, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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23
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Sisyphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules. Nature 2012; 491:570-3. [PMID: 23151480 DOI: 10.1038/nature11595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polar molecules have a rich internal structure and long-range dipole-dipole interactions, making them useful for quantum-controlled applications and fundamental investigations. Their potential fully unfolds at ultracold temperatures, where various effects are predicted in many-body physics, quantum information science, ultracold chemistry and physics beyond the standard model. Whereas a wide range of methods to produce cold molecular ensembles have been developed, the cooling of polyatomic molecules (that is, with three or more atoms) to ultracold temperatures has seemed intractable. Here we report the experimental realization of optoelectrical cooling, a recently proposed cooling and accumulation method for polar molecules. Its key attribute is the removal of a large fraction of a molecule's kinetic energy in each cycle of the cooling sequence via a Sisyphus effect, allowing cooling with only a few repetitions of the dissipative decay process. We demonstrate the potential of optoelectrical cooling by reducing the temperature of about one million CH(3)F molecules by a factor of 13.5, with the phase-space density increased by a factor of 29 (or a factor of 70 discounting trap losses). In contrast to other cooling mechanisms, our scheme proceeds in a trap, cools in all three dimensions and should work for a large variety of polar molecules. With no fundamental temperature limit anticipated down to the photon-recoil temperature in the nanokelvin range, we expect our method to be able to produce ultracold polyatomic molecules. The low temperatures, large molecule numbers and long trapping times of up to 27 seconds should allow an interaction-dominated regime to be attained, enabling collision studies and investigation of evaporative cooling towards a Bose-Einstein condensate of polyatomic molecules.
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24
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Murch KW, Vool U, Zhou D, Weber SJ, Girvin SM, Siddiqi I. Cavity-assisted quantum bath engineering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:183602. [PMID: 23215278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.183602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantum bath engineering for a superconducting artificial atom coupled to a microwave cavity. By tailoring the spectrum of microwave photon shot noise in the cavity, we create a dissipative environment that autonomously relaxes the atom to an arbitrarily specified coherent superposition of the ground and excited states. In the presence of background thermal excitations, this mechanism increases state purity and effectively cools the dressed atom state to a low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Murch
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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25
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Cormick C, Morigi G. Structural transitions of ion strings in quantum potentials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:053003. [PMID: 23006169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.053003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the stability and dynamics of an ion chain confined inside a high-finesse optical resonator. When the dipolar transition of the ions strongly couples to one cavity mode, the mechanical effects of light modify the chain properties close to a structural transition. We focus on the linear chain close to the zigzag instability and show that linear and zigzag arrays are bistable for certain strengths of the laser pumping the cavity. For these regimes the chain is cooled into one of the configurations by cavity-enhanced photon scattering. The excitations of these structures mix photonic and vibrational fluctuations, which can be entangled at steady state. These features are signaled by Fano-like resonances in the spectrum of light at the cavity output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cormick
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Conventional laser cooling relies on repeated electronic excitations by near-resonant light, which constrains its area of application to a selected number of atomic species prepared at moderate particle densities. Optical cavities with sufficiently large Purcell factors allow for laser cooling schemes, avoiding these limitations. Here, we report on an atom-cavity system, combining a Purcell factor above 40 with a cavity bandwidth below the recoil frequency associated with the kinetic energy transfer in a single photon scattering event. This lets us access a yet-unexplored regime of atom-cavity interactions, in which the atomic motion can be manipulated by targeted dissipation with sub-recoil resolution. We demonstrate cavity-induced heating of a Bose-Einstein condensate and subsequent cooling at particle densities and temperatures incompatible with conventional laser cooling.
