1
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Kong M, Vong MH, Kwak M, Lim I, Lee Y, Lee SH, You I, Awartani O, Kwon J, Shin TJ, Jeong U, Dickey MD. Ambient printing of native oxides for ultrathin transparent flexible circuit boards. Science 2024; 385:731-737. [PMID: 39146401 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal oxide films are essential in most electronic devices, yet they are typically deposited at elevated temperatures by using slow, vacuum-based processes. We printed native oxide films over large areas at ambient conditions by moving a molten metal meniscus across a target substrate. The oxide gently separates from the metal through fluid instabilities that occur in the meniscus, leading to uniform films free of liquid residue. The printed oxide has a metallic interlayer that renders the films highly conductive. The metallic character of the printed films promotes wetting of trace amounts of evaporated gold that would otherwise form disconnected islands on conventional oxide surfaces. The resulting ultrathin (<10 nanometers) conductors can be patterned into flexible circuits that are transparent, mechanically robust, and electrically stable, even at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Man Hou Vong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Mingyu Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ighyun Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hun Lee
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Insang You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2l 3G1, Canada
| | - Omar Awartani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jimin Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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2
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Wu W, Pavloudis T, Palmer RE. Core atoms escape from the shell: reverse segregation of Pb-Al core-shell nanoclusters via nanoscale melting. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:143. [PMID: 37975964 PMCID: PMC10656412 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Melting is a phase transition that profoundly affects the fabrication and diverse applications of metal nanoclusters. Core-shell clusters offer distinctive properties and thus opportunities compared with other classes of nano-alloys. Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to investigate the melting behaviour of Pb-Al core-shell clusters containing a fixed Pb147 core and varying shell thickness. Our results show that the core and shell melt separately. Surprisingly, core melting always drives the core Pb atoms to break out the shell and coat the nanoclusters in a reversed segregation process at the nanoscale. The melting point of the core increases with the shell thickness to exceed that of the bare core cluster, but the thinnest shell always supresses the core melting point. These results can be a reference for the future fabrication, manipulation, and exploitation of the core-shell nanoalloys chosen. The system chosen is ideally suited for experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Wu
- Nanomaterials Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Theodoros Pavloudis
- Nanomaterials Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Richard E Palmer
- Nanomaterials Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
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3
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Maneri AH, Singh CP, Kumar R, Maibam A, Krishnamurty S. Mapping the Finite-Temperature Behavior of Conformations to Their Potential Energy Barriers: Case Studies on Si 6B and Si 5B Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6167-6173. [PMID: 35224380 PMCID: PMC8867552 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical simulations of molecules and materials have been the route to understand the rearrangement of atoms within them at different temperatures. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamical simulations have further helped to comprehend the reaction dynamics at various finite temperatures. We take a case study of Si6B and Si5B clusters and demonstrate that their finite-temperature behavior is rather mapped to the potential energy surface. The study further brings forth the fact that an accurate description of the dynamics is rather coupled with the accuracy of the method in defining the potential energy surface. A more precise potential energy surface generated through the coupled cluster method is finally used to identify the most accurate description of the potential energy surface and the interconnected finite-temperature behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma H. Maneri
- Physical
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human
Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Gaziabad 201002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
| | - Chandrodai Pratap Singh
- Physical
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human
Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Gaziabad 201002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Physical
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human
Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Gaziabad 201002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
| | - Ashakiran Maibam
- Physical
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human
Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Gaziabad 201002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
| | - Sailaja Krishnamurty
- Physical
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human
Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Gaziabad 201002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
- ,
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4
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Rapacioli M, Spiegelman F, Tarrat N. Evidencing the relationship between isomer spectra and melting: the 20- and 55-atom silver and gold cluster cases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24857-24866. [PMID: 31539012 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights the links between melting properties and structural excitation spectra of small gold and silver clusters. The heat capacity curves are computed for Ag20, Au20, Ag55, Au55 and their ions, using a parallel-tempering molecular dynamics scheme to explore the density functional based tight binding (DFTB) potential energy surfaces and the multiple histogram method. It is found that clusters having very symmetric lowest energy structures (Au20, Ag55 and their ions) present sharp or relatively sharp solid-to-liquid transitions and large melting temperatures, important structural excitation energies and a discrete isomer spectrum. Opposite trends are observed for less ordered clusters (Ag20, Au55 and their ions). Regarding the structural evolution with temperature, very symmetric clusters exhibit minor evolution up to the starting melting temperature. The present study also highlights that, in contrast with the case of Au20, a single electron excess or deficiency is not determinant regarding the melting characteristics, even quantitatively, for clusters containing 55 atoms, for gold as for silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France.
