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Hollerith S, Zeiher J. Rydberg Macrodimers: Diatomic Molecules on the Micrometer Scale. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3925-3939. [PMID: 36977279 PMCID: PMC10184126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlling molecular binding at the level of single atoms is one of the holy grails of quantum chemistry. Rydberg macrodimers─bound states between highly excited Rydberg atoms─provide a novel perspective in this direction. Resulting from binding potentials formed by the strong, long-range interactions of Rydberg states, Rydberg macrodimers feature bond lengths in the micrometer regime, exceeding those of conventional molecules by orders of magnitude. Using single-atom control in quantum gas microscopes, the unique properties of these exotic states can be studied with unprecedented control, including the response to magnetic fields or the polarization of light in their photoassociation. The high accuracy achieved in spectroscopic studies of macrodimers makes them an ideal testbed to benchmark Rydberg interactions, with direct relevance to quantum computing and information protocols where these are employed. This review provides a historic overview and summarizes the recent findings in the field of Rydberg macrodimers. Furthermore, it presents new data on interactions between macrodimers, leading to a phenomenon analogous to Rydberg blockade at the level of molecules, opening the path toward studying many-body systems of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hollerith
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Zeiher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
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2
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Han J. Two-dimensional three-body dipole-quadrupole interactions. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2049387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Han
- Department of Physics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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3
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Gawlas K, Hogan SD. Rydberg-State-Resolved Resonant Energy Transfer in Cold Electric-Field-Controlled Intrabeam Collisions of NH 3 with Rydberg He Atoms. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:83-87. [PMID: 31821756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The resonant transfer of energy from the inversion sublevels in NH3 to He atoms in triplet Rydberg states with principal quantum number n = 38 has been controlled using electric fields below 15 V/cm in intrabeam collisions at translational temperatures of ∼1 K. The experiments were performed in pulsed supersonic beams of NH3 seeded in He at a ratio of 1:19. The He atoms were prepared in the metastable 1s2s 3S1 level in a pulsed electric discharge in the trailing part of the beams. The velocity slip between the heavy NH3 and the lighter metastable He was exploited to perform collision studies at center-of-mass collision speeds of ∼70 m/s. Resonant energy transfer in the atom-molecule collisions was identified by Rydberg-state-selective electric-field ionization. The experimental data have been compared to a theoretical model of the resonant dipole-dipole interactions between the collision partners based on the impact parameter method.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gawlas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - S D Hogan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
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4
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Han J. Six-body van der Waals interactions. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1584683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Han
- Department of Physics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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5
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Bruder L, Eisfeld A, Bangert U, Binz M, Jakob M, Uhl D, Schulz-Weiling M, Grant ER, Stienkemeier F. Delocalized excitons and interaction effects in extremely dilute thermal ensembles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2276-2282. [PMID: 30443651 PMCID: PMC6369671 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05851b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-range interparticle interactions are revealed in extremely dilute thermal atomic ensembles using highly sensitive nonlinear femtosecond spectroscopy. Delocalized excitons are detected in the atomic systems at particle densities where the mean interatomic distance (>10 μm) is much greater than the laser wavelength and multi-particle coherences should destructively interfere over the ensemble average. With a combined experimental and theoretical analysis, we identify an effective interaction mechanism, presumably of dipolar nature, as the origin of the excitonic signals. Our study implies that even in highly-dilute thermal atom ensembles, significant transition dipole-dipole interaction networks may form that require advanced modeling beyond the nearest neighbor approximation to quantitatively capture the details of their many-body properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bruder
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Shaffer JP, Rittenhouse ST, Sadeghpour HR. Ultracold Rydberg molecules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1965. [PMID: 29773795 PMCID: PMC5958105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultracold molecules formed from association of a single Rydberg atom with surrounding atoms or molecules and those from double Rydberg excitations are discussed in this review. Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules possess a novel molecular bond resulting from scattering of the Rydberg electron from the perturber atoms or molecules. The strong interactions between Rydberg atoms in ultracold gases may lead to formation of macroscopic Rydberg macrodimers. The exquisite control over the properties of the Rydberg electron means that interesting and unusual few-body and quantum many-body features can be realized in such systems. Rydberg molecules have been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally. Here the authors review the recent developments in the study of various types of Rydberg molecules and their potential for future applications in spectroscopy, sensing and quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Shaffer
