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Atac H, Constantinou M, Meziani ZE, Paolone M, Sparveris N. Measurement of the neutron charge radius and the role of its constituents. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1759. [PMID: 33741952 PMCID: PMC7979702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutron is a cornerstone in our depiction of the visible universe. Despite the neutron zero-net electric charge, the asymmetric distribution of the positively- (up) and negatively-charged (down) quarks, a result of the complex quark-gluon dynamics, lead to a negative value for its squared charge radius, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\langle {r}_{{\rm{n}}}^{2}\rangle$$\end{document}⟨rn2⟩. The precise measurement of the neutron’s charge radius thus emerges as an essential part of unraveling its structure. Here we report on a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\langle {r}_{{\rm{n}}}^{2}\rangle$$\end{document}⟨rn2⟩ measurement, based on the extraction of the neutron electric form factor, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${G}_{{\rm{E}}}^{{\rm{n}}}$$\end{document}GEn, at low four-momentum transfer squared (Q2) by exploiting the long known connection between the N → Δ quadrupole transitions and the neutron electric form factor. Our result, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\langle {r}_{{\rm{n}}}^{2}\rangle =-0.110\pm 0.008\,({{\rm{fm}}}^{2})$$\end{document}⟨rn2⟩=−0.110±0.008(fm2), addresses long standing unresolved discrepancies in the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\langle {r}_{{\rm{n}}}^{2}\rangle$$\end{document}⟨rn2⟩ determination. The dynamics of the strong nuclear force can be viewed through the precise picture of the neutron’s constituent distributions that result into the non-zero \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\langle {r}_{{\rm{n}}}^{2}\rangle$$\end{document}⟨rn2⟩ value. The charge radius of nucleons provides information about their structure. Here the authors present a method, based values of neutron electric form factors, to determine the charge radius of the neutron and provide information on improving the uncertainty of neutron charge radius measurements
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Affiliation(s)
- H Atac
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Z-E Meziani
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - M Paolone
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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Borah K, Hill RJ, Lee G, Tomalak O. Parametrization and applications of the low-
Q2
nucleon vector form factors. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.074012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gutsche T, Lyubovitskij VE, Schmidt I, Vega A. Nucleon structure in a light-front quark model consistent with quark counting rules and data. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.054028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Selyugin O. Models of parton distributions and the description of form factors of nucleon. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.89.093007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schlimme BS, Achenbach P, Ayerbe Gayoso CA, Bernauer JC, Böhm R, Bosnar D, Challand T, Distler MO, Doria L, Fellenberger F, Fonvieille H, Gómez Rodríguez M, Grabmayr P, Hehl T, Heil W, Kiselev D, Krimmer J, Makek M, Merkel H, Middleton DG, Müller U, Nungesser L, Ott BA, Pochodzalla J, Potokar M, Sánchez Majos S, Sargsian MM, Sick I, Sirca S, Weinriefer M, Wendel M, Yoon CJ. Measurement of the neutron electric to magnetic form factor ratio at Q2=1.58 GeV2 using the reaction 3He[over →](e[over →],e'n)pp. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:132504. [PMID: 24116774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.132504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A measurement of beam helicity asymmetries in the reaction 3He[over →](e[over →],e'n)pp is performed at the Mainz Microtron in quasielastic kinematics to determine the electric to magnetic form factor ratio of the neutron GEn/GMn at a four-momentum transfer Q2=1.58 GeV2. Longitudinally polarized electrons are scattered on a highly polarized 3He gas target. The scattered electrons are detected with a high-resolution magnetic spectrometer, and the ejected neutrons are detected with a dedicated neutron detector composed of scintillator bars. To reduce systematic errors, data are taken for four different target polarization orientations allowing the determination of GEn/GMn from a double ratio. We find μnGEn/GMn=0.250±0.058(stat)±0.017(syst).