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Okushima T, Niiyama T, Ikeda KS, Shimizu Y. Mean first passage times reconstruct the slowest relaxations in potential energy landscapes of nanoclusters. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032311. [PMID: 31639985 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Relaxation modes are the collective modes in which all probability deviations from equilibrium states decay with the same relaxation rates. In contrast, a first passage time is the required time for arriving for the first time from one state to another. In this paper, we discuss how and why the slowest relaxation rates of relaxation modes are reconstructed from the first passage times. As an illustrative model, we use a continuous-time Markov state model of vacancy diffusion in KCl nanoclusters. Using this model, we reveal that all characteristics of the relaxations in KCl nanoclusters come from the fact that they are hybrids of two kinetically different regions of the fast surface and slow bulk diffusions. The origin of the different diffusivities turns out to come from the heterogeneity of the activation energies on the potential energy landscapes. We also develop a stationary population method to compute the mean first passage times as mean times required for pair annihilations of particle-hole pairs, which enables us to obtain the symmetric results of relaxation rates under the exchange of the sinks and the sources. With this symmetric method, we finally show why the slowest relaxation times can be reconstructed from the mean first passage times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Okushima
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Niiyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kensuke S Ikeda
- College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimizu
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, shiga 525-8577, Japan
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6
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Schmelzer JWP, Abyzov AS, Baidakov VG. Entropy and the Tolman Parameter in Nucleation Theory. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21070670. [PMID: 33267384 PMCID: PMC7515167 DOI: 10.3390/e21070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic aspects of the theory of nucleation are commonly considered employing Gibbs’ theory of interfacial phenomena and its generalizations. Utilizing Gibbs’ theory, the bulk parameters of the critical clusters governing nucleation can be uniquely determined for any metastable state of the ambient phase. As a rule, they turn out in such treatment to be widely similar to the properties of the newly-evolving macroscopic phases. Consequently, the major tool to resolve problems concerning the accuracy of theoretical predictions of nucleation rates and related characteristics of the nucleation process consists of an approach with the introduction of the size or curvature dependence of the surface tension. In the description of crystallization, this quantity has been expressed frequently via changes of entropy (or enthalpy) in crystallization, i.e., via the latent heat of melting or crystallization. Such a correlation between the capillarity phenomena and entropy changes was originally advanced by Stefan considering condensation and evaporation. It is known in the application to crystal nucleation as the Skapski–Turnbull relation. This relation, by mentioned reasons more correctly denoted as the Stefan–Skapski–Turnbull rule, was expanded by some of us quite recently to the description of the surface tension not only for phase equilibrium at planar interfaces, but to the description of the surface tension of critical clusters and its size or curvature dependence. This dependence is frequently expressed by a relation derived by Tolman. As shown by us, the Tolman equation can be employed for the description of the surface tension not only for condensation and boiling in one-component systems caused by variations of pressure (analyzed by Gibbs and Tolman), but generally also for phase formation caused by variations of temperature. Beyond this particular application, it can be utilized for multi-component systems provided the composition of the ambient phase is kept constant and variations of either pressure or temperature do not result in variations of the composition of the critical clusters. The latter requirement is one of the basic assumptions of classical nucleation theory. For this reason, it is only natural to use it also for the specification of the size dependence of the surface tension. Our method, relying on the Stefan–Skapski–Turnbull rule, allows one to determine the dependence of the surface tension on pressure and temperature or, alternatively, the Tolman parameter in his equation. In the present paper, we expand this approach and compare it with alternative methods of the description of the size-dependence of the surface tension and, as far as it is possible to use the Tolman equation, of the specification of the Tolman parameter. Applying these ideas to condensation and boiling, we derive a relation for the curvature dependence of the surface tension covering the whole range of metastable initial states from the binodal curve to the spinodal curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürn W. P. Schmelzer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23-25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Abyzov
- National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir G. Baidakov
- Institute of Thermal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Amundsen Street 107a, 620016 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381-498-6889; Fax: +49-381-498-6882
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7
