1
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Horwath JP, Lin XM, He H, Zhang Q, Dufresne EM, Chu M, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Chen W, Narayanan S, Cherukara MJ. AI-NERD: Elucidation of relaxation dynamics beyond equilibrium through AI-informed X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5945. [PMID: 39009571 PMCID: PMC11251071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding and interpreting dynamics of functional materials in situ is a grand challenge in physics and materials science due to the difficulty of experimentally probing materials at varied length and time scales. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is uniquely well-suited for characterizing materials dynamics over wide-ranging time scales. However, spatial and temporal heterogeneity in material behavior can make interpretation of experimental XPCS data difficult. In this work, we have developed an unsupervised deep learning (DL) framework for automated classification of relaxation dynamics from experimental data without requiring any prior physical knowledge of the system. We demonstrate how this method can be used to accelerate exploration of large datasets to identify samples of interest, and we apply this approach to directly correlate microscopic dynamics with macroscopic properties of a model system. Importantly, this DL framework is material and process agnostic, marking a concrete step towards autonomous materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Horwath
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Min Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Hongrui He
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Miaoqi Chu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
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2
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Wu R, Meli D, Strzalka J, Narayanan S, Zhang Q, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J, Takacs CJ. Bridging length scales in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors through internal strain and mesoscale dynamics. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:648-655. [PMID: 38409601 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the structural and dynamic properties of disordered systems at the mesoscale is crucial. This is particularly important in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), which undergo significant and complex structural changes when operated in an electrolyte. In this study, we investigate the mesoscale strain, reversibility and dynamics of a model OMIEC material under external electrochemical potential using operando X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Our results reveal that strain and structural hysteresis depend on the sample's cycling history, establishing a comprehensive kinetic sequence bridging the macroscopic and microscopic behaviours of OMIECs. Furthermore, we uncover the equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics of charge carriers and material-doping states, highlighting the unexpected coupling between charge carrier dynamics and mesoscale order. These findings advance our understanding of the structure-dynamics-function relationships in OMIECs, opening pathways for designing and engineering materials with improved performance and functionality in non-equilibrium states during device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Hard X-ray Material Science Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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3
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Zhang Q, Wan G, Starchenko V, Hu G, Dufresne EM, Zhou H, Jeen H, Almazan IC, Dong Y, Liu H, Sandy AR, Sterbinsky GE, Lee HN, Ganesh P, Fong DD. Intermittent Defect Fluctuations in Oxide Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305383. [PMID: 37578079 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature, local presence, and dynamic evolution of defects typically govern the ionic and electronic properties of a wide variety of functional materials. While the last 50 years have seen considerable efforts into development of new methods to identify the nature of defects in complex materials, such as the perovskite oxides, very little is known about defect dynamics and their influence on the functionality of a material. Here, the discovery of the intermittent behavior of point defects (oxygen vacancies) in oxide heterostructures employing X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy is reported. Local fluctuations between two ordered phases in strained SrCoOx with different degrees of stability of the oxygen vacancies are observed. Ab-initio-informed phase-field modeling reveals that fluctuations between the competing ordered phases are modulated by the oxygen ion/vacancy interaction energy and epitaxial strain. The results demonstrate how defect dynamics, evidenced by measurement and modeling of their temporal fluctuations, give rise to stochastic properties that now can be fully characterized using coherent X-rays, coupled for the first time to multiscale modeling in functional complex oxide heterostructures. The study and its findings open new avenues for engineering the dynamical response of functional materials used in neuromorphic and electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Gang Wan
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Vitalii Starchenko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Guoxiang Hu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Hyoungjeen Jeen
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Irene Calvo Almazan
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yongqi Dong
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Huajun Liu
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Alec R Sandy
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Ho Nyung Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - P Ganesh
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Dillon D Fong
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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4
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Zhang Q, Hu G, Starchenko V, Wan G, Dufresne EM, Dong Y, Liu H, Zhou H, Jeen H, Saritas K, Krogel JT, Reboredo FA, Lee HN, Sandy AR, Almazan IC, Ganesh P, Fong DD. Phase Transition Dynamics in a Complex Oxide Heterostructure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:235701. [PMID: 36563221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.235701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of defects in the complex oxides is key to controlling myriad ionic and electronic properties in these multifunctional materials. The observation of defect dynamics, however, requires a unique probe-one sensitive to the configuration of defects as well as its time evolution. Here, we present measurements of oxygen vacancy ordering in epitaxial thin films of SrCoO_{x} and the brownmillerite-perovskite phase transition employing x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. These and associated synchrotron measurements and theory calculations reveal the close interaction between the kinetics and the dynamics of the phase transition, showing how spatial and temporal fluctuations of heterointerface evolve during the transformation process. The energetics of the transition are correlated with the behavior of oxygen vacancies, and the dimensionality of the transformation is shown to depend strongly on whether the phase is undergoing oxidation or reduction. The experimental and theoretical methods described here are broadly applicable to in situ measurements of dynamic phase behavior and demonstrate how coherence may be employed for novel studies of the complex oxides as enabled by the arrival of fourth-generation hard x-ray coherent light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Guoxiang Hu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367, USA
| | - Vitalii Starchenko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Gang Wan
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yongqi Dong
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Huajun Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Hyoungjeen Jeen