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Schlimme
- Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Cates GD, de Jager CW, Riordan S, Wojtsekhowski B. Flavor decomposition of the elastic nucleon electromagnetic form factors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:252003. [PMID: 21770634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.252003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The u- and d-quark contributions to the elastic nucleon electromagnetic form factors have been determined by using experimental data on G(E)(n), G(M)(n), G(E)(p), and G(M)(p). Such a flavor separation of the form factors became possible up to negative four-momentum transfer squared Q(2) = 3.4 GeV(2) with recent data on G(E)(n) from Hall A at Jefferson Lab. For Q(2) above 1 GeV(2), for both the u and the d quark, the ratio of the Pauli and Dirac form factors, F(2)/F(1), was found to be almost constant in sharp contrast to the behavior of F(2)/F(1) for the proton as a whole. Also, again for Q(2)>1 GeV(2), both F(2)(d) and F(1)(d) are roughly proportional to 1/Q(4), whereas the dropoff of F(2)(u) and F(1)(u) is more gradual.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Cates
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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Riordan S, Abrahamyan S, Craver B, Kelleher A, Kolarkar A, Miller J, Cates GD, Liyanage N, Wojtsekhowski B, Acha A, Allada K, Anderson B, Aniol KA, Annand JRM, Arrington J, Averett T, Beck A, Bellis M, Boeglin W, Breuer H, Calarco JR, Camsonne A, Chen JP, Chudakov E, Coman L, Crowe B, Cusanno F, Day D, Degtyarenko P, Dolph PAM, Dutta C, Ferdi C, Fernández-Ramírez C, Feuerbach R, Fraile LM, Franklin G, Frullani S, Fuchs S, Garibaldi F, Gevorgyan N, Gilman R, Glamazdin A, Gomez J, Grimm K, Hansen JO, Herraiz JL, Higinbotham DW, Holmes R, Holmstrom T, Howell D, de Jager CW, Jiang X, Jones MK, Katich J, Kaufman LJ, Khandaker M, Kelly JJ, Kiselev D, Korsch W, LeRose J, Lindgren R, Markowitz P, Margaziotis DJ, Beck SMT, Mayilyan S, McCormick K, Meziani ZE, Michaels R, Moffit B, Nanda S, Nelyubin V, Ngo T, Nikolenko DM, Norum B, Pentchev L, Perdrisat CF, Piasetzky E, Pomatsalyuk R, Protopopescu D, Puckett AJR, Punjabi VA, Qian X, Qiang Y, Quinn B, Rachek I, Ransome RD, Reimer PE, Reitz B, Roche J, Ron G, Rondon O, Rosner G, Saha A, Sargsian MM, Sawatzky B, Segal J, Shabestari M, Shahinyan A, Shestakov Y, Singh J, Sirca S, Souder P, Stepanyan S, Stibunov V, Sulkosky V, Tajima S, Tobias WA, Udias JM, Urciuoli GM, Vlahovic B, Voskanyan H, Wang K, Wesselmann FR, Vignote JR, Wood SA, Wright J, Yao H, Zhu X. Measurements of the electric form factor of the neutron up to Q2=3.4 GeV2 using the reaction 3He(e,e'n)pp. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:262302. [PMID: 21231649 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.262302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The electric form factor of the neutron was determined from studies of the reaction 3He(e,e'n)pp in quasielastic kinematics in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. Longitudinally polarized electrons were scattered off a polarized target in which the nuclear polarization was oriented perpendicular to the momentum transfer. The scattered electrons were detected in a magnetic spectrometer in coincidence with neutrons that were registered in a large-solid-angle detector. More than doubling the Q2 range over which it is known, we find G(E)(n)=0.0236±0.0017(stat)±0.0026(syst), 0.0208±0.0024±0.0019, and 0.0147±0.0020±0.0014 for Q(2)=1.72, 2.48, and 3.41 GeV2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riordan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Pascalutsa V, Vanderhaeghen M. Large-Ncrelations for the electromagnetic nucleon-to-Δform factors. Int J Clin Exp Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.76.111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Warren G, Wesselmann F, Zhu H, McKee P, Savvinov N, Zeier M, Aghalaryan A, Ahmidouch A, Arenhövel H, Asaturyan R, Ben-Dayan I, Bloch F, Boeglin W, Boillat B, Breuer H, Brower J, Carasco C, Carl M, Carlini R, Cha J, Chant N, Christy E, Cole L, Coman L, Coman M, Crabb D, Danagoulian S, Day D, Duek K, Dunne J, Elaasar M, Ent R, Farrell J, Fatemi R, Fawcett D, Fenker H, Forest T, Garrow K, Gasparian A, Goussev I, Gueye P, Harvey M, Hauger M, Herrera R, Hu B, Jaegle I, Jones M, Jourdan J, Keith C, Kelly J, Keppel C, Khandaker M, Klein A, Klimenko A, Kramer L, Krusche B, Kuhn S, Liang Y, Lichtenstadt J, Lindgren R, Liu J, Lung A, Mack D, Maclachlan G, Markowitz P, McNulty