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Foster DM, Pavloudis T, Kioseoglou J, Palmer RE. Atomic-resolution imaging of surface and core melting in individual size-selected Au nanoclusters on carbon. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2583. [PMID: 31197150 PMCID: PMC6565695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the changes in melting behaviour on the nanoscale have long attracted the interest of researchers, the mechanism by which nanoparticles melt remains an open problem. We report the direct observation, at atomic resolution, of surface melting in individual size-selected Au clusters (2-5 nm diameter) supported on carbon films, using an in situ heating stage in the aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. At elevated temperatures the Au nanoparticles are found to form a solid core-liquid shell structure. The cluster surface melting temperatures, show evidence of size-dependent melting point suppression. The cluster core melting temperatures are significantly greater than predicted by existing models of free clusters. To explore the effect of the interaction between the clusters and the carbon substrate, we employ a very large-scale ab initio simulation approach to investigate the influence of the support. Theoretical results for surface and core melting points are in good agreement with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Foster
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Th Pavloudis
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - J Kioseoglou
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R E Palmer
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
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8
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Pečinka L, Prokeš L, Havel J. Gallium selenide clusters generated via laser desorption ionisation quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:719-726. [PMID: 30710492 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gallium selenide thin films important for electronics and phase-change materials are prepared via pulsed laser deposition (PLD); however, there are no studies concerning the analysis of gallium selenide clusters formed in the gas phase. Laser desorption ionisation (LDI) combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) has great potential to generate charged Gam Sen clusters, to analyse them and thus to develop new materials. METHODS LDI of Ga-Se mixtures using a pulsed laser (337 nm nitrogen) was used to generate gallium-selenide clusters. Mass spectra were recorded (in positive and negative ion mode) on a TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a quadrupole ion trap and reflectron mass analyser. RESULTS Ga-Se mixtures were found to be suitable for laser ablation synthesis (LAS) of gallium selenide clusters, although their composition was strongly dependent on the laser energy. The effect of laser energy on the stoichiometry of the generated clusters was established. In total, over 100 gallium selenide Gam Sen clusters were generated and identified from Ga-Se mixtures. LDI of Ga2 Se3 crystals showed almost the same clusters up to m/z 1000 with lower intensities, whereas no clusters from Ga2 Se3 were observed above m/z 1000. CONCLUSIONS A family of over 100 gallium selenide clusters, generated and identified for the first time, shows rich and complex chemistry. Some of the clusters represent new compounds that have the potential to be used in the development of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Pečinka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEPLANT, R&D Centre for Low-Cost Plasma and Nanotechnology Surface Modifications, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Ridings KM, Aldershof TS, Hendy SC. Surface melting and breakup of metal nanowires: Theory and molecular dynamics simulation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:094705. [PMID: 30849918 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the surface melting of metal nanowires by solving a phenomenological two-parabola Landau model and by conducting molecular dynamics simulations of nickel and aluminum nanowires. The model suggests that surface melting will precede bulk melting when the melt completely wets the surface and the wire is sufficiently thick, as is the case for planar surfaces and sufficiently large nanoparticles. Surface melting does not occur if the melt partially wets or does not wet the surface. We test this model, which assumes that the surface energies of the wire are isotropic, using molecular dynamics simulations. For nickel, we observe the onset of anisotropic surface melting associated with each of the two surface facets present, but this gives way to uniform surface melting and the solid melts radially until the solid core eventually breaks up. For aluminum, while we observe complete surface melting of one facet, the lowest energy surface remains partially dry even up to the point where the melt completely penetrates the solid core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan M Ridings
- Department of Physics, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thomas S Aldershof
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shaun C Hendy
- Department of Physics, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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10
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Rapacioli M, Tarrat N, Spiegelman F. Melting of the Au20 Gold Cluster: Does Charge Matter? J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4092-4098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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11