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Kayahan Saritas
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Jaron T Krogel
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Fernando A Reboredo
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Ho Nyung Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Alec R Sandy
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Irene Calvo Almazan
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Panchapakesan Ganesh
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Dillon D Fong
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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5
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Chubar O, Williams G, Gao Y, Li R, Berman L. Physical optics simulations for synchrotron radiation sources. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2022; 39:C240-C252. [PMID: 36520774 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.473367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe approaches to high-accuracy physical optics calculations used for the development of x-ray beamlines at synchrotron radiation sources, as well as simulation of experiments and processing of experimental data at some of these beamlines. We pay special attention to the treatment of the partial coherence of x rays, a topic of high practical importance for modern low-emittance high-brightness synchrotron radiation facilities. The approaches are based, to a large extent, on the works of Emil Wolf and co-authors, including the basic scalar diffraction theory and the coherent mode decomposition method. The presented simulation examples are related to the case of the novel Coherent Diffractive Imaging beamline that is currently under development at the National Synchrotron Light Source II at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
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6
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Liénard F, Freyssingeas É, Borgnat P. A multiscale time-Laplace method to extract relaxation times from non-stationary dynamic light scattering signals. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:224901. [PMID: 35705415 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is a well-known technique to study the relaxation times of systems at equilibrium. In many soft matter systems, we actually have to consider non-equilibrium or non-stationary situations. We discuss here the principles, the signal processing techniques we developed, based on regularized inverse Laplace transform, sliding with time, and the light scattering signal acquisition, which enable us to use DLS experiments in this general situation. In this article, we show how to obtain such a time-Laplace analysis. We claim that this method can be adapted to numerous DLS experiments dealing with non-equilibrium systems so as to extract the non-stationary distribution of relaxation times. To prove that, we test this time-Laplace method on three different non-equilibrium processes or systems investigated by means of the DLS technique: the cooling kinetics of a colloidal particle solution, the sol-gel transition and the internal dynamics of a living cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Liénard
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Borgnat
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France
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7
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Myint P, Ludwig KF, Wiegart L, Zhang Y, Fluerasu A, Zhang X, Headrick RL. de Gennes Narrowing and Relationship between Structure and Dynamics in Self-Organized Ion-Beam Nanopatterning. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:016101. [PMID: 33480781 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the relationship between structure and dynamical processes is a central goal in condensed matter physics. Perhaps the most noted relationship between the two is the phenomenon of de Gennes narrowing, in which relaxation times in liquids are proportional to the scattering structure factor. Here, a similar relationship is discovered during the self-organized ion-beam nanopatterning of silicon using coherent x-ray scattering. However, in contrast to the exponential relaxation of fluctuations in classic de Gennes narrowing, the dynamic surface exhibits a wide range of behaviors as a function of the length scale, with a compressed exponential relaxation at lengths corresponding to the dominant structural motif-self-organized nanoscale ripples. These behaviors are reproduced in simulations of a nonlinear model describing the surface evolution. We suggest that the compressed exponential behavior observed here is due to the morphological persistence of the self-organized surface ripple patterns which form and evolve during ion-beam nanopatterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peco Myint
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Karl F Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yugang Zhang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Andrei Fluerasu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Randall L Headrick
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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8
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Zhang Q, Dufresne EM, Nakaye Y, Jemian PR, Sakumura T, Sakuma Y, Ferrara JD, Maj P, Hassan A, Bahadur D, Ramakrishnan S, Khan F, Veseli S, Sandy AR, Schwarz N, Narayanan S. 20 µs-resolved high-throughput X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy on a 500k pixel detector enabled by data-management workflow. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:259-265. [PMID: 33399576 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520014319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the new 52 kHz frame rate Rigaku XSPA-500k detector was characterized on beamline 8-ID-I at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) applications. Due to the large data flow produced by this detector (0.2 PB of data per 24 h of continuous operation), a workflow system was deployed that uses the Advanced Photon Source data-management (DM) system and high-performance software to rapidly reduce area-detector data to multi-tau and two-time correlation functions in near real time, providing human-in-the-loop feedback to experimenters. The utility and performance of the workflow system are demonstrated via its application to a variety of small-angle XPCS measurements acquired from different detectors in different XPCS measurement modalities. The XSPA-500k detector, the software and the DM workflow system allow for the efficient acquisition and reduction of up to ∼109 area-detector data frames per day, facilitating the application of XPCS to measuring samples with weak scattering and fast dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yasukazu Nakaye
- XRD Design and Engineering Department, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pete R Jemian
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Takuto Sakumura
- XRD Design and Engineering Department, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sakuma
- XRD Design and Engineering Department, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph D Ferrara
- XRD Design and Engineering Department, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Piotr Maj
- AGH University of Science and Technology, av. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Asra Hassan
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Divya Bahadur
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Subramanian Ramakrishnan
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Faisal Khan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Sinisa Veseli
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Alec R Sandy
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Nicholas Schwarz