D, Meekins D, Mitchell J, Mkrtchyan H, Nasseripour R, Niculescu I, Normand K, Norum B, Opper A, Piasetzky E, Pierce J, Pitt M, Prok Y, Raue B, Reinhold J, Roche J, Rohe D, Rondon O, Sacker D, Sawatzky B, Seely M, Sick I, Simicevic N, Smith C, Smith G, Steinacher M, Stepanyan S, Stout J, Tadevosyan V, Tajima S, Tang L, Testa G, Trojer R, Vlahovic B, Vulcan B, Wang K, Wells S, Woehrle H, Wood S, Yan C, Yanay Y, Yuan L, Yun J, Zihlmann B. Measurement of the electric form factor of the neutron at Q2=0.5 and 1.0 GeV2/c2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:042301. [PMID: 14995367 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.042301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The electric form factor of the neutron was determined from measurements of the d-->(e-->,e'n)p reaction for quasielastic kinematics. Polarized electrons were scattered off a polarized deuterated ammonia (15ND3) target in which the deuteron polarization was perpendicular to the momentum transfer. The scattered electrons were detected in a magnetic spectrometer in coincidence with neutrons in a large solid angle detector. We find G(n)(E)=0.0526+/-0.0033(stat)+/-0.0026(sys) and 0.0454+/-0.0054+/-0.0037 at Q(2)=0.5 and 1.0 (GeV/c)(2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Warren
- Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Madey R, Semenov AY, Taylor S, Plaster B, Aghalaryan A, Crouse E, MacLachlan G, Tajima S, Tireman W, Yan C, Ahmidouch A, Anderson BD, Arenhövel H, Asaturyan R, Baker OK, Baldwin AR, Barkhuff D, Breuer H, Carlini R, Christy E, Churchwell S, Cole L, Danagoulian S, Day D, Eden T, Elaasar M, Ent R, Farkhondeh M, Fenker H, Finn JM, Gan L, Garrow K, Gasparian A, Gueye P, Howell CR, Hu B, Jones MK, Kelly JJ, Keppel C, Khandaker M, Kim WY, Kowalski S, Lai A, Lung A, Mack D, Manley DM, Markowitz P, Mitchell J, Mkrtchyan H, Opper AK, Perdrisat C, Punjabi V, Raue B, Reichelt T, Reinhold J, Roche J, Sato Y, Savvinov N, Semenova IA, Seo W, Simicevic N, Smith G, Stepanyan S, Tadevosyan V, Tang L, Ulmer PE, Vulcan W, Watson JW, Wells S, Wesselmann F, Wood S, Yan C, Yang S, Yuan L, Zhang WM, Zhu H, Zhu X. Measurements of GnE/GnM from the 2H(e-->,en-->)1H Reaction to Q2=1.45 (GeV/c)2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:122002. [PMID: 14525355 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report new measurements of the ratio of the electric form factor to the magnetic form factor of the neutron, G(n)(E)/G(n)(M), obtained via recoil polarimetry from the quasielastic 2H(e-->,e(')n-->)1H reaction at Q2 values of 0.45, 1.13, and 1.45 (GeV/c)(2) with relative statistical uncertainties of 7.6% and 8.4% at the two higher Q2 points, which points have never been achieved in polarization measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Madey
- Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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Zhou ZL, Chen J, Soong SB, Young A, Jiang X, Alarcon R, Arenhövel H, Bernstein A, Bertozzi W, Comfort J, Dodson G, Dolfini S, Dooley A, Dow K, Farkhondeh M, Gilad S, Hicks R, Hotta A, Joo K, Kaloskamis NI, Karabarbounis A, Kowalski S, Kunz C, Margaziotis DJ, Mertz C, Miller M, Miskimen R, Miura T, Miyase H, Papanicolas CN, Peterson G, Ramirez A, Rowntree D, Sarty AJ, Shaw J, Suda T, Tamae T, Tieger D, Tjon JA, Tschalaer C, Tsentalovich E, Turchinetz W, Vellidis CE, Warren GA, Weinstein LB, Williamson S, Zhao J, Zwart T. Relativistic effects and two-body currents in (H)((-->)e(')p)n using out-of-plane detection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:172301. [PMID: 11690266 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.172301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the (2)H((-->)e,e(')p)n reaction were performed with the out-of-plane magnetic spectrometers (OOPS) at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator. The longitudinal-transverse, f(LT) and f(')(LT), and the transverse-transverse, f(TT), interference responses at a missing momentum of 210 MeV/c were simultaneously extracted in the dip region at Q2 = 0.15 (GeV/c)(2). In comparison to models of deuteron electrodisintegration, the data clearly reveal strong effects of relativity and final-state interactions and the importance of two-body meson-exchange currents and isobar configurations. We demonstrate that such effects can be disentangled by extracting these responses using the novel out-of-plane technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Zhou
- Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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