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Okushima T, Niiyama T, Ikeda KS, Shimizu Y. Slowest kinetic modes revealed by metabasin renormalization. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:021301. [PMID: 29548087 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.021301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the slowest relaxations of complex systems, such as relaxation of glass-forming materials, diffusion in nanoclusters, and folding of biomolecules, is important for physics, chemistry, and biology. For a kinetic system, the relaxation modes are determined by diagonalizing its transition rate matrix. However, for realistic systems of interest, numerical diagonalization, as well as extracting physical understanding from the diagonalization results, is difficult due to the high dimensionality. Here, we develop an alternative and generally applicable method of extracting the long-time scale relaxation dynamics by combining the metabasin analysis of Okushima et al. [Phys. Rev. E 80, 036112 (2009)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.80.036112] and a Jacobi method. We test the method on an illustrative model of a four-funnel model, for which we obtain a renormalized kinematic equation of much lower dimension sufficient for determining slow relaxation modes precisely. The method is successfully applied to the vacancy transport problem in ionic nanoparticles [Niiyama et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 654, 52 (2016)CHPLBC0009-261410.1016/j.cplett.2016.04.088], allowing a clear physical interpretation that the final relaxation consists of two successive, characteristic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Okushima
- Science and Technology Section, General Education Division, College of Engineering, Chubu University, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Niiyama
- College of Science and Engineering, Kanazwa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kensuke S Ikeda
- College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimizu
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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12
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Metin DZ, Hammerschmidt L, Gaston N. How robust is the metallicity of two dimensional gallium? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27668-27674. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05280h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atomically thin gallium layers have recently been experimentally produced via solid–melt exfoliation, and show promise as robustly metallic 2D materials for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Z. Metin
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Physics
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Lukas Hammerschmidt
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Physics
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Physics
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
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13
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Melting and structural transitions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102232-0.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Korchagina K, Simon A, Rapacioli M, Spiegelman F, L’Hermite JM, Braud I, Zamith S, Cuny J. Theoretical investigation of the solid–liquid phase transition in protonated water clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27288-27298. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04863g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations provide an atomistic scale description of the phase transition in protonated water clusters (H2O)nH+(n= 20–23) and an interpretation to recent nano-calorimetric experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Korchagina
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Jean-Marc L’Hermite
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Isabelle Braud
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Sébastien Zamith
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
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15
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Hammerschmidt L, Schacht J, Gaston N. First-principles calculations of the electronic structure and bonding in metal cluster-fullerene materials considered within the superatomic framework. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:32541-32550. [PMID: 27874111 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by recent success of synthesizing cluster assembled compounds we address the question to what extent the three new materials [Co6Se8(PEt3)6][C60]2, [Cr6Te8(PEt3)6][C60]2, and [Ni9Te6(PEt3)8]C60, upon forming bulk compounds, imitate atomic analogues. Although experimental results suggest the latter, a theoretical approach is the method of choice for offering a conclusive answer and for studying the actual superatomic character. The concept of superatoms for describing atom-imitating clusters is very intriguing since it allows chemists to apply their chemical intuition - a useful tool for predicting new materials - when it comes to inter-cluster reactions. Thus, we systematically study the lattice structure, the intercluster binding, and the electronic structure by density functional theory and assess them in terms of their superatomic features. We show that collective properties arise upon bulk formation, which promotes arguments for the formation of solids in which the constituent clusters have a superatomic character that determines some form of chemical bonding. Additionally, we find evidence for the formation of superatomic states. Unfortunately, however, due to the mixing of electronic states of transition metals and chalcogen atoms, no typical electronic shell closing in the cluster cores can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hammerschmidt
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Julia Schacht
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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16
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17