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, 440 W Brooks Street, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - S T Rittenhouse
- Department of Physics, The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, 21402, USA
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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7
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Saßmannshausen H, Deiglmayr J. Observation of Rydberg-Atom Macrodimers: Micrometer-Sized Diatomic Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:083401. [PMID: 27588856 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.083401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-range metastable molecules consisting of two cesium atoms in high Rydberg states have been observed in an ultracold gas. A sequential three-photon two-color photoassociation scheme is employed to form these molecules in states, which correlate to np(n+1)s dissociation asymptotes. Spectral signatures of bound molecular states are clearly resolved at the positions of avoided crossings between long-range van der Waals potential curves. The experimental results are in agreement with simulations based on a detailed model of the long-range multipole-multipole interactions of Rydberg-atom pair states. We show that a full model is required to accurately predict the occurrence of bound Rydberg macrodimers. The macrodimers are distinguished from repulsive molecular states by their behavior with respect to spontaneous ionization and possible decay channels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Saßmannshausen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Deiglmayr
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Han J, Hu C. Possible existence of van der Waals macrodimers. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Deiglmayr J, Sassmannshausen H, Pillet P, Merkt F. Observation of dipole-quadrupole interaction in an ultracold gas of Rydberg atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:193001. [PMID: 25415902 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We observe the direct excitation of pairs of Cs atoms from the ground state to molecular states correlating asymptotically to nsn'f asymptotes. The molecular resonances are interpreted as originating from the dipole-quadrupole interaction between the nsn'f pair states and close-by npnp asymptotes (22≤n≤32). This interpretation is supported by Stark spectroscopy of the pair states and a detailed modeling of the interaction potentials. The dipole-quadrupole interaction mixes electronic states of opposite parity and, thus, requires a coupling between electronic and nuclear motion to conserve the total parity of the system. This non-Born-Oppenheimer coupling is facilitated by the near-degeneracy of even- and odd-L partial waves in the atom-atom scattering which have opposite parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Deiglmayr
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiner Sassmannshausen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Pillet
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud 11, ENS-Cachan, Campus d'Orsay Batiment 505, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Merkt
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bellos MA, Carollo R, Banerjee J, Eyler EE, Gould PL, Stwalley WC. Excitation of weakly bound molecules to trilobitelike Rydberg states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:053001. [PMID: 23952391 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We observe "trilobitelike" states of ultracold (85)Rb(2) molecules, in which a ground-state atom is bound by the electronic wave function of its Rydberg-atom partner. We populate these states through the ultraviolet excitation of weakly bound molecules, and access a regime of trilobitelike states at low principal quantum numbers and with vibrational turning points around 35 Bohr radii. This demonstrates that, unlike previous studies that used free-to-bound transitions, trilobitelike states can also be excited through bound-to-bound transitions. This approach provides high excitation probabilities without requiring high-density samples, and affords the ability to control the excitation radius by selection of the initial-state vibrational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bellos
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, USA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Guin-Dar Lin
- a Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Harvard Physics Department , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
| | - Susanne F. Yelin
- a Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Harvard Physics Department , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- b Department of Physics , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , 06269 , USA
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12
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Dai X, Richter M, Li H, Bristow AD, Falvo C, Mukamel S, Cundiff ST. Two-dimensional double-quantum spectra reveal collective resonances in an atomic vapor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:193201. [PMID: 23003037 PMCID: PMC3721737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.193201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of double-quantum coherence signals in a gas of potassium atoms at twice the frequency of the one-quantum coherences. Since a single atom does not have a state at the corresponding energy, this observation must be attributed to a collective resonance involving multiple atoms. These resonances are induced by weak interatomic dipole-dipole interactions, which means that the atoms cannot be treated in isolation, even at a low density of 10(12) cm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcan Dai
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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13