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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Dufresne EM, Narayanan S, Reininger R, Sandy AR, Lurio L. Focusing a round coherent beam by spatial filtering the horizontal source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1528-1538. [PMID: 33147178 PMCID: PMC7842205 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520012163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper illustrates the use of spatial filtering with a horizontal slit near the source to enlarge the horizontal coherence in an experimental station and produce a diffraction-limited round focus at an insertion device beamline for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiments. Simple expressions are provided to guide the optical layout, and wave propagation simulations confirm their applicability. The two-dimensional focusing performance of Be compound refractive lenses to produce a round diffraction-limited focus at 11 keV capable of generating a high-contrast speckle pattern of an aerogel sample is demonstrated. The coherent scattering patterns have comparable speckle sizes in both horizontal and vertical directions. The focal spot sizes are consistent with hybrid ray-tracing calculations. Producing a two-dimensional focus on the sample can be helpful to resolve speckle patterns with modern pixel array detectors with high visibility. This scheme has now been in use since 2019 for the 8-ID beamline at the Advanced Photon Source, sharing the undulator beam with two separate beamlines, 8-ID-E and 8-ID-I at 7.35 keV, with increased partially coherent flux, reduced horizontal spot sizes on samples, and good speckle contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Dufresne
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Ruben Reininger
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Alec R. Sandy
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Larry Lurio
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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10
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Hua N, Zaluzhnyy IA, Hrkac SB, Shabalin AG, Shpyrko OG. Extracting contrast in an X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy experiment under imperfect conditions. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1626-1632. [PMID: 33147188 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520012345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pump-probe experiments at synchrotrons and free-electron lasers to study ultrafast dynamics in materials far from equilibrium have been well established, but techniques to investigate equilibrium dynamics on the nano- and pico-second timescales remain underdeveloped and experimentally challenging. A promising approach relies on a double-probe X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy setup at split-and-delay beamlines of X-ray free-electron lasers. However, the logistics in consistently producing two collinear, perfectly overlapping pulses necessary to conduct a faithful experiment is difficult to achieve. In this paper, a method is introduced to extract contrast in the case where an angular misalignment and imperfect overlap exists between the two pulses. Numerical simulations of a dynamical system show that contrast can still be extracted for significant angular misalignments accompanied by partial overlap between the two pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Hua
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ivan A Zaluzhnyy
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stjepan B Hrkac
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anatoly G Shabalin
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oleg G Shpyrko
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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11
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Plumley R, Sun Y, Teitelbaum S, Song S, Sato T, Chollet M, Nelson S, Wang N, Sun P, Robert A, Fuoss P, Sutton M, Zhu D. Speckle correlation as a monitor of X-ray free-electron laser induced crystal lattice deformation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1470-1476. [PMID: 33147171 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520011509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (X-FELs) present new opportunities to study ultrafast lattice dynamics in complex materials. While the unprecedented source brilliance enables high fidelity measurement of structural dynamics, it also raises experimental challenges related to the understanding and control of beam-induced irreversible structural changes in samples that can ultimately impact the interpretation of experimental results. This is also important for designing reliable high performance X-ray optical components. In this work, X-FEL beam-induced lattice alterations are investigated by measuring the shot-to-shot evolution of near-Bragg coherent scattering from a single crystalline germanium sample. It is shown that X-ray photon correlation analysis of sequential speckle patterns measurements can be used to monitor the nature and extent of lattice rearrangements. Abrupt, irreversible changes are observed following intermittent high-fluence monochromatic X-ray pulses, thus revealing the existence of a threshold response to X-FEL pulse intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Plumley
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yanwen Sun
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Samuel Teitelbaum
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sanghoon Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Silke Nelson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Peihao Sun
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aymeric Robert
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Paul Fuoss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mark Sutton
- Physics Department, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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12
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Lal J, Lurio LB, Liang D, Narayanan S, Darling SB, Sutton M. Universal dynamics of coarsening during polymer-polymer thin-film spinodal dewetting kinetics. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032802. [PMID: 33076025 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dewetting dynamics of a supported bilayer polymer thin film on a solid substrate is investigated using grazing incidence x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. We find that the top layer dewets via the spinodal mechanism. The kinetics of the dewetting is studied by monitoring the time evolution of the surface diffuse x-ray scattering intensity. We study the time evolution of fluctuations about the average surface structure by measuring the two-time x-ray intensity fluctuation correlation functions. Using these two-time correlation functions we quantify the crossover from early-time diffusive dynamics to hydrodynamics. The early diffusive regime satisfies dynamic universality. The two-time correlation functions also quantify the onset of hydrodynamic effects. The hydrodynamic regime is observed during the spinodal dewetting process as these interactions are not screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lal
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
| | - L B Lurio
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
| | - D Liang
- Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S B Darling
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Sutton
- Physics Department, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 2T8, Canada
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13
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X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy with Coherent Nanobeams: A Numerical Study. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy accesses a wide variety of dynamic phenomena at the nanoscale by studying the temporal correlations among photons that are scattered by a material in dynamical equilibrium when it is illuminated with a coherent X-ray beam. The information that is obtained is averaged over the illuminated area, which is generally of the order of several square microns. We propose here that more local information can be obtained by using nanobeams with great potential for the study of heterogeneous systems and show the feasibility of this approach with the support of numerical simulations.