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27
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van de Meerakker SYT, Bethlem HL, Vanhaecke N, Meijer G. Manipulation and Control of Molecular Beams. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4828-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrick L. Bethlem
- Institute for Lasers, Life and
Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam,
De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Vanhaecke
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Bâtiment 505, Université Paris-Sud,
91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
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28
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Schleier-Smith MH, Leroux ID, Zhang H, Van Camp MA, Vuletić V. Optomechanical cavity cooling of an atomic ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:143005. [PMID: 22107191 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.143005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate cavity sideband cooling of a single collective motional mode of an atomic ensemble down to a mean phonon occupation number ⟨n⟩(min)=2.0(-0.3)(+0.9). Both ⟨n⟩(min) and the observed cooling rate are in good agreement with an optomechanical model. The cooling rate constant is proportional to the total photon scattering rate by the ensemble, demonstrating the cooperative character of the light-emission-induced cooling process. We deduce fundamental limits to cavity cooling either the collective mode or, sympathetically, the single-atom degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika H Schleier-Smith
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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29
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Bertoldi A, Bernon S, Vanderbruggen T, Landragin A, Bouyer P. In situ characterization of an optical cavity using atomic light shift. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:3769-3771. [PMID: 21081991 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the precise characterization of the optical potential obtained by injecting a distributed-feedback erbium-doped fiber laser at 1560 nm to the transverse modes of a folded optical cavity. The optical potential was mapped in situ using cold rubidium atoms, whose potential energy was spectrally resolved thanks to the strong differential light shift induced by the 1560 nm laser on the two levels of the probe transition. The optical potential obtained in the cavity is suitable for trapping rubidium atoms and eventually to achieve all-optical Bose-Einstein condensation directly in the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertoldi
- Institut d'Optique, University of Paris Sud, CNRS, F-91127 Palaiseau, France.
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30
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Leibrandt DR, Labaziewicz J, Vuletić V, Chuang IL. Cavity sideband cooling of a single trapped ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:103001. [PMID: 19792300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a demonstration and quantitative characterization of one-dimensional cavity cooling of a single trapped (88)Sr(+) ion in the resolved-sideband regime. We measure the spectrum of cavity transitions, the rates of cavity heating and cooling, and the steady-state cooling limit. The cavity cooling dynamics and cooling limit of 22.5(3) motional quanta, limited by the moderate coupling between the ion and the cavity, are consistent with a simple model [Phys. Rev. A 64, 033405 (2001)] without any free parameters, validating the rate equation model for cavity cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Leibrandt
- Department of Physics & Center for Ultracold Atoms Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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31
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Schnell M, Meijer G. Cold Molecules: Preparation, Applications, and Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6010-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Schnell M, Meijer G. Kalte Moleküle: Herstellung, Anwendungen und Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Favero I, Stapfner S, Hunger D, Paulitschke P, Reichel J, Lorenz H, Weig EM, Karrai K. Fluctuating nanomechanical system in a high finesse optical microcavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:12813-12820. [PMID: 19654687 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The idea of extending cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments to sub-wavelength sized nanomechanical systems has been recently proposed in the context of optical cavity cooling and optomechanics of deformable cavities. Here we present an experiment involving a single nanorod consisting of about 10(9) atoms precisely positioned into the confined mode of a miniature high finesse Fabry-Pérot microcavity. We show that the optical transmission of the cavity is affected not only by the static position of the nanorod but also by its vibrational fluctuation. The Brownian motion of the nanorod is resolved with a displacement sensitivity of 200 fm/square root Hz at room temperature. Besides a broad range of sensing applications, cavity-induced manipulation of optomechanical nanosystems and back-action is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Favero
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany.
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34
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Ye J, Kimble HJ, Katori H. Quantum State Engineering and Precision Metrology Using State-Insensitive Light Traps. Science 2008; 320:1734-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1148259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - H. J. Kimble
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Katori
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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35
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Szirmai G, Domokos P. Geometric resonance cooling of polarizable particles in an optical waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:213602. [PMID: 18233218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.213602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the radiation field of an optical waveguide, the Rayleigh scattering of photons is shown to result in a strongly velocity-dependent force on atoms. The pump field, which is injected in the fundamental branch of the waveguide, is favorably scattered by a moving atom into one of the transversely excited branches of propagating modes. All fields involved are far detuned from any resonances of the atom. For a simple polarizable particle, a linear friction force coefficient comparable to that of cavity cooling can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Szirmai
- Research Institute of Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
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36