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Sharma V, Pahuja A, Srivastava S. Spin-polarised DFT study of cobalt-doped gallium clusters. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1136004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. A Two-Dimensional Liquid Structure Explains the Elevated Melting Temperatures of Gallium Nanoclusters. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:21-6. [PMID: 26624938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Melting in finite-sized materials differs in two ways from the solid-liquid phase transition in bulk systems. First, there is an inherent scaling of the melting temperature below that of the bulk, known as melting point depression. Second, at small sizes changes in melting temperature become nonmonotonic and show a size-dependence that is sensitive to the structure of the particle. Melting temperatures that exceed those of the bulk material have been shown to occur for a very limited range of nanoclusters, including gallium, but have still never been ascribed a convincing physical explanation. Here, we analyze the structure of the liquid phase in gallium clusters based on molecular dynamics simulations that reproduce the greater-than-bulk melting behavior observed in experiments. We observe persistent nonspherical shape distortion indicating a stabilization of the surface, which invalidates the paradigm of melting point depression. This shape distortion suggests that the surface acts as a constraint on the liquid state that lowers its entropy relative to that of the bulk liquid and thus raises the melting temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Steenbergen
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University , Auckland Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington , P.O. Box 600, 6140 Wellington, New Zealand
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Chandrachud P. Thermodynamics of confined gallium clusters. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:445502. [PMID: 26452011 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/44/445502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of Ga13 and Ga17 clusters confined inside carbon nanotubes with different diameters. The cluster-tube interaction is simulated by the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. We discuss the geometries, the nature of the bonding and the thermodynamics under confinement. The geometries as well as the isomer spectra of both the clusters are significantly affected. The degree of confinement decides the dimensionality of the clusters. We observe that a number of low-energy isomers appear under moderate confinement while some isomers seen in the free space disappear. Our finite-temperature simulations bring out interesting aspects, namely that the heat capacity curve is flat, even though the ground state is symmetric. Such a flat nature indicates that the phase change is continuous. This effect is due to the restricted phase space available to the system. These observations are supported by the mean square displacement of individual atoms, which are significantly smaller than in free space. The nature of the bonding is found to be approximately jellium-like. Finally we note the relevance of the work to the problem of single file diffusion for the case of the highest confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Chandrachud
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai University, Mumbai 400032, India
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20
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Tonner R, Gaston N. The dimeric nature of bonding in gallium: from small clusters to the α-gallium phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:24244-9. [PMID: 25294298 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03643c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We consider the structural similarity of small gallium clusters to the bulk structure of α-gallium, which has been previously described as a molecular metal, via density functional theory-based computations. Previous calculations have shown that the tetramer, the hexamer, and the octamer of gallium are all structurally similar to the α-phase. We perform an analysis of the bonding in these clusters in terms of the molecular orbitals and atoms in molecules description in order to assess whether we can see similarities at these sizes to the bonding pattern, which is ascribed to the co-existence of covalent and metallic bonding in the bulk. The singlet Ga4 and Ga8 clusters can be constructed in a singlet ground state from the Ga-dimers in the first excited triplet state of the Ga2-molecule, the (3)Σg(-) state. Molecular orbital (MO) analysis confirms that the dimer is an essential building block of these small clusters. Comparison of the AIM characteristics of the bonds within the clusters to the bonds in the bulk α-phase supports the identification of the covalent bond in the bulk as related to the (3)Σg(-) state of the dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Tonner
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Sciences Center, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Fernando A, Weerawardene KLDM, Karimova NV, Aikens CM. Quantum Mechanical Studies of Large Metal, Metal Oxide, and Metal Chalcogenide Nanoparticles and Clusters. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6112-216. [PMID: 25898274 DOI: 10.1021/cr500506r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amendra Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | | | - Natalia V Karimova
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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22