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14
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Hill J, Campbell S, Carini G, Chen-Wiegart YCK, Chu Y, Fluerasu A, Fukuto M, Idir M, Jakoncic J, Jarrige I, Siddons P, Tanabe T, Yager KG. Future trends in synchrotron science at NSLS-II. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:374008. [PMID: 32568740 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab7b19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we summarize briefly some of the future trends in synchrotron science as seen at the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a new, low emittance source recently commissioned at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We touch upon imaging techniques, the study of dynamics, the increasing use of multimodal approaches, the vital importance of data science, and other enabling technologies. Each are presently undergoing a time of rapid change, driving the field of synchrotron science forward at an ever increasing pace. It is truly an exciting time and one in which Roger Cowley, to whom this journal issue is dedicated, would surely be both invigorated by, and at the heart of.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hill
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Stuart Campbell
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Carini
- Instrumentation Division (IO), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chen Karen Chen-Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
- Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Yong Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrei Fluerasu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Mourad Idir
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Jean Jakoncic
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Ignace Jarrige
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter Siddons
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Toshi Tanabe
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
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15
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Headrick RL, Ulbrandt JG, Myint P, Wan J, Li Y, Fluerasu A, Zhang Y, Wiegart L, Ludwig KF. Coherent X-ray measurement of step-flow propagation during growth on polycrystalline thin film surfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2638. [PMID: 31201329 PMCID: PMC6570654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of artificially grown thin films are strongly affected by surface processes during growth. Coherent X-rays provide an approach to better understand such processes and fluctuations far from equilibrium. Here we report results for vacuum deposition of C60 on a graphene-coated surface investigated with X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy in surface-sensitive conditions. Step-flow is observed through measurement of the step-edge velocity in the late stages of growth after crystalline mounds have formed. We show that the step-edge velocity is coupled to the terrace length, and that there is a variation in the velocity from larger step spacing at the center of crystalline mounds to closely-spaced, more slowly propagating steps at their edges. The results extend theories of surface growth, since the behavior is consistent with surface evolution driven by processes that include surface diffusion, the motion of step-edges, and attachment at step edges with significant step-edge barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall L Headrick
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jeffrey G Ulbrandt
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Peco Myint
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jing Wan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | | | - Yugang Zhang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Upton, NY, 11967, USA
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Upton, NY, 11967, USA
| | - Karl F Ludwig
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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16
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Kim C, Chamard V, Hallmann J, Roth T, Lu W, Boesenberg U, Zozulya A, Leake S, Madsen A. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Phase Ordering in an Fe-Al Alloy by Bragg Ptychography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:256101. [PMID: 30608794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.256101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We show three-dimensional images of phase ordering in a Fe_{55}Al_{45} alloy obtained by coherent x-ray diffraction Bragg ptychography. Fe-Al alloys display ordered phases where the atoms organize on sublattices resulting in the emergence of otherwise forbidden superlattice reflections. The degeneracy of the ordering results in antiphase domain boundaries that, in addition to the general lattice strain, provide phase shifts of the diffracted beam depending on the reflection. The reconstructed phase images can be separated into components originating from B2 phase domains and lattice strain by performing Bragg ptychography on both the (002) fundamental and the (001) superlattice reflections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Kim
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Virginie Chamard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Jörg Hallmann
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Roth
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wei Lu
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrike Boesenberg
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Alexey Zozulya
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Steven Leake
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anders Madsen
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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17
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Khan F, Narayanan S, Sersted R, Schwarz N, Sandy A. Distributed X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy data reduction using Hadoop MapReduce. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1135-1143. [PMID: 29979175 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751800601x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-speckle X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is a powerful technique for characterizing the dynamic nature of complex materials over a range of time scales. XPCS has been successfully applied to study a wide range of systems. Recent developments in higher-frame-rate detectors, while aiding in the study of faster dynamical processes, creates large amounts of data that require parallel computational techniques to process in near real-time. Here, an implementation of the multi-tau and two-time autocorrelation algorithms using the Hadoop MapReduce framework for distributed computing is presented. The system scales well with regard to the increase in the data size, and has been serving the users of beamline 8-ID-I at the Advanced Photon Source for near real-time autocorrelations for the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Khan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Roger Sersted
- APS Engineering Support, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Nicholas Schwarz
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Alec Sandy
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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18
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Towards ultrafast dynamics with split-pulse X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy at free electron laser sources. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1704. [PMID: 29703980 PMCID: PMC5923200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the important challenges in condensed matter science is to understand ultrafast, atomic-scale fluctuations that dictate dynamic processes in equilibrium and non-equilibrium materials. Here, we report an important step towards reaching that goal by using a state-of-the-art perfect crystal based split-and-delay system, capable of splitting individual X-ray pulses and introducing femtosecond to nanosecond time delays. We show the results of an ultrafast hard X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiment at LCLS where split X-ray pulses were used to measure the dynamics of gold nanoparticles suspended in hexane. We show how reliable speckle contrast values can be extracted even from very low intensity free electron laser (FEL) speckle patterns by applying maximum likelihood fitting, thus demonstrating the potential of a split-and-delay approach for dynamics measurements at FEL sources. This will enable the characterization of equilibrium and, importantly also reversible non-equilibrium processes in atomically disordered materials. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy has been mainly used to measure slow dynamics using synchrotron sources. Here the authors demonstrate the split-and- delay pulse set-up to study nanosecond dynamics of gold nanoparticles using XPCS with free electron laser pulses.