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Vilensky MY, Prior Y, Averbukh IS. Cooling in a bistable optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:103002. [PMID: 17930385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose a generic approach to nonresonant laser cooling of atoms and molecules in a bistable optical cavity. The method exemplifies a photonic version of Sisyphus cooling, in which the matter-dressed cavity extracts energy from the particles and discharges it to the external field as a result of sudden transitions between two stable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Y Vilensky
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
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37
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Morigi G, Pinkse PWH, Kowalewski M, de Vivie-Riedle R. Cavity cooling of internal molecular motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:073001. [PMID: 17930891 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We predict that it is possible to cool rotational, vibrational, and translational degrees of freedom of molecules by coupling a molecular dipole transition to an optical cavity. The dynamics is numerically simulated for a realistic set of experimental parameters using OH molecules. The results show that the translational motion is cooled to a few muK and the internal state is prepared in one of the two ground states of the two decoupled rotational ladders in a few seconds. Shorter cooling times are expected for molecules with larger polarizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Morigi
- Departament de Fisica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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38
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Fortier KM, Kim SY, Gibbons MJ, Ahmadi P, Chapman MS. Deterministic loading of individual atoms to a high-finesse optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:233601. [PMID: 17677905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Individual laser-cooled atoms are delivered on demand from a single atom magneto-optic trap to a high-finesse optical cavity using an atom conveyor. Strong coupling of the atom with the cavity field allows simultaneous cooling and detection of individual atoms for time scales exceeding 15 s. The single atom scatter rate is studied as a function of probe-cavity detuning and probe Rabi frequency, and the experimental results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate the ability to manipulate the position of a single atom relative to the cavity mode with excellent control and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Fortier
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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39
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Schliesser A, Del'Haye P, Nooshi N, Vahala KJ, Kippenberg TJ. Radiation pressure cooling of a micromechanical oscillator using dynamical backaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:243905. [PMID: 17280288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.243905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cooling of a 58 MHz micromechanical resonator from room temperature to 11 K is demonstrated using cavity enhanced radiation pressure. Detuned pumping of an optical resonance allows enhancement of the blueshifted motional sideband (caused by the oscillator's Brownian motion) with respect to the redshifted sideband leading to cooling of the mechanical oscillator mode. The reported cooling mechanism is a manifestation of the effect of radiation pressure induced dynamical backaction. These results constitute an important step towards achieving ground state cooling of a mechanical oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schliesser
- Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
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40
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Murr K. Large velocity capture range and low temperatures with cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:253001. [PMID: 16907300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.253001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There are interesting modifications to the Doppler force when atoms strongly couple to an optical cavity. In particular, there is the possibility to increase the velocity capture range while maintaining a final temperature close to the Doppler limit. The mechanism is based on the multiple absorption emissions of each cavity photon. A previously reported counterintuitive Doppler effect is clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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41
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Rieger T, Junglen T, Rangwala SA, Pinkse PWH, Rempe G. Continuous loading of an electrostatic trap for polar molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:173002. [PMID: 16383826 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.173002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A continuously operated electrostatic trap for polar molecules is demonstrated. The trap has a volume of approximately 0.6 cm3 and holds molecules with a positive Stark shift. With deuterated ammonia from a quadrupole velocity filter, a trap density of approximately 10(8) cm(-3) is achieved with an average lifetime of 130 ms and a motional temperature of approximately 300 mK. The trap offers good starting conditions for high-precision measurements, and can be used as a first stage in cooling schemes for molecules and as a "reaction vessel" in cold chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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42
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Domokos P, Vukics A, Ritsch H. Anomalous Doppler-effect and polariton-mediated cooling of two-level atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:103601. [PMID: 15089207 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We consider an atom moving in a near resonant laser field with its dipole strongly coupled to a resonator field mode. As compared to the standard Doppler shift, we find a substantially different and counterintuitive linear velocity dependence of the light scattering properties. The mechanical force of the laser field exhibits strong velocity selectivity at a polariton resonance, which gives rise to an enhanced friction force and Doppler cooling even in the directions perpendicular to the resonator axis. This effect allows for sub-Doppler cooling of atoms even with a nondegenerate ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Domokos
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P. O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Maunz P, Puppe T, Schuster I, Syassen N, Pinkse PWH, Rempe G. Cavity cooling of a single atom. Nature 2004; 428:50-2. [PMID: 14999275 DOI: 10.1038/nature02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