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Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of how temperature affects the structure and the phase of multimetallic nanoparticles. Focusing on bimetallic systems, we discuss the interplay of size, shape and chemical order on the stable configurations at thermal equilibrium. Besides some considerations about experimental evidence for thermally-induced transformations, most insight is generally gained from theory and computation. The perspectives offered by mesoscopic approaches (i.e. corrected from the bulk) and atomistic simulations complement each other and often provide detailed information about the respective roles of coordination, composition and more generally surface effects to be evaluated. Order-disorder transitions and the melting phase change are strongly altered in nanoscale systems, and we describe how they possibly impact entire phase diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Calvo
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Rue de La Piscine, Campus Saint Martin d'Hres, 38000 Grenoble, France. florent.calvo@ujfgrenoble
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Ojha U, Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. Al20+ does melt, albeit above the bulk melting temperature of aluminium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:3741-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05143b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Employing first principles parallel tempering molecular dynamics in the microcanonical ensemble, we report the presence of a clear solid–liquid-like melting transition in Al20+ clusters, not found in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udbhav Ojha
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6012
- New Zealand
| | | | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6012
- New Zealand
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Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. Quantum Size Effects in the Size-Temperature Phase Diagram of Gallium: Structural Characterization of Shape-Shifting Clusters. Chemistry 2014; 21:2862-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Basire M, Soudan JM, Angelié C. Nanothermodynamics of large iron clusters by means of a flat histogram Monte Carlo method. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:104304. [PMID: 25217913 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermodynamics of iron clusters of various sizes, from 76 to 2452 atoms, typical of the catalyst particles used for carbon nanotubes growth, has been explored by a flat histogram Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm (called the σ-mapping), developed by Soudan et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 135, 144109 (2011), Paper I]. This method provides the classical density of states, gp(Ep) in the configurational space, in terms of the potential energy of the system, with good and well controlled convergence properties, particularly in the melting phase transition zone which is of interest in this work. To describe the system, an iron potential has been implemented, called "corrected EAM" (cEAM), which approximates the MEAM potential of Lee et al. [Phys. Rev. B 64, 184102 (2001)] with an accuracy better than 3 meV/at, and a five times larger computational speed. The main simplification concerns the angular dependence of the potential, with a small impact on accuracy, while the screening coefficients S(ij) are exactly computed with a fast algorithm. With this potential, ergodic explorations of the clusters can be performed efficiently in a reasonable computing time, at least in the upper half of the solid zone and above. Problems of ergodicity exist in the lower half of the solid zone but routes to overcome them are discussed. The solid-liquid (melting) phase transition temperature T(m) is plotted in terms of the cluster atom number N(at). The standard N(at)(-1/3) linear dependence (Pawlow law) is observed for N(at) >300, allowing an extrapolation up to the bulk metal at 1940 ±50 K. For N(at) <150, a strong divergence is observed compared to the Pawlow law. The melting transition, which begins at the surface, is stated by a Lindemann-Berry index and an atomic density analysis. Several new features are obtained for the thermodynamics of cEAM clusters, compared to the Rydberg pair potential clusters studied in Paper I.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basire
- Laboratoire Francis Perrin, CNRS-URA 2453, CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/LIDyL, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J-M Soudan
- Laboratoire Francis Perrin, CNRS-URA 2453, CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/LIDyL, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C Angelié
- Laboratoire Francis Perrin, CNRS-URA 2453, CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/LIDyL, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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26
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Pyfer KL, Kafader JO, Yalamanchali A, Jarrold MF. Melting of Size-Selected Gallium Clusters with 60–183 Atoms. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4900-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katheryne L. Pyfer
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared O. Kafader
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Anirudh Yalamanchali
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington Indiana 47405, United States
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27
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Boulon J, Braud I, Zamith S, Labastie P, L’Hermite JM. Experimental nanocalorimetry of protonated and deprotonated water clusters. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:164305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4871882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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28
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Susan A, Joshi K. Rationalizing the role of structural motif and underlying electronic structure in the finite temperature behavior of atomic clusters. J Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4871118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Abstract