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19
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Andrews RN, Narayanan S, Zhang F, Kuzmenko I, Ilavsky J. Inverse Transformation: Unleashing Spatially Heterogeneous Dynamics with an Alternative Approach to XPCS Data Analysis. J Appl Crystallogr 2018; 51:35-46. [PMID: 29875506 PMCID: PMC5986160 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717015795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS), an extension of dynamic light scattering (DLS) in the X-ray regime, detects temporal intensity fluctuations of coherent speckles and provides scattering vector-dependent sample dynamics at length scales smaller than DLS. The penetrating power of X-rays enables probing dynamics in a broad array of materials with XPCS, including polymers, glasses and metal alloys, where attempts to describe the dynamics with a simple exponential fit usually fails. In these cases, the prevailing XPCS data analysis approach employs stretched or compressed exponential decay functions (Kohlrausch functions), which implicitly assume homogeneous dynamics. In this paper, we propose an alternative analysis scheme based upon inverse Laplace or Gaussian transformation for elucidating heterogeneous distributions of dynamic time scales in XPCS, an approach analogous to the CONTIN algorithm widely accepted in the analysis of DLS from polydisperse and multimodal systems. Using XPCS data measured from colloidal gels, we demonstrate the inverse transform approach reveals hidden multimodal dynamics in materials, unleashing the full potential of XPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N. Andrews
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60559, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60559, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60559, USA
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60559, USA
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20
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Bikondoa O. On the use of two-time correlation functions for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy data analysis. J Appl Crystallogr 2017; 50:357-368. [PMID: 28381968 PMCID: PMC5377338 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-time correlation functions are especially well suited to study non-equilibrium processes. In particular, two-time correlation functions are widely used in X-ray photon correlation experiments on systems out of equilibrium. One-time correlations are often extracted from two-time correlation functions at different sample ages. However, this way of analysing two-time correlation functions is not unique. Here, two methods to analyse two-time correlation functions are scrutinized, and three illustrative examples are used to discuss the implications for the evaluation of the correlation times and functional shape of the correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Bikondoa
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- XMaS, The UK–CRG Beamline, ESRF – The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
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21
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Zhang Q, Dufresne EM, Chen P, Park J, Cosgriff MP, Yusuf M, Dong Y, Fong DD, Zhou H, Cai Z, Harder RJ, Callori SJ, Dawber M, Evans PG, Sandy AR. Thermal Fluctuations of Ferroelectric Nanodomains in a Ferroelectric-Dielectric PbTiO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} Superlattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:097601. [PMID: 28306309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.097601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric-dielectric superlattices consisting of alternating layers of ferroelectric PbTiO_{3} and dielectric SrTiO_{3} exhibit a disordered striped nanodomain pattern, with characteristic length scales of 6 nm for the domain periodicity and 30 nm for the in-plane coherence of the domain pattern. Spatial disorder in the domain pattern gives rise to coherent hard x-ray scattering patterns exhibiting intensity speckles. We show here using variable-temperature Bragg-geometry x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy that x-ray scattering patterns from the disordered domains exhibit a continuous temporal decorrelation due to spontaneous domain fluctuations. The temporal decorrelation can be described using a compressed exponential function, consistent with what has been observed in other systems with arrested dynamics. The fluctuation speeds up at higher temperatures and the thermal activation energy estimated from the Arrhenius model is 0.35±0.21 eV. The magnitude of the energy barrier implies that the complicated energy landscape of the domain structures is induced by pinning mechanisms and domain patterns fluctuate via the generation and annihilation of topological defects similar to soft materials such as block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Pice Chen
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Joonkyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Margaret P Cosgriff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Mohammed Yusuf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Yongqi Dong
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dillon D Fong
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Zhonghou Cai
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Ross J Harder
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Sara J Callori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Matthew Dawber
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Paul G Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Alec R Sandy
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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22
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Lhermitte JRM, Rogers MC, Manet S, Sutton M. Velocity measurement by coherent x-ray heterodyning. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:015112. [PMID: 28147652 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a small-angle coherent x-ray scattering technique used for measuring flow velocities in slow moving materials. The technique is an extension of X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS): It involves mixing the scattering from moving tracer particles with a static reference that heterodynes the signal. This acts to elongate temporal effects caused by flow in homodyne measurements, allowing for a more robust measurement of flow properties. Using coherent x-ray heterodyning, velocities ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm/s were measured for a viscous fluid pushed through a rectangular channel. We describe experimental protocols and theory for making these Poiseuille flow profile measurements and also develop the relevant theory for using heterodyne XPCS to measure velocities in uniform and Couette flows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sabine Manet
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Mark Sutton
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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23
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Synchrotron X-ray scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy studies on thin film morphology details and structural changes of an amorphous-crystalline brush diblock copolymer. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Sanz A, Ezquerra TA, Hernández R, Sprung M, Nogales A. Relaxation processes in a lower disorder order transition diblock copolymer. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:064904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4907722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sanz
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC. C/ Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tiberio A. Ezquerra
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC. C/ Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rebeca Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC. C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | - Aurora Nogales
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC. C/ Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