All conventional methods to laser-cool atoms rely on repeated cycles of optical pumping and spontaneous emission of a photon by the atom. Spontaneous emission in a random direction provides the dissipative mechanism required to remove entropy from the atom. However, alternative cooling methods have been proposed for a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse cavity; the role of spontaneous emission is replaced by the escape of a photon from the cavity. Application of such cooling schemes would improve the performance of atom-cavity systems for quantum information processing. Furthermore, as cavity cooling does not rely on spontaneous emission, it can be applied to systems that cannot be laser-cooled by conventional methods; these include molecules (which do not have a closed transition) and collective excitations of Bose condensates, which are destroyed by randomly directed recoil kicks. Here we demonstrate cavity cooling of single rubidium atoms stored in an intracavity dipole trap. The cooling mechanism results in extended storage times and improved localization of atoms. We estimate that the observed cooling rate is at least five times larger than that produced by free-space cooling methods, for comparable excitation of the atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maunz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Black AT, Chan HW, Vuletić V. Observation of collective friction forces due to spatial self-organization of atoms: from Rayleigh to Bragg scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:203001. [PMID: 14683358 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.203001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that emission-induced self-organization of two-level atoms can effect strong damping of the sample's center-of-mass motion. When illuminated by far-detuned light, cold cesium atoms assemble into a density grating that efficiently diffracts the incident light into an optical resonator. We observe random phase jumps of pi in the emitted light, confirming spontaneous symmetry breaking in the atomic self-organization. The Bragg diffraction results in a collective friction force with center-of-mass deceleration up to 1000 m/s(2) that is effective even for an open atomic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Black
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4060, USA
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Chan HW, Black AT, Vuletić V. Observation of collective-emission-induced cooling of atoms in an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:063003. [PMID: 12633292 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.063003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2002] [Revised: 08/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of collective-emission-induced, velocity-dependent light forces. One-third of a falling sample containing 3 x 10(6) cesium atoms illuminated by a horizontal standing wave is stopped by cooperatively emitting light into a vertically oriented, confocal resonator. We observe decelerations up to 1500 m/s(2) and cooling to temperatures as low as 7 microK, well below the free-space Doppler limit. The measured forces substantially exceed those predicted for a single two-level atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilton W Chan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4060, USA
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Domokos P, Ritsch H. Collective cooling and self-organization of atoms in a cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:253003. [PMID: 12484881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.253003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the correlated dynamics of N coherently driven atoms coupled to a standing-wave cavity mode. For red detuning between the driving field and the cavity as well as the atomic resonance frequencies, we predict a light force induced self-organization of the atoms into one of two possible regular patterns, which maximize the cooperative scattering of light into the cavity field. Kinetic energy is extracted from the atoms by superradiant light scattering to reach a final kinetic energy related to the cavity linewidth. The self-organization starts only above a threshold of the pump strength and atom number. We find a quadratic dependence of the cavity mode intensity on the atom number, which demonstrates the cooperative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Domokos
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Austria
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Fischer T, Maunz P, Pinkse PWH, Puppe T, Rempe G. Feedback on the motion of a single atom in an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:163002. [PMID: 11955231 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.163002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate feedback on the motion of a single neutral atom trapped in the light field of a high-finesse cavity. Information on the atomic motion is obtained from the transmittance of the cavity. This is used to implement a feedback loop in analog electronics that influences the atom's motion by controlling the optical dipole force exerted by the same light that is used to observe the atom. In spite of intrinsic limitations, the time the atom stays within the cavity could be extended by almost 30% beyond that of a comparable constant-intensity dipole trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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48
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Abstract
This overview prefaces a collection of Insight review articles on the physics and applications of laser-cooled atoms. I will cast this work into a historical perspective in which laser cooling and trapping is seen as one of several research directions aimed at controlling the internal and external degrees of freedom of atoms and molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Chu
- Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4060, USA
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Abstract
The early experiments on Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three long-standing goals. First, cooling of neutral atoms into their motional ground state, thus subjecting them to ultimate control, limited only by Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. Second, creation of a coherent sample of atoms, in which all occupy the same quantum state, and the realization of atom lasers - devices that output coherent matter waves. And third, creation of a gaseous quantum fluid, with properties that are different from the quantum liquids helium-3 and helium-4. The field of Bose-Einstein condensation of atomic gases has continued to progress rapidly, driven by the combination of new experimental techniques and theoretical advances. The family of quantum-degenerate gases has grown, and now includes metastable and fermionic atoms. Condensates have become an ultralow-temperature laboratory for atom optics, collisional physics and many-body physics, encompassing phonons, superfluidity, quantized vortices, Josephson junctions and quantum phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anglin
- Research Laboratory for Electronics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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50
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Baba T, Waki I. Chemical reaction of sympathetically laser-cooled molecular ions. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1431273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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