Reconciling or somehow linking the macroscopic and microscopic approaches to chemical and physical processes has been a challenge unaddressed for many years. One approach, presented here, treats the issue by examining individual phenomena well described by a macro approach that fails when applied to small systems. The key to the approach is determining the approximate system size below which the breakdown of the macro description is observable. The most developed example is the failure of the Gibbs phase rule for sufficiently small atomic clusters. Other examples, such as the onset, at sufficient size, of the insulator-to-metal transition, are discussed, as are some still more challenging phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stephen Berry
- The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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30
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31
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Ojha U, Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. How a single aluminum atom makes a difference to gallium: First-principles simulations of bimetallic cluster melting. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:094309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4819907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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33
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Yang R, Rendell AP. First principles study of gallium cleaning for hydrogen-contaminated α-Al2O3(0001) surfaces. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:1101-11. [PMID: 23386403 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of gallium for cleaning hydrogen-contaminated Al2O3 surfaces is explored by performing first principles density functional calculations of gallium adsorption on a hydrogen-contaminated Al-terminated α-Al2O3(0001) surface. Both physisorbed and chemisorbed H-contaminated α-Al2O3(0001) surfaces with one monolayer (ML) gallium coverage are investigated. The thermodynamics of gallium cleaning are considered for a variety of different asymptotic products, and are found to be favorable in all cases. Physisorbed H atoms have very weak interactions with the Al2O3 surface and can be removed easily by the Ga ML. Chemisorbed H atoms form stronger interactions with the surface Al atoms. Bonding energy analysis and departure simulations indicate, however, that chemisorbed H atoms can be effectively removed by the Ga ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Research School of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
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35
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Zamith S, Labastie P, L’Hermite JM. Heat capacities of mass selected deprotonated water clusters. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:034304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4774408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Susan A, Kibey A, Kaware V, Joshi K. Correlation between the variation in observed melting temperatures and structural motifs of the global minima of gallium clusters: An ab initio study. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:014303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4772470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Magic stability of Ga4Mg3 cluster in GaxMg3(x=1–6) series: A density functional study. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. First-principles melting of gallium clusters down to nine atoms: structural and electronic contributions to melting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15325-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51690c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Núñez S, López JM, Aguado A. Neutral and charged gallium clusters: structures, physical properties and implications for the melting features. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6481-6492. [PMID: 22961013 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31222k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the putative Global Minimum (GM) structures and electronic properties of Ga(N)(+), Ga(N) and Ga(N)(-) clusters with N = 13-37 atoms, obtained from first-principles density functional theory structural optimizations. The calculations include spin polarization and employ an exchange-correlation functional which accounts for van der Waals dispersion interactions (vdW-DFT). We find a wide diversity of structural motifs within the located GM, including decahedral, polyicosahedral, polytetrahedral and layered structures. The GM structures are also extremely sensitive to the number of electrons in the cluster, so that the structures of neutral and charged clusters differ for most sizes. The main magic numbers (clusters with an enhanced stability) are identified and interpreted in terms of electronic and geometric shell closings. The theoretical results are consistent with experimental abundance mass spectra of Ga(N)(+) and with photoelectron spectra of Ga(N)(-). The size dependence of the latent heats of melting, the shape of the heat capacity peaks, and the temperature dependence of the collision cross-sections, all measured for Ga(N)(+) clusters, are properly interpreted in terms of the calculated cohesive energies, spectra of configurational excitations, and cluster shapes, respectively. The transition from "non-melter" to "magic-melter" behaviour, experimentally observed between Ga(30)(+) and Ga(31)(+), is traced back to a strong geometry change. Finally, the higher-than-bulk melting temperatures of gallium clusters are correlated with a more typically metallic behaviour of the clusters as compared to the bulk, contrary to previous theoretical claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Núñez
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47071, Spain
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40