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25
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Sinha SK, Jiang Z, Lurio LB. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy studies of surfaces and thin films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7764-7785. [PMID: 25236339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The technique of X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) is reviewed as a method for studying the relatively slow dynamics of materials on time scales ranging from microseconds to thousands of seconds and length scales ranging from microns down to nanometers. We focus on the application of this technique to study dynamical fluctuations of surfaces, interfaces and thin films. We first discuss instrumental issues such as the effects of partial coherence (or alternatively finite instrumental resolution) and optimization of signal-to-noise ratios in the experiments. We then review what has been learned from recent XPCS studies of capillary wave fluctuations on liquid surfaces and polymer films, of nanoparticles used as probes to study the interior dynamics of polymer films, of liquid crystals and multilamellar surfactant films, and of metal surfaces, and magnetic domain wall fluctuations in antiferromagnets. We then discuss studies of non-equilibrium dynamics described by 2-time correlation functions. Finally, we briefly speculate on possible future XPCS experiments at new synchrotron sources currently under development including studies of dynamics on time scales down to femtoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Sinha
- Dept. of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
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26
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Shpyrko OG. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:1057-64. [PMID: 25177994 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514018232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) has emerged as one of the key probes of slow nanoscale fluctuations, applicable to a wide range of condensed matter and materials systems. This article briefly reviews the basic principles of XPCS as well as some of its recent applications, and discusses some novel approaches to XPCS analysis. It concludes with a discussion of the future impact of diffraction-limited storage rings on new types of XPCS experiments, pushing the temporal resolution to nanosecond and possibly even picosecond time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg G Shpyrko
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0319, La Jolla, CA 92093-0319, USA
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27
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Ageing dynamics of ion bombardment induced self-organization processes. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1850. [PMID: 23685386 PMCID: PMC3657716 DOI: 10.1038/srep01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Instabilities caused during the erosion of a surface by an ion beam can lead to the formation of self-organized patterns of nanostructures. Understanding the self-organization process requires not only the in-situ characterization of ensemble averaged properties but also probing the dynamics. This can be done with the use of coherent X-rays and analyzing the temporal correlations of the scattered intensity. Here, we show that the dynamics of a semiconductor surface nanopatterned by normal incidence ion beam sputtering are age-dependent and slow down with sputtering time. This work provides a novel insight into the erosion dynamics and opens new perspectives for the understanding of self-organization mechanisms.
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28
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Bikondoa O, Carbone D, Chamard V, Metzger TH. Ion beam sputtered surface dynamics investigated with two-time correlation functions: a model study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:445006. [PMID: 23018448 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/44/445006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion beam sputtering is a widely used technique to obtain patterned surfaces. Despite the wide use of this approach on different materials to create surface nanostructures, the theoretical model to explain the time evolution of the erosion process is still debated. We show, with the help of simulations, that two-time correlation functions can serve to assess the validity of different models. These functions can be measured experimentally with the x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Bikondoa
- XMaS UK-CRG Beamline at the ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
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Müller L, Waldorf M, Gutt C, Grübel G, Madsen A, Finlayson TR, Klemradt U. Slow aging dynamics and avalanches in a gold-cadmium alloy investigated by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:105701. [PMID: 21981514 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Results of a x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiment on the very weakly first order martensitic transformation of a Au50.5Cd49.5 single crystal are presented. Slow non-equilibrium-dynamics are observed in a narrow temperature interval in the direct vicinity of the otherwise athermal phase transformation. These dynamics are associated with the martensite-aging effect. The dynamical aging is accompanied by an avalanchelike behavior which is identified with an incubation-time phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Müller
- II. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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30
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Madden T, Fernandez P, Jemian P, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Sikorski M, Sprung M, Weizeorick J. Firmware lower-level discrimination and compression applied to streaming x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy area-detector data. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:075109. [PMID: 21806229 DOI: 10.1063/1.3602277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a data acquisition system to perform on-the-fly background subtraction and lower-level discrimination compression of streaming x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy data from a fast charge-coupled device (CCD) area detector. The system is built using a commercial frame grabber with an on-board field-programmable gate array. The system is capable of continuously processing at least 60 CCD frames per second each consisting of 1024 × 1024 16-bit pixels with ≲ 15,000 photon hits per frame at a maximum compression factor of ≈95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Madden
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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31
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Sanborn C, Ludwig KF, Rogers MC, Sutton M. Direct measurement of microstructural avalanches during the martensitic transition of cobalt using coherent x-ray scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:015702. [PMID: 21797551 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.015702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous microscale dynamics in the martensitic phase transition of cobalt is investigated with real-time x-ray scattering. During the transformation of the high-temperature face-centered cubic phase to the low-temperature hexagonal close-packed phase, the structure factor evolution suggests that an initial rapid local transformation is followed by a slower period during which strain relaxes. Coherent x-ray scattering measurements performed during the latter part of the transformation show that the kinetics is dominated by discontinuous sudden changes-avalanches. The spatial size of observed avalanches varies widely, from 100 nm to 10 μm, the size of the x-ray beam. An empirical avalanche amplitude quantifies this behavior, exhibiting a power-law distribution. The avalanche rate decreases with inverse time since the onset of the transformation.