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Comorosan S, Polosan S, Jipa S, Popescu I, Marton G, Ionescu E, Cristache L, Badila D, Mitrica R. Green light radiation effects on free radicals inhibition in cellular and chemical systems. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 102:39-44. [PMID: 20934350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals generation is inhibited through green light (GL) irradiation in cellular systems and in chemical reactions. Standard melanocyte cultures were UV-irradiated and the induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified by the fluorescence technique. The same cell cultures, previously protected by a 24h GL exposure, displayed a significantly lower ROS production. A simple chemical reaction is subsequently chosen, in which the production of free radicals is well defined. Paraffin wax and mineral oil were GL irradiated during thermal degradation and the oxidation products checked by chemiluminescence [CL] and Fourier transform infrared spectra [FT-IR]. The same clear inhibition of the radical oxidation of alkanes is recorded. A quantum chemistry modeling of these results is performed and a mechanism involving a new type of Rydberg macromolecular systems with implications for biology and medicine is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Comorosan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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Abstract
This review summarizes progress in coherent control as well as relevant recent achievements, highlighting, among several different schemes of coherent control, wave-packet interferometry (WPI). WPI is a fundamental and versatile scenario used to control a variety of quantum systems with a sequence of short laser pulses whose relative phase is finely adjusted to control the interference of electronic or nuclear wave packets (WPs). It is also useful in retrieving quantum information such as the amplitudes and phases of eigenfunctions superposed to generate a WP. Experimental and theoretical efforts to retrieve both the amplitude and phase information are recounted. This review also discusses information processing based on the eigenfunctions of atoms and molecules as one of the modern and future applications of coherent control. The ultrafast coherent control of ultracold atoms and molecules and the coherent control of complex systems are briefly discussed as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohmori
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences; The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI); and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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15
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Bendkowsky V, Butscher B, Nipper J, Shaffer JP, Löw R, Pfau T. Observation of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules. Nature 2009; 458:1005-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Greene CH, Hamilton EL, Crowell H, Vadla C, Niemax K. Experimental verification of minima in excited long-range Rydberg states of Rb2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:233002. [PMID: 17280199 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.233002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent theoretical studies with alkali atoms A* excited to high Rydberg states predicted the existence of ultra-long-range molecular bound states. Such excited dimers have large electric dipole moments which, in combination with their long radiative lifetimes, make them excellent candidates for manipulation in applications. This Letter reports on experimental investigations of the self-broadening of Rb principal series lines, which revealed multiple satellites in the line wings. The positions of the satellites agree quantitatively with theoretically predicted minima in the excited long-range Rydberg states of Rb2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris H Greene
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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17
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Liebisch TC, Reinhard A, Berman PR, Raithel G. Atom counting statistics in ensembles of interacting Rydberg atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:253002. [PMID: 16384455 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.253002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We show that the probability distributions for the number of Rydberg excitations in small ensembles of cold atoms, excited using short (100 ns) laser pulses, can be highly sub-Poissonian. The phenomenon occurs if the atom density and the principal quantum number of the excited Rydberg level are sufficiently high. Our observations are attributed to a blockade of the Rydberg atom excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cubel Liebisch
- FOCUS Center and Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Singer K, Reetz-Lamour M, Amthor T, Marcassa LG, Weidemüller M. Suppression of excitation and spectral broadening induced by interactions in a cold gas of Rydberg atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:163001. [PMID: 15524984 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of ultralong range interactions in a gas of cold rubidium Rydberg atoms. The van der Waals interaction between a pair of Rydberg atoms separated as far as 100,000 Bohr radii features two important effects: spectral broadening of the resonance lines and suppression of excitation with increasing density. The density dependence of these effects is investigated in detail for the S- and P-Rydberg states with principal quantum numbers n approximately 60 and n approximately 80 excited by narrow-band continuous-wave laser light. The density-dependent suppression of excitation can be interpreted as the onset of an interaction-induced local blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Singer
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Freiburg, Germany
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Tong D, Farooqi SM, Stanojevic J, Krishnan S, Zhang YP, Côté R, Eyler EE, Gould PL. Local blockade of Rydberg excitation in an ultracold gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:063001. [PMID: 15323624 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.063001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the laser excitation of ultracold atoms to Rydberg states, we observe a dramatic suppression caused by van der Waals interactions. This behavior is interpreted as a local excitation blockade: Rydberg atoms strongly inhibit excitation of their neighbors. We measure suppression, relative to isolated atom excitation, by up to a factor of 6.4. The dependences of this suppression on both laser irradiance and atomic density are in good agreement with a mean-field model. These results are an important step towards using ultracold Rydberg atoms in quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tong
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
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