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Steenbergen KG, Schebarchov D, Gaston N. Electronic effects on the melting of small gallium clusters. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:144307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4757420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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41
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Schmidt M, von Issendorff B. Gas-phase calorimetry of protonated water clusters. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:164307. [PMID: 22559482 DOI: 10.1063/1.4705266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protonated water clusters with 60 to 79 molecules have been studied by nanocalorimetry. The technique is based on multi-collision excitations of the accelerated clusters with helium. The caloric curves indicate transitions that resemble those of water clusters charged by an excess electron, but the transition temperatures of the protonated clusters are higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Bât 505, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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42
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Calvo F, Pahl E, Schwerdtfeger P, Spiegelman F. Diatomics-in-Molecules Modeling of Many-Body Effects on the Structure and Thermodynamics of Mercury Clusters. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:639-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Calvo
- LASIM, CNRS
UMR 5579, Université
de Lyon, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - E. Pahl
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry
and Physics, Institute of Natural Science, Massey University Albany,
Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P. Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry
and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University
Albany, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
and Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str.
D35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - F. Spiegelman
- LCPQ, CNRS and Université
de Toulouse (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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43
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Ghazi SM, Kanhere DG. Thermodynamic properties of Ga27Si3 cluster using density functional molecular dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:11-7. [PMID: 22128861 DOI: 10.1021/jp2034505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional molecular dynamical calculations have been carried out to explore the effect of silicon impurities on thermodynamic properties of Ga(30). We have obtained 500 distinct low energy equilibrium geometries of Ga(27)Si(3) in order to obtain reliable ground state geometry. The specific heat has been calculated using multiple histogram techniques and compared with that of Ga(30). We demonstrate that silicon impurities have a dramatic effect on the thermodynamic properties of the host cluster. In contrast to Ga(30), the specific heat of Ga(27)Si(3) shows a clear melting peak at ≈500 K, changing the character of Ga(30) from a nonmelter to a melter.
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44
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Koyasu K, Ohtaki T, Hori N, Misaizu F. Isomer-resolved dissociation of small carbon cluster cations, C7+–C10+. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Wiesel A, Drebov N, Rapps T, Ahlrichs R, Schwarz U, Kelting R, Weis P, Kappes MM, Schooss D. Structures of medium sized tin cluster anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:234-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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46
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Drebov N, Weigend F, Ahlrichs R. Structures and properties of neutral gallium clusters: A theoretical investigation. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:044314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3615501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
Recent developments allow heat capacities to be measured for size-selected clusters isolated in the gas phase. For clusters with tens to hundreds of atoms, the heat capacities determined as a function of temperature usually have a single peak attributed to a melting transition. The melting temperatures and latent heats show large size-dependent fluctuations. In some cases, the melting temperatures change by hundreds of degrees with the addition of a single atom. Theory has played a critical role in understanding the origin of the size-dependent fluctuations, and in understanding the properties of the liquid-like and solid-like states. In some cases, the heat capacities have extra features (an additional peak or a dip) that reveal a more complex behavior than simple melting. In this article we provide a description of the methods used to measure the heat capacities and provide an overview of the experimental and theoretical results obtained for sodium and aluminum clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aguado
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401;,
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48
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McCarthy DN, Yaginuma S, Gui H, Nagao T. Thickness dependent phase transition of Bi films quench condensed on semiconducting surfaces. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Gaston N, Parker A. On the bonding of Ga2, structures of Gan clusters and the relation to the bulk structure of gallium. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Zamith S, Labastie P, Chirot F, L’Hermite JM. Two-step melting of Na41+. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:154501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3493375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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