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32
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Orsi D, Cristofolini L, Fontana MP, Pontecorvo E, Caronna C, Fluerasu A, Zontone F, Madsen A. Slow dynamics in an azopolymer molecular layer studied by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:031804. [PMID: 21230098 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.031804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments on multilayers of a photosensitive azo-polymer which can be softened by photoisomerization. Time correlation functions have been measured at different temperatures and momentum transfers (q) and under different illumination conditions (dark, UV or visible). The correlation functions are well described by the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) form with relaxation times that are proportional to q(-1). The characteristic relaxation times follow the same Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann law describing the bulk viscosity of this polymer. The out-of-equilibrium relaxation dynamics following a UV photoperturbation are accelerated, which is in agreement with a fluidification effect previously measured by rheology. The transient dynamics are characterized by two times correlation function, and dynamical heterogeneity is evidenced by calculating the variance χ of the degree of correlation as a function of ageing time. A clear peak in χ appears at a well defined time τ(C) which scales with q(-1) and with the ageing time, in a similar fashion as previously reported in colloidal suspensions [O. Dauchot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 265701 (2005)]. From an accurate analysis of the correlation functions we could demonstrate a temperature and light dependent cross-over from compressed KWW to simple exponential behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Orsi
- Physics Department, University of Parma, Viale Usberti 7/A, Parma 43100, Italy
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33
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Fan J, Sammalkorpi M, Haataja M. Lipid microdomains: structural correlations, fluctuations, and formation mechanisms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:118101. [PMID: 20366502 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.118101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Compositional lipid microdomains ("lipid rafts") in mammalian plasma membranes are believed to facilitate many important cellular processes. While several physically distinct scenarios predicting the presence of finite-sized microdomains in vivo have been proposed in the past, direct experimental verification or falsification of model predictions has remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that the combination of the spatial correlation and temporal fluctuation spectra of the lipid domains can be employed to unambiguously differentiate between the existing theoretical scenarios. Furthermore, the differentiation of the raft formation mechanisms using this methodology can be achieved by collecting data at physiologically relevant conditions without the need to tune control parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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34
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Kishimoto M, Namikawa K, Sukegawa K, Yamatani H, Hasegawa N, Tanaka M. Intensity correlation measurement system by picosecond single shot soft x-ray laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:013905. [PMID: 20113111 DOI: 10.1063/1.3280173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new soft x-ray speckle intensity correlation spectroscopy system by use of a single shot high brilliant plasma soft x-ray laser. The plasma soft x-ray laser is characterized by several picoseconds in pulse width, more than 90% special coherence, and 10(11) soft x-ray photons within a single pulse. We developed a Michelson type delay pulse generator using a soft x-ray beam splitter to measure the intensity correlation of x-ray speckles from materials and succeeded in generating double coherent x-ray pulses with picosecond delay times. Moreover, we employed a high-speed soft x-ray streak camera for the picosecond time-resolved measurement of x-ray speckles caused by double coherent x-ray pulse illumination. We performed the x-ray speckle intensity correlation measurements for probing the relaxation phenomena of polarizations in polarization clusters in the paraelectric phase of the ferroelectric material BaTiO(3) near its Curie temperature and verified its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kishimoto
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
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35
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Beutier G, Marty A, Livet F, van der Laan G, Stanescu S, Bencok P. Soft X-ray coherent scattering: instrument and methods at ESRF ID08. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:093901. [PMID: 17902956 DOI: 10.1063/1.2779218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An experimental setup has been developed to perform soft x-ray coherent scattering at beamline ID08 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. An intense coherent beam was obtained by filtering the primary beam with the monochromator and a circular pinhole. A pinhole holder with motorized translations was installed inside the UHV chamber of the diffractometer. The scattered intensity was recorded in reflection geometry with a back-illuminated charge coupled device camera. As a demonstration we report experimental results of resonant magnetic scattering using coherent beam. The degree of coherence is evaluated, and it is shown that, while the vertical coherence is much higher than the horizontal one at the source, the situation is reversed at the diffractometer. The intensity of the coherent beam is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beutier
- DRFMC, SP2M, CEA Grenoble, 17 avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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36
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Narayanan S, Lee DR, Hagman A, Li X, Wang J. Particle dynamics in polymer-metal nanocomposite thin films on nanometer-length scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:185506. [PMID: 17501587 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.185506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy was used in conjunction with resonance-enhanced grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering to probe slow particle dynamics and kinetics in gold/polystyrene nanocomposite thin films. Such enhanced coherent scattering enables, for the first time, measurement of the particle dynamics at wave vectors up to approximately 1 nm(-1) (or a few nanometers spatially) in a disordered system, well in the regime where entanglement, confinement, and particle interaction dominate the dynamics and kinetics. Measurements of the intermediate structure factor f(q,t) indicate that the particle dynamics differ from Stokes-Einstein Brownian motion and are explained in terms of viscoelastic effects and interparticle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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37
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Livet F. Diffraction with a coherent X-ray beam: dynamics and imaging. Acta Crystallogr A 2007; 63:87-107. [PMID: 17301470 PMCID: PMC2525861 DOI: 10.1107/s010876730605570x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for carrying out coherent X-ray scattering experiments are reviewed. The brilliance of the available synchrotron sources, the characteristics of the existing optics, the various ways of obtaining a beam of controlled coherence properties and the detectors used are summarized. Applications in the study of the dynamics of speckle patterns are described. In the case of soft condensed matter, the movement of inclusions like fillers in polymers or colloidal particles can be observed and these can reflect polymer or liquid-crystal fluctuations. In hard condensed-matter problems, like phase transitions, charge-density waves or phasons in quasicrystals, the study of speckle fluctuations provides new time-resolved methods. In the domain of lensless imaging, the coherent beam gives the modulus of the sample Fourier transform. If oversampling conditions are fulfilled, the phase can be obtained and the image in the direct space can be reconstructed. The forthcoming improvements of all these techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Livet
- LTPCM-ENSEEG, UMR-CNRS 5614, INPG/UJF, BP 75, 38402 St Martin d'Hères, France.
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38
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Holt M, Sutton M, Zschack P, Hong H, Chiang TC. Dynamic fluctuations and static speckle in critical X-ray scattering from SrTiO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:065501. [PMID: 17358954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of critical x-ray scattering from SrTiO3 near the antiferrodistortive structural phase transition at T(C) approximately 105 K. A line shape analysis of the thermal diffuse scattering results in the most precise experimental determination to date of the critical exponent gamma. The microscopic mechanism behind the anomalous "central peak" critical scattering component is clarified here by the first-ever observation of a static coherent diffraction pattern (speckle pattern) within the anomalous critical scattering of SrTiO3. This observation allows us to directly attribute the origins of the central peak to Bragg diffraction from remnant static disorder above T(C).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holt
- X-ray Imaging Group, Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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39
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Stadler LM, Sepiol B, Pfau B, Kantelhardt JW, Weinkamer R, Vogl G. Detrended fluctuation analysis in x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy for determining coarsening dynamics in alloys. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:041107. [PMID: 17155022 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of precipitate coarsening in phase-separating alloys at late stages of phase separation by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS). For analyzing time series of fluctuating speckle intensities from small-angle scattering of coherent x rays, the method of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), which is ideal for determining power-law correlations, is applied. We discuss the application of DFA with respect to XPCS data by means of simulated time series. In particular, the effects of different signal-to-noise ratios are examined. Results from measurements of the two model systems Al-6 at. % Ag at 140 degrees C and Al-9 at. % Zn at 0 degrees C are presented. Since the DFA effectively removes adulterating trends in the data, quantitative agreement with Monte Carlo simulations is obtained. It is verified that two different coarsening mechanisms are predominant in the two systems--coarsening either by diffusion of single atoms or by movement of whole precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz-M Stadler
- Fakultät für Physik, Institut für Materialphysik, Universität Wien, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
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40
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Rapapa NP, Bray AJ. Effect of shear on persistence in coarsening systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 73:046123. [PMID: 16711894 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.046123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We analytically study the effect of a uniform shear flow on the persistence properties of coarsening systems. The study is carried out within the anisotropic Ohta-Jasnow-Kawasaki (OJK) approximation for a system with nonconserved scalar order parameter. We find that the persistence exponent theta has a nontrivial value: theta = 0.5034 in space dimension d = 3, and theta = 0.2406 for d = 2, the latter being exactly twice the value found for the unsheared system in d = 1. We also find that the autocorrelation exponent lambda is affected by shear in d = 3 but not in d = 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Rapapa
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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